Mr. Justice Elliott
delivered the opinion of the court.
On the trial it appeared that no patent from the United States had ever issued for the mining lode claimed by plaintiffs, and that their title was based upon their location certificate, and other evidence tending to show compliance with the laws of the United States relating to the acquisition of mineral lands.
Counsel for plaintiff in error contend that such evidence of title, however clear, is not sufficient to support the averments of the complaint; that the complaint avers ownership in the plaintiffs without qualification; and that such averment cannot be sustained, except by proof of a fee-simple title. The argument is that the locator of an unpatented mining-lode claim upon the public domain, not being in actual possession, and having no interest in the soil other than the mineral product, cannot maintain an action for cutting timber on such claim; that, before the issuance of the patent, the title to the soil and the timber thereon is in the United States; and that the United States alone has the right of action for the cutting and carrying away of such timber.
It is true, the term “ owner,” when used alone, imports an absolute owner, or one who has complete dominion of the property owned, as the owner in fee of real property; but the meaning of a word is often varied according to the connection in which it is used, and is to be understood according to the subject-matter to which it relates. The term “ mining claim,” meaning a parcel of mineral land containing precious metals, is often used in mining parlance as synonymous with the term “ location,” which means the act of appropriating a mining olaAm upon the public domain, according to law or established rules. Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 648.
By the act of congress of May 10,1812, all valuable mineral deposits in the lands of the United States, and the lands in which they are found, are declared to be open to [204]*204exploration, occupation and purchase. The mode of locating such lands is also provided for in general terms, and the locators are granted the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of the surface included within the lines of their locations. Moreover, the lands thus located are spoken of as miming claims, and the locators as the owners thereof, antecedent to the entry for the government patent. B. S. IT. S. 2319 et seg.
In Gwillim v. Donnellan, 115 U. S. 49, a suit brought to determine an adverse claim to mining lands, it is held that “ a valid and subsisting location of. mineral lands, made and kept up in accordance with the provisions of the statutes of the United States, has the effect of a grant by the United States of the right of present and exclusive possession of the lands located. * *. * • The location is the plaintiff’s title.” See, also, Forbes v. Gracey, 94 U. S. 767, and Belk v. Meagher, 104 U. S. 283, where it is declared that mining claims perfected under the law are property in the fullest sense of the term, and that the title thereto passes by descent or purchase the same as other real property.
Thus it appears that a mining claim on the public domain is real property and the subject'of complete ownership as a damn, and that the locator thereof, or his successor in interest, having fully complied with the terms prescribed by congress for acquiring title to mineral lands, is, so long as he continues such compliance, the owner of the claim for all practical purposes. He is the owner before as well as after the issuance of the government patent, and is entitled to the exclusive possession and enjoyment against every one, including the United States itself.
From the foregoing it follows that when plaintiffs pleaded ownership of the mining claim, describing the same according to the location certificate thereof duly recorded, without alleging that their ownership was in fee, or that the government patent had issued therefor, such averment, being in ordinary language, and appropriate to the subject-matter of the pleading, did not import that they were the [205]*205owners in fee of the mining claim, and they were not bound to prove their title by patent from the United States.
It is further contended by counsel that there was a variance between the pleading and the proof, or rather a failure of proof in respect to the kind of possession alleged. It is conceded that the evidence tended to establish plaintiffs’ claim to the premises under the mining laws of the United States and of this state, and that they had the qualifications required by law to entitle them to make a mining location; but it is insisted that plaintiffs were bound to prove themselves in the achual possession of the premises, as alleged in their complaint.
To maintain an action for injury to a mining claim, it is not necessary that the claimant should reside on the premises, nor that it should be inclosed or cultivated, nor that he should have & pedis possessio of the claim, according to the common acceptation of that term. Having made and marked the discovery, and filed his cei’tificate, having performed and kept up the work necessary to perfect his claim, and having otherwise complied in good faith with the requirements essential to a valid and subsisting location, and being in the actual and lawful control of the claim, for the purpose of working or developing the same, he is, while continuing such relations to the property, entitled to the exclusive possession and enjoyment thereof against the whole world. Under such circumstances his possession must be considered sufficient to enable him to maintain an action against any one trespassing thereon; and such action lies for injury to the growing timber, as well as to the mineral product, of the soil itself. From a very early period the legislation' of this state has expressly given such right of action to any person who ma/y home a title to occupy cmy minm-g claim within cmy mining district of the state. See Rev. St. Colo. 1868, pp. 532, 533; also, Gen. St. 1883, §§ 2681, 2685.
