Opinion of the Court by
Judge Barker —
Seversing..
This action was instituted by appellees, citizens of Carter county, Ky., and owners of dogs, to test the validity of an act of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, approved March 1, 1906, entitled “An Act to promote the sheep industry and to-provide a tax on dogs.” Acts 1906, p. 25, c. 10. By [278] the first and second sections of the act a license tax of $1 per capita is required to be assessed upon every dog four months old within the Commonwealth, which the owner of the' animal is required to pay. This tax is required to be levied and collected as are other taxes, and paid over to the State Treasurer, but' to be kept separate from the other public accounts and taxes by the Auditor and Treasurer. The funds thus raised are declared to be for the purpose of indemnifying losses by the killing or injuring of sheep by dogs. The third and fourth sections of the act provide how the losses by the killing of sheep by dogs shall be proved and paid; and, if there be any surplus after paying all losses occuring by the killing of sheep by dogs, it shall be paid over to the school fund of the county in which it was assessed. There are several other provisions of the act, but a consideration of them is not necessary to an adjudication of its validity. The petition sets forth the act and the fact that it was about to be enforced by the sheriff and assessor of Carter county, and prays for an injunction restraining these officers from its enforcement on the ground of its invalidity. A general demurrer to the petition was overruled, and, the officers declining to plead further, a judgment was rendered in accordance with the prayer of the petition; and, from this judgment, this appeal is prosecuted.
The first objection to the act is that its title is inimical to section 51 of the Constitution, which provides that “no law enacted by the General Assembly shall relate to more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title; ” it being said that the title of this act relates to two separate subjects of legislation, and is therefore invalid. If the act under consideration does relate to two subjects, it goes without saying that [279] it is void as a whole. But we do not agree that the title before us relates to two subjects. The subject-matter of the act is the promotion of the sheep industry, and this is to be accomplished by the imposition of a tai on dogs. No other attempt to promote the sheep industry is indicated by any provision in the act taken as a whole. It may be that the title to the act is somewhat awkwardly expressed. What it really means is that it is an act to promote the sheep industry by providing a tax on dogs, and, when thus read,, all duality disappears. A. second objection to the act is that it is violative of section 171 of the Constitution, in that the taxes imposed are not collected for public purposes; and, third, it is invalid because in violation of sections 172 and 174 of the Constitution, which require all property, in the Commonwealth, not exempted from taxation by the Constitution, to be assessed at its fair cash value and taxed in proportion thereto. These two objections may be considered together, and they involve a most important part of the claim that the act is invalid.
The first question to be determined is whether or not the statute before us is a revenue statute, or whether it was enacted for the purpose of police regulation. That it was not intended as a revenue statute is obvious from the most superficial reading. The title declares the purpose of the enactment to be the promotion of the sheep industry by the levy of a tax on dogs, and the body of the act shows clearly that its. object is to remunerate-the owners of sheep for any losses they may suffer by the killing of their sheep by dogs. The license tax imposed, then, was intended by the Legislature to be a regulation of dogs, and in this way to promote the sheep industry. This confronts us with the. question as to whether or not it is within. [280] the competency of the Legislature to regulate dogs in the manner undertaken to he done in the statute before. us. That dogs are an appropriate subject of regulation under the police power of the State is established by an overwhelming weight of judicial authority; and unquestionably it is entirely within the •power of the Legislature to prohibit the ownership of dogs at all, and to provide, where their ownership is allowed, any regulation which the legislative discretion may impose. Nowhere has this doctrine been asserted with greater clearness than by our own court.
