Francis Lynde Stetson, Referee.
After long and •careful consideration, though not without lingering doubt as to soundness of the point taken by the learned counsel for the defendant, I have concluded to grant his motion for a dismissal of the complaint solely upon the ground' that the defendant is not subject to the penalties imposed by the twelfth section of the Manufacturing Corporations Act of 1848 (chap. 40).
I have reached this conclusion, first, because the point, if well taken, is decisive in favor of the defendant, .and if apparently sound may properly be entertained by the trial court, with a view of saving the expense of presenting subordinate issues in the case ; second, because the decision on this point if erroneous, can be quickly and easily reviewed and reversed on appeal without embarrassment to the subsequent trial of the other issues which then will become important, and thirdly, because it seems to me that substantial justice will be promoted by a dismissal of the complaint.
It is sought to charge the defendant as trustee of the Madrid Apartment Association with more than $230,000 solely because there was not filed during the first twenty •days of January, 1885, a report which, on April 30, 1885, was filed by three of his co-trustees, showing that the [122]*122Association owed $230,000, and that its total capital stock had been paid in in cash. So far as the evidence shows, the plaintiff’s condition was in no wise altered or affected by the delay in filing this report, and the close relation of the plaintiff to the enterprise from the early summer of 1883, and for nearly a year before defendant was elected trustee, warrants the belief that during all that time he knew the actual condition of the company quite as well as. did the defendant. The claim therefore is one that depends upon the strict letter of the statute and involves-no equitable considerations.' If the plaintiff's claim had been but one dollar, that would have been the measure of the defendant’s punishment; but, because the claim happened to be $230,000, the penalty of the statute applied to this case would rise to a sum in comparison with which the largest pecuniary amercement for the greatest of crimes sinks into contemptible insignificance. It may possibly be the duty of some court thus to crush this defendant for his purely technical default, but in absence of controlling authority, I cannot conclude such to be my obligation, and the few authorities cited before me either leave the question in doubt or fairly justify a conclusion, in favor of the defendant.
The principal question is whether the twelfth section of the Act, chapter 40, of the Laws of 1848, applies in respect of this defendant. The section does so apply unless its highly penal character checks the implications-necessary to apply it to the defendant’s case.
My decision, therefore, turns upon a consideration, first,, of the acknowledged, adjudicated and dreadfully apparent penal character of the statute (Gadsden v. Woodward, 103. N. Y. 242), and second, of the equally well settled rule of law that the penalty thus imposed is of the kind that is not to extend by implication to any case not embraced in the terms merely because apparently within the policy of the statute (Bonnell v. Griswold, 80 N. Y. 128, 136 Whitaker v. Masterton, 106 Id. 277-281).
[123]*123The subordinate questions are (i) was the Madrid Association . organized under the Act of 1848, and (2) if not organized under the Act of 1848, was this penal provision of that Act carried into the Act under which the Association was organized.
First: Answering these questions in their order, I observe, the incorporators of the association filed their certificate in terms under the law of 1848, and if their voluntary act were of legal consequence, the defendant would be subject to that law. But; obviously, the operation of the statute must depend upon the intent of the legislature and not upon any assumption by the incorporators. The law of 1848 did not authorize the formation of an association for the erection of apartment buildings. Therefore the original act did not of itself and by its own terms comprehend the Madrid Apartment Association. The Act, chapter 535 of the Laws of 1871, entitled “ An Act to extend the operation and effect of the Act of ”1848, under which only it became possible to incorporate the Madrid Association, did not amend the Act of 1884, but merely authorized three or more persons “ to organize themselves into a corporation in the manner specified and required by'the Act of ” 1848, and provided that “ the corporation so formed shall „ be subject to all the provisions and obligations 'of the Act aforesaid, and the Acts amendatory thereof.” No other reference is made to the Act of 1848. •
I am unable to conclude that the Madrid Association organized under this law of 1871, was formed under the Act of 1848. As already observed nothing in the body of the law of 1871 amends the Act of 1848, and the call of the title of the láter law is fully satisfied by extending to corporations formed thereunder all the provisions which the body of the law in terms borrows from the former Act. Besides, this is a general law, in respect of which there is no constitutional requirement as to the title, so that the title need not be considered as controlling the body of the law ; and in my opinion the body of the law is not so ambiguous as to-. [124]*124require reference to the title to explain, much less to enlarge its meaning (See People v. Wood, 71 N. Y. 374; People v. Davenport, 91 Id. 585).