In view of these statutory enactments, the defendants not having pleaded title in themselves to the locus in quo, the averment that the possession was actual, though broader [206]*206than necessary; cannot be justly allowed to work a reversal of the judgment. The term “ actual ” may be rejected as surplusage, and still the complaint contains every averment essential to the maintenance of plaintiffs’ action. We remark, however, that the complaint is not to be commended as a model in cases of this kind. It is entirely immaterial whether or not plaintiffs had the technical possession requisite to the maintenance of trespass guare clausum fregit at common law; for since they were entitled to the exclusive possession and enjoyment of the mining claim, and had title to occupy the same, they could maintain a civil action under the code for any unlawful injury thereto committed by a stranger without right or title. 2 Wat. Tresp. § 918; Bliss, Code Pl. § 227; Darst v. Rush, 14 Cal. 82; Coryell v. Cain, 16 Cal. 567; Armstrong v. Lower, 6 Colo. 393, also 581; Strepey v. Stark, 7 Colo. 614; Kendall v. Mining Co. 9 Colo. 357; North Noonday Min. Co. v. Orient Min. Co. 1 Fed. Rep. 522; English v. Johnson, 17 Cal. 116; Halleck v. Mixer, 16 Cal. 574. See 2 Copp, Land-Owner, 114 (November, 1875).
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Mr. Justice Elliott
delivered the opinion of the court.
On the trial it appeared that no patent from the United States had ever issued for the mining lode claimed by plaintiffs, and that their title was based upon their location certificate, and other evidence tending to show compliance with the laws of the United States relating to the acquisition of mineral lands.
Counsel for plaintiff in error contend that such evidence of title, however clear, is not sufficient to support the averments of the complaint; that the complaint avers ownership in the plaintiffs without qualification; and that such averment cannot be sustained, except by proof of a fee-simple title. The argument is that the locator of an unpatented mining-lode claim upon the public domain, not being in actual possession, and having no interest in the soil other than the mineral product, cannot maintain an action for cutting timber on such claim; that, before the issuance of the patent, the title to the soil and the timber thereon is in the United States; and that the United States alone has the right of action for the cutting and carrying away of such timber.
It is true, the term “ owner,” when used alone, imports an absolute owner, or one who has complete dominion of the property owned, as the owner in fee of real property; but the meaning of a word is often varied according to the connection in which it is used, and is to be understood according to the subject-matter to which it relates. The term “ mining claim,” meaning a parcel of mineral land containing precious metals, is often used in mining parlance as synonymous with the term “ location,” which means the act of appropriating a mining olaAm upon the public domain, according to law or established rules. Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 648.
By the act of congress of May 10,1812, all valuable mineral deposits in the lands of the United States, and the lands in which they are found, are declared to be open to [204]*204exploration, occupation and purchase. The mode of locating such lands is also provided for in general terms, and the locators are granted the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of the surface included within the lines of their locations. Moreover, the lands thus located are spoken of as miming claims, and the locators as the owners thereof, antecedent to the entry for the government patent. B. S. IT. S. 2319 et seg.
In Gwillim v. Donnellan, 115 U. S. 49, a suit brought to determine an adverse claim to mining lands, it is held that “ a valid and subsisting location of. mineral lands, made and kept up in accordance with the provisions of the statutes of the United States, has the effect of a grant by the United States of the right of present and exclusive possession of the lands located. * *. * • The location is the plaintiff’s title.” See, also, Forbes v. Gracey, 94 U. S. 767, and Belk v. Meagher, 104 U. S. 283, where it is declared that mining claims perfected under the law are property in the fullest sense of the term, and that the title thereto passes by descent or purchase the same as other real property.
Thus it appears that a mining claim on the public domain is real property and the subject'of complete ownership as a damn, and that the locator thereof, or his successor in interest, having fully complied with the terms prescribed by congress for acquiring title to mineral lands, is, so long as he continues such compliance, the owner of the claim for all practical purposes. He is the owner before as well as after the issuance of the government patent, and is entitled to the exclusive possession and enjoyment against every one, including the United States itself.
From the foregoing it follows that when plaintiffs pleaded ownership of the mining claim, describing the same according to the location certificate thereof duly recorded, without alleging that their ownership was in fee, or that the government patent had issued therefor, such averment, being in ordinary language, and appropriate to the subject-matter of the pleading, did not import that they were the [205]*205owners in fee of the mining claim, and they were not bound to prove their title by patent from the United States.
It is further contended by counsel that there was a variance between the pleading and the proof, or rather a failure of proof in respect to the kind of possession alleged. It is conceded that the evidence tended to establish plaintiffs’ claim to the premises under the mining laws of the United States and of this state, and that they had the qualifications required by law to entitle them to make a mining location; but it is insisted that plaintiffs were bound to prove themselves in the achual possession of the premises, as alleged in their complaint.