In the case of Bradford v. McKibben, 4 Bush, 545, an act was upheld which authorized the killing of any dog found on the premises of a neighbor without the presence of its owner or keeper. In its opinion the court said: “Whatever may be the temptations, therefore, to entice a dog from home without the presence of his owner or keeper-, even though it he for the propagation of his species, his innocence is no protection to him. If he is found roaming on a neighbor’s premises without the presence of his protector, his life is forfeited, if the owner of the premises on which he is found will exact the penalty, and chooses to execute the- sentence. ’ ’ In the case of Commonwealth v. Markham, 7 Bush, 486, an ordinance of the city of Frankfort provided “that all persons owning or controlling dogs within the city of Frankfort are hereby-required annually, on the 10th day of April ,to apply to the city clerk to register, and procure a brass collar, duly stamped, for each dog, and pay to the clerk at the time of registry a tax of two dollars for every dog so owned and registered; which tax the clerk shall pay into the city treasury. Any person failing to comply with the provisions of this ordinance shall, on conviction before the police judge, be fined the sum of [281] five dollars for each day of failure and for each dog owned or controlled by him not registered as aforesaid. The marshal or any police officer shall forthwith kill any dog found upon the streets without such collar so procured from the city clerk.” The charter of the city of Frankfort only authorized the council to levy ad valorem taxes on the real and personal estate of its citizens for local revenue; so that, if the ordinance was for revenue only, it was void as being contrary to the charter. The court held that the act was sanitary, and not for revenue, and upheld the ordinance under the police power delegated to the city by its charter. In the opinion it is said: “Presuming that the owhers of worthless or pestilent dogs would not pay such a tax for such a license, the expulsion or destruction of inferior or dangerous dogs, as well as protection to the useful class, was the constructive aim of this enactment by the council. The purpose was sanitary, and not fiscal. How far the end may be accomplished by the means prescribed is for the municipalitj7', and not the judiciary, to decide. And this court can not adjudge that because a more adaptable expedient, molded in better form, might have been chosen, that which has been adopted was unauthorized. ’ ’ In the case of Sentell v. New Orleans, etc., Railroad Co., 166 U. S. 698, 17 Sup. Ct. 693, 41 L. Ed. 1169, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld as constitutional a law of the State of .Louisiana requiring dogs to be placed upon the assessment rolls, and limiting any recovery by the owner to the value fixed by himself for the purpose of taxation. The court, through Mr. Justice Brown, in a very learned opinion discusses- in a broad and philosophic manner the whole subject of the property in dogs, and the question as to whether or not and [282] how far these animals are subject to the police power of the State. The rule as to the right of the State to prohibit the keeping of dogs is thus stated: “Even if it were assumed that dogs are property in the fullest sense of the word, they would still be subject to the police power of the State, and might be destroyed or otherwise dealt with, as in the judgment of the Legislature is necessary for the protection of its citizens. That a State in a bona fide exercise of its police power may interfere with private property, and even order its destruction, is as well settled as any legislative power can be which has for its objects the welfare and comfort of the citizen.. For instance, meats, fruits, and vegetables do not cease to become private property by their- decay; but it is clearly within the power of the State to order their destruction in times of epidemic, or whenever they'are so exposed as-to be deleterious to the public health. There is also property in rags and clothing; but that does not stand in the way of'their destruction in case they become infected and dangerous to the public health. No property is more sacred than one’s home, and yet a house may be pulled down or blown up by the public authorities, if necessary to avert or stay a general conflagration, and that, too, without recourse against such authorities for the trespass. Bowditch v. Boston, 101 U. S. 16, 25 L. Ed. 980; Mouse’s Case, 12 Coke 63; Governor, etc., v. Meredith, 4 T. R. 794; Stone v. May- or, etc., 25 Wend. (N. Y.) 157; Russell v. Mayor, etc., 2 Denio (N. Y. 461.” To the same effect is Blair v. Forehand, 100 Mass. 136, 97 Am. Dec. 81, 1 Am. Rep. 94; Morey v. Brown, 42 N. H. 373. In 22 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, tit. “Police Power,” p. 930, it is said: “The police power of the State has been used to a greater extent to regulate and control the keeping of [283] and property in dogs than any other class of domestic animals. And statutes requiring the payment of a license fee, sometimes denominated a tax, for the keeping of dogs are very usual, as also are provisions requiring all dogs running at large to be muzzled. And the police power has even been held to extend to authorizing the summary killing of dogs found running at large contrary to law.” Cooley, in his work on Constitutional Limitations (7th Ed.), p. 881, note 3, thus summarizes the law on the subject in hand: “Dogs are subject to such regulations as the Legislature may prescribe, and it is not unconstitutional to authorize their destruction, without previous adjudication, when found at large without being-licensed and collared according to the statutory regulation. (Authorities omitted.) As a measure of internal police, the State has the power to encourage the keeping of sheep, and to discourage the keeping of dogs, by imposing- a penalty upon the owner of a dog for keeping the same (Mitchell v. Williams, 27 Ind. 62), or by imposing a dog tax for a fund to indemnify sheep owners for losses suffered. from dogs .(Van Horn v. People, 46 Mich. 183, 9 N. W. 246, 41 Am. Rep. 159).” In the case of City of Carthage v. August Rhodes, 101 Mo. 175, 14 S. W. 181, 9 L. R. A. 352, the supreme court of Missouri upheld an ordinance of the city of Carthage licensing dogs and cats, and providing for their being impounded or destroyed if found running at large contrary to the ordinance. In the opinion it was said: “Taxation may be for the purpose of raising revenue or for the purpose of regulation. Where for the purpose of regulation, it is an exercise of the police power of the State. They are both distinct co-existent powers in the State, and either or both may be exercised through a municipal [284] corporation. In this case, by the terms of the charter, both powers are granted to the city of Carthage as to the dogs of that city. The dog license tax required.by its ordinance is easily referable to the exercise of the police power granted.” In the case of Fox v. Mohawk & Hudson River Humane Society, 165 N. Y. 517, 59 N. E. 353, 51 R. A. 681, 80 Am. St. Rep. 767, the court of appeals of New York upheld a statute of that State which authorized the Humane Society to kill unlicensed dogs without notice to the owner and without any judicial proceeding.
