DenNY, J.
The defendant interposed no objection to the issues submitted to the jury but excepts and assigns as error the refusal of the court below to submit the following issue: “Did the plaintiff loan the deceased, Wade H. McGowan, the sum of $15,000, as alleged by the plaintiff?”
The general rule with respect to the sufficiency of issues was stated by
Winborne, J.,
in
Cherry v. Andrews,
231 N.C. 261, 56 S.E. 2d 703, as follows: “Issues submitted are sufficient when they present to the jury proper inquiries as to all determinative facts in dispute, and afford the parties opportunity to introduce all pertinent evidence and to apply it fairly.” See also
Lister v. Lister,
222 N.C. 555, 24 S.E. 2d 342;
Oliver v. Oliver,
219 N.C. 299, 13 S.E. 2d 549;
Saieed v. Abeyounis,
217 N.C. 644, 9 S.E. 2d 399;
Hill v. Young,
217 N.C. 114, 6 S.E. 2d 830. In our opinion, the issues submitted were not only sufficient but proper in light of the allegations in the complaint, the denials thereof in the answer, and the evidence adduced at the trial.
It should be kept in mind that the alleged transaction, which resulted in the execution of the instrument upon which the plaintiff brings this action, was a personal transaction between the plaintiff and her deceased husband. Therefore, it was not permissible under the provisions of G.S. 8-51 for the plaintiff to have testified that she loaned her deceased husband the alleged sum of $15,000, or that she saw him sign the instrument and that he delivered it to her.
Lister v. Lister, supra.
Any right to recover on the instrument must flow from its legal effect as
written, coupled with the fact that the plaintiff had it in her possession and introduced it in evidence at the trial.
Pate v. Brown,
85 N.C. 166.
The instrument in this action purports to be under seal and wholly in the handwriting of the executant thereof, and the plaintiff offered evidence to the effect that the entire instrument was in the handwriting of W. H. McGowan. Moreover, the defendant does not attack the sufficiency of the evidence to support the answer of the jury to the first issue, except by motion to nonsuit. However, in his brief, the only argument in support of this motion is to the effect that the plaintiff offered no proof that the word “seal” was written after the name of the maker at the time he executed the instrument and, if so, that he adopted it as his seal. There is no contention on the part of the defendant that if the maker of the instrument wrote the word “seal” after his name at the time he executed the instrument and adopted it as his seal that the defendant would be entitled to a nonsuit. We think that where an instrument is wholly in the handwriting of the maker, it would be strange indeed for him to go to the trouble of writing the word “seal” after his name unless it was his intention to adopt it as his seal, and such intention will be presumed. In fact, our Court has held that a seal appearing upon an instrument, opposite the name of the maker, in the place where the seal belongs, will in the absence of proof that the maker intended otherwise, be valid as a seal.
Hughes v. Debnam,
53 N.C. 127;
Devereux v. McMahon,
108 N.C. 134, 12 S.E. 902, 12 L.R.A. 205;
Allsbrook v. Walston,
212 N.C. 225, 193 S.E. 151;
Bank v. Jonas,
212 N.C. 394, 193 S.E. 265. And this Court said in
Insurance Co. v. Morehead,
209 N.C. 174, 183 S.E. 606, that “. . . in any event, the maker would have the burden of overcoming the presumption arising from the presence of a seal.” Furthermore, the defendant admits in his brief that in the trial below, “no questions were asked about the seal, and no evidence offered tending to show its presence or adoption.”
From an examination of the evidence, it is quite clear that the battle below was waged over the question as to whether the instrument introduced by the plaintiff was executed by W. H. McGowan, deceased. Moreover, counsel for defendant in the oral argument before this Court admitted that the questions now urged with respect to the seal were not raised in the trial below. “An appeal
ex necessitate
follows the theory of the
trial”
—Stacy,
C. J.,
in
Coral Gables, Inc., v. Ayres,
208 N.C. 426, 181 S.E. 263. See also
Hargett v. Lee,
206 N.C. 536, 174 S.E. 498, and
Potts v. Insurance Co.,
206 N.C. 257, 174 S.E. 123. Therefore, since the question as to whether the seal was placed on the instrument by the maker and adopted by him, was not raised in the trial below, except by a general denial of the genuineness of the instrument, and no issue having been tendered with respect thereto, the motion for judgment as of
nonsuit will be denied. Consequently, the plaintiff’s right to recover must turn solely upon the legal effect of the instrument as written, including the seal, since the jury found that W. H. McGowan executed it as alleged in the complaint.
It is said in 12 Am. Jur., Contracts Under Seal, section 74, page 567: “At common law a promise under seal, but without any consideration, is binding because no consideration is required in such a case or, as is sometimes said, because the seal imports, or gives rise to a presumption of, consideration. It has been said that the solemnity of a sealed instrument imports consideration or, to speak more accurately, estops a cove-nantor from denying a consideration except for fraud,” citing
Thomason v. Bescher,
176 N.C. 622, 97 S.E. 654, 2 A.L.R. 626.
Hoke, J.
