Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION IV No. CR-14-590
Opinion Delivered February 4, 2015
LAWRENCE McCRAY APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, FOURTH DIVISION [NO. CR-2013-2668] V. HONORABLE HERBERT WRIGHT, JUDGE STATE OF ARKANSAS APPELLEE AFFIRMED
ROBERT J. GLADWIN, Chief Judge
Lawrence McCray was convicted of aggravated robbery, attempted rape, and theft of
property in the Pulaski County Circuit Court on April 9, 2014. On appeal, he argues that
there was insufficient evidence to convict on each count.1 We affirm because the issues were
not preserved for appellate review.
Appellant was charged on August 21, 2013, by felony information alleging that he had
committed aggravated robbery, attempted rape, and theft of property on June 26, 2013, by
using a firearm while robbing an Exxon store in Little Rock, Arkansas. Appellant waived
his right to a trial by jury, and a bench trial was held on March 20, 2014.
1 Appellant was charged with a firearm enhancement, but he was not convicted of such. Thus, his argument on appeal related to any firearm enhancement is not addressed. Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
At trial, D.A. testified that she was working as a clerk at Exxon on June 26, 2013, on
the 10:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m. shift. There was no security guard at the store, but there were
security cameras. Her work space behind the register was separated by plexiglass from the
lobby area designated for customers. Money was passed through a slot in the plexiglass to
the clerk. D.A. said that she had to enter the lobby area from the outside, as the register area
was accessed through a side door.
D.A. explained that she went into the lobby around 3:00 a.m. in order to clean it.
She said that a customer came in, and she went back behind the register. When the
customer left, she went back out to the lobby because she had left her cleaning supplies
there. Another customer, whom she identified as appellant, came in and asked if the store
carried a certain type of cigarillo. She told him that they did not and that he should have
known that because he “came in all the time.”
She said that she waited for the lot to clear and stepped in to grab her glass cleaner
when appellant rushed back in through the door to the lobby. She recognized him as a
regular customer who came to the business three-to-four times a day, and she had often seen
him. She said that, when he rushed in, he had a gun in his hand and pointed it at her. He
asked for money, and she told him that she had to go back behind the register to get it. He
walked her out the door, and they had to go back in through the other door to get to the
register. She unlocked the register, and he grabbed the money. He then asked her to get
on the ground, and she sat in the doorway between the register and the office. He
approached and stood in front of her. He pulled his pants down and asked her for oral sex,
2 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
but she refused. He threatened to shoot her, and she told him that her assistant manager was
going to be back any minute. Appellant then struck her across the left side of her face with
the gun, grabbed two cartons of Newport cigarettes, and ran out the door. D.A. called the
police and pressed the silent alarm. She told the operator that she needed the police and an
ambulance. She said that she had a cut above her left eye and had swelling from her cheek
down to her jaw.
She later identified appellant from a photo spread, and she identified him in the
courtroom. She also said that since this had happened, she had seen appellant on three
occasions in a different Exxon store in Little Rock where she now works.
Officer Nikie Persons testified that he was dispatched on June 26, 2013, to the Exxon
store around 7:40 a.m., and he had been told by the dispatcher that a robbery suspect had
returned to the scene from an earlier robbery on that same day, got gas, and left the gas
station. He obtained information from the two employees, who described the robber, his
car, and the license-plate number. They also told Officer Persons that there had been video
surveillance of the robbery. From the vehicle description and license plate obtained from the
employees, Officer Persons obtained appellant’s address. Appellant was arrested at his home
after he had been identified from a photo array. Officer Persons said that appellant appeared
groggy and to be possibly under the influence of something at the time of his arrest. No
money, cigarettes, or clothes from the robbery were found at appellant’s residence.
Detective Van Thomas testified that he was dispatched to the Exxon at the time the
robbery occurred. He observed D.A.’s injuries and saw that she was very emotional. He was
3 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
not able to download the video from the security footage, but took pictures of the computer
screen depicting the robbery. He testified that later that morning, employees from Exxon
called stating that the same individual they believed they saw on the computer screen had just
come into the store to purchase gas. As they were calling 911, they obtained the license-
plate number of the vehicle. Detective Thomas said that he ran the license-plate number
through different police database systems and located appellant’s name and address. He then
created a photo spread for the victim, who positively identified appellant.
At the end of the State’s evidence, appellant moved for directed verdicts on each
count, arguing separately that there was nothing found at the residence that would associate
him with the robbery; that the State did not prove that a substantial step was taken to
commit rape; and that there was no testimony that the cigarettes were taken from the
premises. The trial court denied appellant’s motions.
Detective Thomas, testifying for the defense, stated that neither appellant’s fingerprints
nor DNA were found at the scene. Appellant testified that he was at home asleep around
3:30 a.m. on June 26, 2013. His mother, his brother, and his child were home with him.
He denied committing the robbery and claimed that he did not visit the Exxon more than
once a day. He denied that the pictures were of him, explaining that his gut was bigger than
that of the man’s in the picture, that he has less of a beard, and that the man in the picture
had no sideburns on his right side as opposed to the sideburns on his own face.