Prom the foregoing authorities and upon principle, we are of opinion that the regulation of dogs is within the police power of the State, and that it is competent for the Legislature to prohibit the keeping-of dogs entirely, or, if it is necessary for the public welfare, any other regulation may be adopted which to the Legislature may seem most expedient .for the promotion of that end. We are also of opinion that, the statute not being for revenue, but an exercise of the police power, its provisions are not regulated by any section of the Constitution relating to fiscal matters, and, although the sum required to be paid by the owner of each dog four months old is called a tax, and it is required to be assessed by the assessor, collected by the sheriff and paid over to the State Treasurer, this is only a mode of regulating the dogs within the State and protecting the sheep industry to the extent that the burden imposed will result in the destruction of worthless and dangerous dogs, and create a fund to pay losses for the destruction of sheep by dogs. We do not think it can be doubted that, if it is competent for the Legislature to prohibit the ownership of dogs or to prohibit them running at large, it is also competent for it to impose any other [285] regulation which in its wisdom is best adapted to promote the sheep industry. Therefore it seems to us competent for the Legislature to say to the owners of dogs in the State: “You may own dogs and you may permit them to run at large, but you must as a condi: tion precedent to this privilege provide a fund by which their ravages on sheep may be paid for. ’ ’ That the State may do this legitimately seems quite clear, unless we *are prepared to say that the less is not included in the greater, or a part in the whole. Surely, if dogs may be destroyed altogether, or their ownership prohibited, any less drastic legislation is entirely within the competency of the Legislature. It is true in the case of Commonwealth v. Hazelwood, 84 Ky. 681, 8 Ky. Law Rep. 586, 2 S. W. 489, it was held that in our State the common-law rule that dogs were not property has been modified or abrogated by statutes which tax them and thus recognize them as property. Dogs are therefore made property by statute; and when these animals, «which were not property at the common law, are raised to the dignity of property by the statute, it is entirely competent for the Legislature to fix such conditions as it chooses. The statute before us, which makes dogs property, requires as a condition precedent that the owners of them shall pay a tax, the proceeds of which will insure sheep raisers against the effect of their ravages. That this can be done constitutionally is sustained by the great weight of authority. In the case of Holst v. Roe, 39 Ohio St. 340, 48 Am. Rep. 459, the law imposing a per capita tax on dogs, and appropriating the funds so created for the purpose of paying any loss occurring to the owners of sheep by the killing of the property by dogs, was upheld as a valid and constitutional exercise of the [286] police power of the State. To the same effect is Mitchell v. Williams, 27 Ind. 62; Van Horn v. People, 46 Mich., 183, 9 N. W. 246, 41 Am. Rep. 159; ex parte Cooper, 3 Tex. App. 489, 30 Am. Rep. 152; Cole v. Hall, 103 Ill. 30; Longyear v. Buck, 83 Mich. 236, 47 N. W. 234, 10 L. R. A. 43; Freund on Police Power, section 434; State Regulation of Personal Property (Tiedeman), pp. 845, 846.
Nor do we think the act is inimical to that portion of section 3 of the Bill of Rights which- provides: “ * '* * And no grant of exclusive, separate public emoluments or privileges'shall be made to any man or set of men, except in consideration of public services. * * * ” As we view it, the statute does not confer any special privilege on the owner of sheep. It merely protects these owners from the destruction of their property by dogs. It is the duty of the State to protect eyery citizen in his life, liberty, and property; and it certainly is within the competency of the Legislature to exercise the police power of the State to protect all property against the ravages of destructive animals. The question as to how this is to be done and what property is to be so protected is a matter of of legislative discretion. Undoubtedly the sheep industry is a most important one to the whole State. All of our citizens are interested in an industry which supplies the market with wholesome meat, provides means of obtaining warm and comfortable clothing, and at the same time furnishes labor to the otherwise unemployed. It is only necessary to allude to this phase of the question. The importance of the industry as a whole is most obvious. It is equally obvious that sheep are peculiarly liable to the ravages of dogs. They have neither the fleetness to escape nor the courage to defend themselves from attack, and their silent [287] suffering enables the dog to prey upon them without any danger that the owner will be warned of the destruction of his property by the outcry of the dying animal. No other domestic animal that we can call to mind is so liable to destruction by dogs as the sheep. It therefore seems to us clearly the duty of the State, if the furtherance of the sheep industry is a desirable end, to so regulate the ownership of dogs as to protect the sheep from destruction by these animals. The statute is certainly a reasonable one, and lays only a small burden upon the owner of each dog; and, in effect, it only requires the owner to make good the damage only by his property. The fact that sheep are generally killed at night when it is impossible to ascertain the owner of the dog committing the ravage makes it necessary, if protection is to be had ■through this channel at all that each owner of a dog should be required to contribute a small amount to a common fund dedicated to the remuneration of owners of sheep killed by unknown dogs. As said before, this is simply requiring the owners of dogs to make good the ravages of dangerous animals kept by them ; and no citizen has just cause of complaint, if he keeps animals destructive to the property of others, that he is required to make good the damages done by them. The statute in truth, is but an enforcement of the maxim, ‘ ‘ sic utere túo ut allenum non kedas, ’ ’ and, as such, its constitutionality is beyond successful question.