(later
Chief Justice),
in speaking for the Court in the last cited case, said: “It is the accepted principle of the common law that instruments under seal require no consideration to support them. Whether this should rest on the position that a seal conclusively imports a consideration or that the solemnity of the act imports such reflection and care that a consideration is regarded as unnecessary, such instruments are held to be binding agreements, enforceable in all actions before the common-law courts.”
Pearson, C. J.,
in considering this question in
Harrell v. Watson,
63 N.C. 454, said: “A bond needs no consideration. The solemn act of sealing and delivering is a
deed, a thing done,
which, by the rule of the common law, has full force and effect, without any consideration.
Nudum pactum
applies only to simple contracts.” To like effect are
Angier v. Howard,
94 N.C. 27;
Samonds v. Cloninger,
189 N.C. 610, 127 S.E. 706;
Basketeria Stores, Inc., v. Indemnity Co.,
204 N.C. 537, 168 S.E. 822;
Coleman v. Whisnant,
226 N.C. 258, 37 S.E. 2d 693;
Crotts v. Thomas,
226 N.C. 385, 38 S.E. 2d 158;
Royster v. Hancock,
235 N.C. 110, 69 S.E. 2d 29.
Whether we construe the instrument under consideration to be a nonnegotiable note, a due bill, or merely an acknowledgment by W. H.
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DenNY, J.
The defendant interposed no objection to the issues submitted to the jury but excepts and assigns as error the refusal of the court below to submit the following issue: “Did the plaintiff loan the deceased, Wade H. McGowan, the sum of $15,000, as alleged by the plaintiff?”
The general rule with respect to the sufficiency of issues was stated by
Winborne, J.,
in
Cherry v. Andrews,
231 N.C. 261, 56 S.E. 2d 703, as follows: “Issues submitted are sufficient when they present to the jury proper inquiries as to all determinative facts in dispute, and afford the parties opportunity to introduce all pertinent evidence and to apply it fairly.” See also
Lister v. Lister,
222 N.C. 555, 24 S.E. 2d 342;
Oliver v. Oliver,
219 N.C. 299, 13 S.E. 2d 549;
Saieed v. Abeyounis,
217 N.C. 644, 9 S.E. 2d 399;
Hill v. Young,
217 N.C. 114, 6 S.E. 2d 830. In our opinion, the issues submitted were not only sufficient but proper in light of the allegations in the complaint, the denials thereof in the answer, and the evidence adduced at the trial.
It should be kept in mind that the alleged transaction, which resulted in the execution of the instrument upon which the plaintiff brings this action, was a personal transaction between the plaintiff and her deceased husband. Therefore, it was not permissible under the provisions of G.S. 8-51 for the plaintiff to have testified that she loaned her deceased husband the alleged sum of $15,000, or that she saw him sign the instrument and that he delivered it to her.
Lister v. Lister, supra.
Any right to recover on the instrument must flow from its legal effect as
written, coupled with the fact that the plaintiff had it in her possession and introduced it in evidence at the trial.
Pate v. Brown,
85 N.C. 166.
The instrument in this action purports to be under seal and wholly in the handwriting of the executant thereof, and the plaintiff offered evidence to the effect that the entire instrument was in the handwriting of W. H. McGowan. Moreover, the defendant does not attack the sufficiency of the evidence to support the answer of the jury to the first issue, except by motion to nonsuit. However, in his brief, the only argument in support of this motion is to the effect that the plaintiff offered no proof that the word “seal” was written after the name of the maker at the time he executed the instrument and, if so, that he adopted it as his seal. There is no contention on the part of the defendant that if the maker of the instrument wrote the word “seal” after his name at the time he executed the instrument and adopted it as his seal that the defendant would be entitled to a nonsuit. We think that where an instrument is wholly in the handwriting of the maker, it would be strange indeed for him to go to the trouble of writing the word “seal” after his name unless it was his intention to adopt it as his seal, and such intention will be presumed. In fact, our Court has held that a seal appearing upon an instrument, opposite the name of the maker, in the place where the seal belongs, will in the absence of proof that the maker intended otherwise, be valid as a seal.
Hughes v. Debnam,
53 N.C. 127;
Devereux v. McMahon,
108 N.C. 134, 12 S.E. 902, 12 L.R.A. 205;
Allsbrook v. Walston,
212 N.C. 225, 193 S.E. 151;
Bank v. Jonas,
212 N.C. 394, 193 S.E. 265. And this Court said in
Insurance Co. v. Morehead,
209 N.C. 174, 183 S.E. 606, that “. . . in any event, the maker would have the burden of overcoming the presumption arising from the presence of a seal.” Furthermore, the defendant admits in his brief that in the trial below, “no questions were asked about the seal, and no evidence offered tending to show its presence or adoption.”