To maintain an action for injury to a mining claim, it is not necessary that the claimant should reside on the premises, nor that it should be inclosed or cultivated, nor that he should have & pedis possessio of the claim, according to the common acceptation of that term. Having made and marked the discovery, and filed his cei’tificate, having performed and kept up the work necessary to perfect his claim, and having otherwise complied in good faith with the requirements essential to a valid and subsisting location, and being in the actual and lawful control of the claim, for the purpose of working or developing the same, he is, while continuing such relations to the property, entitled to the exclusive possession and enjoyment thereof against the whole world. Under such circumstances his possession must be considered sufficient to enable him to maintain an action against any one trespassing thereon; and such action lies for injury to the growing timber, as well as to the mineral product, of the soil itself. From a very early period the legislation' of this state has expressly given such right of action to any person who ma/y home a title to occupy cmy minm-g claim within cmy mining district of the state. See Rev. St. Colo. 1868, pp. 532, 533; also, Gen. St. 1883, §§ 2681, 2685.
In view of these statutory enactments, the defendants not having pleaded title in themselves to the locus in quo, the averment that the possession was actual, though broader [206]*206than necessary; cannot be justly allowed to work a reversal of the judgment. The term “ actual ” may be rejected as surplusage, and still the complaint contains every averment essential to the maintenance of plaintiffs’ action. We remark, however, that the complaint is not to be commended as a model in cases of this kind. It is entirely immaterial whether or not plaintiffs had the technical possession requisite to the maintenance of trespass guare clausum fregit at common law; for since they were entitled to the exclusive possession and enjoyment of the mining claim, and had title to occupy the same, they could maintain a civil action under the code for any unlawful injury thereto committed by a stranger without right or title. 2 Wat. Tresp. § 918; Bliss, Code Pl. § 227; Darst v. Rush, 14 Cal. 82; Coryell v. Cain, 16 Cal. 567; Armstrong v. Lower, 6 Colo. 393, also 581; Strepey v. Stark, 7 Colo. 614; Kendall v. Mining Co. 9 Colo. 357; North Noonday Min. Co. v. Orient Min. Co. 1 Fed. Rep. 522; English v. Johnson, 17 Cal. 116; Halleck v. Mixer, 16 Cal. 574. See 2 Copp, Land-Owner, 114 (November, 1875).
It is further contended that the complaint is defective for want of necessary averments of citizenship. It is true, in a proceeding to settle adverse claims to mineral lands, the plaintiff must allege and prove that he is a citizen of t*he United States, or that he has declared his intention to become such, in order to obtain the patent; and, under the amendment of 1881, the defendant must make like averment and proof in order to succeed on his part. The supreme court of Idaho seems to have extended this doctrine to actions of trespass; though it was in a case where the defendants not only denied the title of the plaintiff to the mining claim, but also claimed to have located the same themselves. Bohanon v. Howe, 17 Pac. Rep. 583. But it seems to us there is reason for distinguishing, in, the matter of pleadings, between a proceeding to settle adverse claims to mining property and a civil action for cutting and carrying away timber from such property. The former is a statutory [207]*207proceeding prescribed by act of congress, the very purpose of which is to settle the title between contesting claimants, and thus lay the foundation for the issuance of the government patent. Hence, the pleadings must specially conform to that object. The latter, under our procedure, is an ordinary civil action to recover damages from a wrong-doer; injury to the possession is the gist of the action, and a money judgment is the only relief sought. In actions of the latter class it has always been allowable for the plaintiff to make general averment of his title or possession in the first instance. Besides, the capacity of the plaintiff to sue in an ordinary civil action is generally presumed, and the burden of controverting such authority, if attempted, rests upon the defendant. Ho such attempt was made in this case. The plaintiffs gave evidence that they, and each of them, were citizens of the United States, and no contradictory evidence was offered on the point. We see no reason to doubt that the evidence was sufficient to satisfy the jury that plaintiffs were citizens of the United States; that they had complied with the requirements essential to the location of a valid mining claim; and that their right thereto was a subsisting one at the time of the injuries complained of. 1 Chit. Pl. 195; 2 Wat. Tresp. § 987 et seq. Strepey v. Stark, supra, 618; Jackson v. Dines, 13 Colo. 90; Thomas v. Chisholm, 13 Colo. 105; Lee Doon v. Tesh, 68 Cal. 50; Gwillim v. Donnellan, supra.
It is suggested by counsel in argument that plaintiffs below did not locate their mining claim, im good fcvith, for the purpose of working and extracting the precious metals therein found, but for the purpose of removing the timber therefrom. To this suggestion all we can say is that the matter is not presented by the record in such manner as that we can take cognizance of it in this proceeding.
The instructions given by the court to the jury were in the nature of a general charge. Objections were not made, nor exceptions thereto reserved, before the trial court in such a manner as to be available on this review, according [208]*208to the well-settled practice of this court, based upon the soundest principles of justice. Webber v. Emmerson, 3 Colo. 248; Railway Co. v. Ward, 4 Colo. 30; Coon v. Rigden, id. 275; Keith v. Wells, 14 Colo. 321.
As counsel in their argument have not pointed out any errors occasioned by the refusal to give instructions prayed by defendant, we shall not undertake to consider them. The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
Affirmed.