Thus far we have rested the right of the Legislature to provide a fund for the payment of losses of sheep by the ravages of dogs alone upon the police power of the State, but in the case of Ky. Live Stock Breeders Asso. v. Hager, Aud., 120 Ky. 125, 85 S. W. 738, 27 Ky. L. R. 518, we upheld an act which appro[288] priated $15,000 per annum from the funds in the public treasury raised by taxation to provide for the improvement and development of live stock, agriculture, and kindred interests by the establishment and maintenance of a State fail". In the opinion,' in responding to the objection to the act, that the money appropriated was not fox’ a public purpose, it was said: “It is also insisted that a State fair is not a public purpose for which the money of the State may be appropriated by the Legislature, and.that the act merely gives a bounty of $15,000 to appellant. The appropriation to the World’s Pair was sustained by this coui"t (Norman v. Board of Managers, 93 Ky. 537, 14 Ky. Law Rep. 529, 20 S. W. 901, 18 L. R. A. 556), and, if the Legislature may appropriate money in aid of a fair held in another State to properly represent the State in such a fair, it is hard to see how a fair held within the State to make an exhibit of the products of the State is not equally a public purpose. Such legislation has been sustained by the current of authority in the other States of the Union having constitutions substantially the same as ours. Daggett v. Colgan, 92 Cal. 53, 28 Pac. 51, 14 L. R. A. 474, 27 Am. St. Rep. 95; State v. Cornell, 53 Neb. 556, 74 N, W. 61, 39 L. R. A. 513, 68 Am. St. Rep. 629; Sharpless v. Mayor of Philadelphia, 21 Pa. 147, 59 Am. Dec. 759; City of Minneapolis v. Janney, 86 Minn. 111, 90 N. W. 312; Downing v. Indiana State Board of Agriculture, 129 Ind. 443, 28 N. E. 123, 614,12 L. R. A. 664; Shelby County v. Tennessee Centennial Exposition, 96 Tenn. 653, 36 S. W. 694, 33 L. R. A. 717; Bennington v. Park, 50 Vt. 178. In House of Reform v. City of Lexington, 112 Ky. 171, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 1470, 65 S. W. 350, and Hager v. Children’s Home Society, 119 [289] Ky. 235, 83 S. W. 605, 26 Ky. Law Rep. 1133, 67 L. R. A. 815, we held that the State might appropriate money to a public purpose, and make -an existing corporation its agent for the disbursement of the appropriation just as it may appoint other agencies for this( purpose. We adhere to the rule laid down in those cases for the reasons there given.” It would be difficult to point out a difference in principle between promoting any one agricultural interest and the promoting of all agricultural interests, in so far as being a public purpose is concerned. If the whole State may he taxed for the purpose of maintaining a State fair to exhibit the various agricultural interests, we are unable to see why it may not he taxed to prevent the destruction of sheep by dogs. But we are not driven to resting the case upon this latter principle, as we are convinced that the police power of the State affords a firm foundation upon which to base our opinion in upholding the act involved in this litigation. The act which we herein construe does not fix by its terms the compensation to the sheriff for collecting the tax, and we are asked to say in this opinion how the officers are to he remunerated. The act provides that the license tax shall be assessed and collected .as other taxes, and we are of opinion that the Legislature intended the officers to be paid in the same way and at the same rate at which they are remunerated for the collection of revenue taxes; that is, for the purpose of ascertaining the remuneration due the officers, the gross amount of the dog tax .collected shall he added to the total amount of the revenue tax collected, and, upon the whole, the officers’ remuneration shall he fixed by the terms of section 4148 of the Kentucky Statutes of 1903,-10 per cent, on the first $5,000, of the total, and 4 per cent, upon the residue, the [290] total amount of the remuneration of the officer not to exceed the sum of $5,000.
For these reasons the judgment is reversed, with directions to sustain the demurrer to the petition and for other procedure consistent herewith.