I am aware that in considering another statute of this same class, Judge LEARNED, reviewing many similar extentions of the Act of 1848, declined to say that a corporation formed under such a law was not formed under the Act of 1848 (Wakefield v. Davidson, 3d Department, September, 1877) and in another such case (People v. Knickerbocker Ice Co., 99 N.Y. 181) Judge DANFORTH referred to such a company indifferently as being formed first (p. 182) “ under the “ Manufacturing Act ” and second (p. 184) “underthe Act of 1855.” Neither of these observations however amounts to a direct decision of the point, and in absence of such decision, I shall not conclude that a corporation first authorized by the law of 1871 was .formed under the Act of 1848. Certainly I shall not so hold for the purpose of imposing a penalty.
Second. Neither can I hold that the Law of 1871, which nowhere refers to a penalty, impliedly adopted that provided by section 12 of the Act of 1848 for trustees in default under that section of that law.
It is the settled law of this State, that a corporation and all the stockholders of a corporation formed under a law such as this, are subject .to the provisions of the Act of 1848 (Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N. Y. 216). It is also true that the trustees of such a corporation are bound to perform all the duties imposed upon the corporation by the Act of 1848, and that the duty of filing an annual report is imposed upon the corporation itself to be performed in its behalf by its trustees (Cornell v. Roach, 101 N. Y. 375). It follows in my opinion that it was the duty of the, trustees of the Madrid Association to file the annual report required'of the corporation by the twelfth section ■of the Act of 1848, to this extent adopted by the law of 1871, and the sole remaining question is whether a fail[125]
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Francis Lynde Stetson, Referee.
After long and •careful consideration, though not without lingering doubt as to soundness of the point taken by the learned counsel for the defendant, I have concluded to grant his motion for a dismissal of the complaint solely upon the ground' that the defendant is not subject to the penalties imposed by the twelfth section of the Manufacturing Corporations Act of 1848 (chap. 40).
I have reached this conclusion, first, because the point, if well taken, is decisive in favor of the defendant, .and if apparently sound may properly be entertained by the trial court, with a view of saving the expense of presenting subordinate issues in the case ; second, because the decision on this point if erroneous, can be quickly and easily reviewed and reversed on appeal without embarrassment to the subsequent trial of the other issues which then will become important, and thirdly, because it seems to me that substantial justice will be promoted by a dismissal of the complaint.
It is sought to charge the defendant as trustee of the Madrid Apartment Association with more than $230,000 solely because there was not filed during the first twenty •days of January, 1885, a report which, on April 30, 1885, was filed by three of his co-trustees, showing that the [122]*122Association owed $230,000, and that its total capital stock had been paid in in cash. So far as the evidence shows, the plaintiff’s condition was in no wise altered or affected by the delay in filing this report, and the close relation of the plaintiff to the enterprise from the early summer of 1883, and for nearly a year before defendant was elected trustee, warrants the belief that during all that time he knew the actual condition of the company quite as well as. did the defendant. The claim therefore is one that depends upon the strict letter of the statute and involves-no equitable considerations.' If the plaintiff's claim had been but one dollar, that would have been the measure of the defendant’s punishment; but, because the claim happened to be $230,000, the penalty of the statute applied to this case would rise to a sum in comparison with which the largest pecuniary amercement for the greatest of crimes sinks into contemptible insignificance. It may possibly be the duty of some court thus to crush this defendant for his purely technical default, but in absence of controlling authority, I cannot conclude such to be my obligation, and the few authorities cited before me either leave the question in doubt or fairly justify a conclusion, in favor of the defendant.
The principal question is whether the twelfth section of the Act, chapter 40, of the Laws of 1848, applies in respect of this defendant. The section does so apply unless its highly penal character checks the implications-necessary to apply it to the defendant’s case.
My decision, therefore, turns upon a consideration, first,, of the acknowledged, adjudicated and dreadfully apparent penal character of the statute (Gadsden v. Woodward, 103. N. Y. 242), and second, of the equally well settled rule of law that the penalty thus imposed is of the kind that is not to extend by implication to any case not embraced in the terms merely because apparently within the policy of the statute (Bonnell v. Griswold, 80 N. Y. 128, 136 Whitaker v. Masterton, 106 Id. 277-281).
[123]*123The subordinate questions are (i) was the Madrid Association . organized under the Act of 1848, and (2) if not organized under the Act of 1848, was this penal provision of that Act carried into the Act under which the Association was organized.