Vera McCray testified that she is appellant’s mother, that appellant is thirty-six years
old, and that he had lived with her since he was born. She said that she slept in the living
4 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
room on the night in question. She said that she had gone to the bathroom around 3:30
a.m., and she did not remember her son going out the door that morning. She did not hear
anyone go out of the house that night at any point. She explained that she would have heard
them because the house was 1250 square feet, with an open living room, kitchen, and dining
area, all in close proximity to the front and back doors. She claimed that she saw appellant
in his bed when she went to the bathroom at 3:30 a.m.
At the close of appellant’s evidence, the court stated, “Argument?” The State then
proceeded to rehash the evidence of the victim’s testimony, noting the video-surveillance
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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION IV No. CR-14-590
Opinion Delivered February 4, 2015
LAWRENCE McCRAY APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, FOURTH DIVISION [NO. CR-2013-2668] V. HONORABLE HERBERT WRIGHT, JUDGE STATE OF ARKANSAS APPELLEE AFFIRMED
ROBERT J. GLADWIN, Chief Judge
Lawrence McCray was convicted of aggravated robbery, attempted rape, and theft of
property in the Pulaski County Circuit Court on April 9, 2014. On appeal, he argues that
there was insufficient evidence to convict on each count.1 We affirm because the issues were
not preserved for appellate review.
Appellant was charged on August 21, 2013, by felony information alleging that he had
committed aggravated robbery, attempted rape, and theft of property on June 26, 2013, by
using a firearm while robbing an Exxon store in Little Rock, Arkansas. Appellant waived
his right to a trial by jury, and a bench trial was held on March 20, 2014.
1 Appellant was charged with a firearm enhancement, but he was not convicted of such. Thus, his argument on appeal related to any firearm enhancement is not addressed. Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
At trial, D.A. testified that she was working as a clerk at Exxon on June 26, 2013, on
the 10:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m. shift. There was no security guard at the store, but there were
security cameras. Her work space behind the register was separated by plexiglass from the
lobby area designated for customers. Money was passed through a slot in the plexiglass to
the clerk. D.A. said that she had to enter the lobby area from the outside, as the register area
was accessed through a side door.
D.A. explained that she went into the lobby around 3:00 a.m. in order to clean it.
She said that a customer came in, and she went back behind the register. When the
customer left, she went back out to the lobby because she had left her cleaning supplies
there. Another customer, whom she identified as appellant, came in and asked if the store
carried a certain type of cigarillo. She told him that they did not and that he should have
known that because he “came in all the time.”
She said that she waited for the lot to clear and stepped in to grab her glass cleaner
when appellant rushed back in through the door to the lobby. She recognized him as a
regular customer who came to the business three-to-four times a day, and she had often seen
him. She said that, when he rushed in, he had a gun in his hand and pointed it at her. He
asked for money, and she told him that she had to go back behind the register to get it. He
walked her out the door, and they had to go back in through the other door to get to the
register. She unlocked the register, and he grabbed the money. He then asked her to get
on the ground, and she sat in the doorway between the register and the office. He
approached and stood in front of her. He pulled his pants down and asked her for oral sex,
2 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
but she refused. He threatened to shoot her, and she told him that her assistant manager was
going to be back any minute. Appellant then struck her across the left side of her face with
the gun, grabbed two cartons of Newport cigarettes, and ran out the door. D.A. called the
police and pressed the silent alarm. She told the operator that she needed the police and an
ambulance. She said that she had a cut above her left eye and had swelling from her cheek
down to her jaw.
She later identified appellant from a photo spread, and she identified him in the
courtroom. She also said that since this had happened, she had seen appellant on three
occasions in a different Exxon store in Little Rock where she now works.
Officer Nikie Persons testified that he was dispatched on June 26, 2013, to the Exxon
store around 7:40 a.m., and he had been told by the dispatcher that a robbery suspect had
returned to the scene from an earlier robbery on that same day, got gas, and left the gas
station. He obtained information from the two employees, who described the robber, his
car, and the license-plate number. They also told Officer Persons that there had been video
surveillance of the robbery. From the vehicle description and license plate obtained from the
employees, Officer Persons obtained appellant’s address. Appellant was arrested at his home
after he had been identified from a photo array. Officer Persons said that appellant appeared
groggy and to be possibly under the influence of something at the time of his arrest. No
money, cigarettes, or clothes from the robbery were found at appellant’s residence.
Detective Van Thomas testified that he was dispatched to the Exxon at the time the
robbery occurred. He observed D.A.’s injuries and saw that she was very emotional. He was
3 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
not able to download the video from the security footage, but took pictures of the computer
screen depicting the robbery. He testified that later that morning, employees from Exxon
called stating that the same individual they believed they saw on the computer screen had just
come into the store to purchase gas. As they were calling 911, they obtained the license-
plate number of the vehicle. Detective Thomas said that he ran the license-plate number
through different police database systems and located appellant’s name and address. He then
created a photo spread for the victim, who positively identified appellant.