From an examination of the evidence, it is quite clear that the battle below was waged over the question as to whether the instrument introduced by the plaintiff was executed by W. H. McGowan, deceased. Moreover, counsel for defendant in the oral argument before this Court admitted that the questions now urged with respect to the seal were not raised in the trial below. “An appeal
ex necessitate
follows the theory of the
trial”
—Stacy,
C. J.,
in
Coral Gables, Inc., v. Ayres,
208 N.C. 426, 181 S.E. 263. See also
Hargett v. Lee,
206 N.C. 536, 174 S.E. 498, and
Potts v. Insurance Co.,
206 N.C. 257, 174 S.E. 123. Therefore, since the question as to whether the seal was placed on the instrument by the maker and adopted by him, was not raised in the trial below, except by a general denial of the genuineness of the instrument, and no issue having been tendered with respect thereto, the motion for judgment as of
nonsuit will be denied. Consequently, the plaintiff’s right to recover must turn solely upon the legal effect of the instrument as written, including the seal, since the jury found that W. H. McGowan executed it as alleged in the complaint.
It is said in 12 Am. Jur., Contracts Under Seal, section 74, page 567: “At common law a promise under seal, but without any consideration, is binding because no consideration is required in such a case or, as is sometimes said, because the seal imports, or gives rise to a presumption of, consideration. It has been said that the solemnity of a sealed instrument imports consideration or, to speak more accurately, estops a cove-nantor from denying a consideration except for fraud,” citing
Thomason v. Bescher,
176 N.C. 622, 97 S.E. 654, 2 A.L.R. 626.
Hoke, J.
(later
Chief Justice),
in speaking for the Court in the last cited case, said: “It is the accepted principle of the common law that instruments under seal require no consideration to support them. Whether this should rest on the position that a seal conclusively imports a consideration or that the solemnity of the act imports such reflection and care that a consideration is regarded as unnecessary, such instruments are held to be binding agreements, enforceable in all actions before the common-law courts.”
Pearson, C. J.,
in considering this question in
Harrell v. Watson,
63 N.C. 454, said: “A bond needs no consideration. The solemn act of sealing and delivering is a
deed, a thing done,
which, by the rule of the common law, has full force and effect, without any consideration.
Nudum pactum
applies only to simple contracts.” To like effect are
Angier v. Howard,
94 N.C. 27;
Samonds v. Cloninger,
189 N.C. 610, 127 S.E. 706;
Basketeria Stores, Inc., v. Indemnity Co.,
204 N.C. 537, 168 S.E. 822;
Coleman v. Whisnant,
226 N.C. 258, 37 S.E. 2d 693;
Crotts v. Thomas,
226 N.C. 385, 38 S.E. 2d 158;
Royster v. Hancock,
235 N.C. 110, 69 S.E. 2d 29.
Whether we construe the instrument under consideration to be a nonnegotiable note, a due bill, or merely an acknowledgment by W. H. McGowan of a debt to his wife in the sum of $15,000, the fact that it was executed under seal, which in the absence of proof to the contrary, imports a consideration, the instrument is sufficient as an acknowledgment of such debt.
In the case of
Phillips v. Giles,
175 N.C. 409, 95 S.E. 772, Mary J. Richmond executed a paper writing in pertinent part as follows: “Sept. 18, 1916: This is to certify that I, Mary J. Richmond, owe my daughter, Bettie M. Phillips, $283.95 (two hundred eighty-three dollars and ninety-five cents) for borrowed money at different times.” The paper writing was not under seal. Bettie M. Phillips filed a claim with the defendant administrator of Mary J. Richmond. The claim was denied,
and as in the instant case, an action was instituted based on the paper writing.
Hoke, J.
(later
Chief Justice),
in speaking for the Court said: “It is the principle very generally prevailing on the subject, and would seem to be required with us by the phraseology of the statute itself, which clearly recognizes that either a promise to pay
or acknowledgment of the debt as an existent obligation will suffice, unless there is something to qualify the express promise or to repel that which the law would imply from the definite acknowledgment of the debt as a subsisting obligation.”
(Emphasis added.) When one unqualifiedly acknowledges a debt as a subsisting obligation, the law will imply a promise to pay.
Trust Co. v. Lumber Co.,
221 N.C. 89, 19 S.E. 2d 138, and cited cases. See also
Shepherd v. Thompson,
122 U.S. 231, 30 L. Ed. 1156;
Miller v. Jones,
137 Neb. 605, 290 N.W. 467, 127 A.L.R. 646;
Shimel v. Williams,
136 Misc. Rep. 464, 240 N.Y.S. 161;
Cummings v. Freeman,
21 Tenn. 143; Anno. 127 A.L.R., Admission of Indebtedness, page 650,
et seq.
The appellant cites in support of his contention that the instrument sued upon is insufficient to show a promise to pay, the following cases:
Faison v. Bowden,
76 N.C. 425;
Riggs v. Roberts,
85 N.C. 151, 39 Am. Rep. 692;
Hussey v. Kirkman,
95 N.C. 63;
Helm Co. v. Griffin,
112 N.C. 356, 16 S.E. 1023;
Wells v. Hill,
118 N.C. 900, 24 S.E. 771;
Cooper v. Jones,
128 N.C. 40, 38 S.E. 28;
Hunt v. Eure,
188 N.C. 716, 125 S.E. 484;
Smith v. Gordon,
204 N.C. 695, 169 S.E. 634;
Bryant v. Kellum,
209 N.C. 112, 182 S.E. 708. These decisions are not controlling on the facts involved in this appeal.
In the trial below we find
No error.
BaRNI-iill, C. J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.