At the end of the State’s evidence, appellant moved for directed verdicts on each
count, arguing separately that there was nothing found at the residence that would associate
him with the robbery; that the State did not prove that a substantial step was taken to
commit rape; and that there was no testimony that the cigarettes were taken from the
premises. The trial court denied appellant’s motions.
Detective Thomas, testifying for the defense, stated that neither appellant’s fingerprints
nor DNA were found at the scene. Appellant testified that he was at home asleep around
3:30 a.m. on June 26, 2013. His mother, his brother, and his child were home with him.
He denied committing the robbery and claimed that he did not visit the Exxon more than
once a day. He denied that the pictures were of him, explaining that his gut was bigger than
that of the man’s in the picture, that he has less of a beard, and that the man in the picture
had no sideburns on his right side as opposed to the sideburns on his own face.
Vera McCray testified that she is appellant’s mother, that appellant is thirty-six years
old, and that he had lived with her since he was born. She said that she slept in the living
4 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
room on the night in question. She said that she had gone to the bathroom around 3:30
a.m., and she did not remember her son going out the door that morning. She did not hear
anyone go out of the house that night at any point. She explained that she would have heard
them because the house was 1250 square feet, with an open living room, kitchen, and dining
area, all in close proximity to the front and back doors. She claimed that she saw appellant
in his bed when she went to the bathroom at 3:30 a.m.
At the close of appellant’s evidence, the court stated, “Argument?” The State then
proceeded to rehash the evidence of the victim’s testimony, noting the video-surveillance
pictures, the identification of appellant from those pictures, and the victim’s positive
identification of appellant through the photo spread. The State argued that appellant did not
keep the outfit he was wearing while robbing the store, especially the ball cap. The State
stressed that the victim testified that appellant came to the new Exxon after he had been
arrested, which is contrary to appellant’s testimony.
Appellant then argued that the State had not met its burden of proof, as there was no
evidence of anything found in appellant’s residence relating to the robbery. Appellant argued
that his testimony, together with his mother’s, shows that the victim mistakenly identified
him. Appellant asked for an acquittal.
The trial court stated that it found the victim’s testimony to be credible, and appellant
was found guilty on all counts. Appellant was sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment in the
Arkansas Department of Correction. A notice of appeal was timely filed, and this appeal
followed.
5 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 33.1 provides in pertinent part as follows:
(b) In a nonjury trial, if a motion for dismissal is to be made, it shall be made at the close of all of the evidence. The motion for dismissal shall state the specific grounds therefor. If the defendant moved for dismissal at the conclusion of the prosecution’s evidence, then the motion must be renewed at the close of all of the evidence.
(c) The failure of a defendant to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence at the times and in the manner required in subsections (a) and (b) above will constitute a waiver of any question pertaining to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict or judgment. A motion for directed verdict or for dismissal based on insufficiency of the evidence must specify the respect in which the evidence is deficient. A motion merely stating that the evidence is insufficient does not preserve for appeal issues relating to a specific deficiency such as insufficient proof on the elements of the offense. A renewal at the close of all of the evidence of a previous motion for directed verdict or for dismissal preserves the issue of insufficient evidence for appeal. If for any reason a motion or a renewed motion at the close of all of the evidence for directed verdict or for dismissal is not ruled upon, it is deemed denied for purposes of obtaining appellate review on the question of the sufficiency of the evidence.
Ark. R. Crim. P. 33.1(b) & (c) (2014) (emphasis added). Rule 33.1 is strictly construed.
Etoch v. State, 343 Ark. 361, 365, 37 S.W.3d 186, 189 (2001) (citing Thomas v. State, 315
Ark. 504, 868 S.W.2d 483 (1994)). We recently held that a dismissal argument made in a
closing argument does not preserve the issue of sufficiency, even in a bench trial. Hendrix
v. State, 2014 Ark. App. 696, at 6, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___.
Appellant contends that, when viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the
strongest testimony against him was provded by the victim. Despite the victim’s testimony
that appellant had robbed her place of employment with a gun and had attempted to sexually
assault her, appellant argues that there was no medical evidence or strong physical evidence
to corroborate her testimony. Therefore, appellant claims that the conviction was based on
speculation and conjecture.
6 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 47
The State contends that appellant’s arguments are not preserved because he failed to
challenge the sufficiency of the evidence in compliance with Arkansas Rule of Criminal
Procedure 33.1(b). We agree and hold that the issue is not preserved. Instead of renewing
his directed-verdict motion at the close of his case, appellant made a closing argument after
the State made its closing argument. “A dismissal argument made in a closing argument does
not preserve the issue of sufficiency, even in a bench trial.” Hendrix, 2014 Ark. App. 696,
at 6, ___ S.W.3d at ___. Accordingly, we affirm.
Affirmed.
VIRDEN and HIXSON , JJ., agree.
Lott Rolfe, IV, for appellant.
Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: Jake H. Jones, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.