First: Answering these questions in their order, I observe, the incorporators of the association filed their certificate in terms under the law of 1848, and if their voluntary act were of legal consequence, the defendant would be subject to that law. But; obviously, the operation of the statute must depend upon the intent of the legislature and not upon any assumption by the incorporators. The law of 1848 did not authorize the formation of an association for the erection of apartment buildings. Therefore the original act did not of itself and by its own terms comprehend the Madrid Apartment Association. The Act, chapter 535 of the Laws of 1871, entitled “ An Act to extend the operation and effect of the Act of ”1848, under which only it became possible to incorporate the Madrid Association, did not amend the Act of 1884, but merely authorized three or more persons “ to organize themselves into a corporation in the manner specified and required by'the Act of ” 1848, and provided that “ the corporation so formed shall „ be subject to all the provisions and obligations 'of the Act aforesaid, and the Acts amendatory thereof.” No other reference is made to the Act of 1848. •
I am unable to conclude that the Madrid Association organized under this law of 1871, was formed under the Act of 1848. As already observed nothing in the body of the law of 1871 amends the Act of 1848, and the call of the title of the láter law is fully satisfied by extending to corporations formed thereunder all the provisions which the body of the law in terms borrows from the former Act. Besides, this is a general law, in respect of which there is no constitutional requirement as to the title, so that the title need not be considered as controlling the body of the law ; and in my opinion the body of the law is not so ambiguous as to-. [124]*124require reference to the title to explain, much less to enlarge its meaning (See People v. Wood, 71 N. Y. 374; People v. Davenport, 91 Id. 585).
I am aware that in considering another statute of this same class, Judge LEARNED, reviewing many similar extentions of the Act of 1848, declined to say that a corporation formed under such a law was not formed under the Act of 1848 (Wakefield v. Davidson, 3d Department, September, 1877) and in another such case (People v. Knickerbocker Ice Co., 99 N.Y. 181) Judge DANFORTH referred to such a company indifferently as being formed first (p. 182) “ under the “ Manufacturing Act ” and second (p. 184) “underthe Act of 1855.” Neither of these observations however amounts to a direct decision of the point, and in absence of such decision, I shall not conclude that a corporation first authorized by the law of 1871 was .formed under the Act of 1848. Certainly I shall not so hold for the purpose of imposing a penalty.
Second. Neither can I hold that the Law of 1871, which nowhere refers to a penalty, impliedly adopted that provided by section 12 of the Act of 1848 for trustees in default under that section of that law.
It is the settled law of this State, that a corporation and all the stockholders of a corporation formed under a law such as this, are subject .to the provisions of the Act of 1848 (Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N. Y. 216). It is also true that the trustees of such a corporation are bound to perform all the duties imposed upon the corporation by the Act of 1848, and that the duty of filing an annual report is imposed upon the corporation itself to be performed in its behalf by its trustees (Cornell v. Roach, 101 N. Y. 375). It follows in my opinion that it was the duty of the, trustees of the Madrid Association to file the annual report required'of the corporation by the twelfth section ■of the Act of 1848, to this extent adopted by the law of 1871, and the sole remaining question is whether a fail[125]*125ure to perform this corporate duty subjected the trustees, to the penalty imposed by the same section.
Ordinarily it would be quite absurd to split a section of a statute adopted by implication into a later law, and without any expressed provision to that effect to hold that the first half of the former section has been, while the latter half had not been adopted. I am not wholly satisfied that in the present case the law authorizes such a course, but to avoid injustice and in view of the established rule that the law does not imply a penalty where none is expressly provided, as well as in view of the obvious fact that the law - of 1871 does not say one word about penalties, I shall here apply the general rule, and conclude that no penalty is imposed by the Act of 1871 upon trustees of corporations formed thereunder.
Such a conclusion is not forbidden by the decision in Wakefield v. Fargo (90 N. Y. 216) for on the first hearing of that cause at General Term (3d Department, September, 1877, 5 Weekly Dig. 454) Judge LEARNED was careful to observe that “the liability claimed in this case (a stockholder’s liability) “ is not in the nature of a penalty or forfeiture and does not exist solely as a liability imposed by statute.’’ In the arguments before the court of appeals, Judge PECKHAM for the appellant assumed (90 N. Y. 215), and Mr. Hale for the respondent apparently conceded (p. 216), that if the liability then considered were penal in its nature, it could not be imposed.
On the other hand there are many authorities apparently justifying my application of the rule that penalties are not to be implied (Jones v. Estes, 2 Johns. 380), if not conclusive is strongly persuasive in this direction and support is given by the cases of Bell v. Dole (11 Johns. 173); Health Dept. v. Knoll (70 N. Y. 536); Curtis v. Leavitt (17 Barb. 339) and Bonnell v. Griswold (80 N. Y. 128). 1
Against these authorities and this rule of strict construction the learned counsel for the plaintiff has pleaded that “ a statute which is penal to some persons, provided it is [126]*126‘beneficial generally, may be equitably considered." This dictum from an early case has met with some limitation ■'(Sutherland Statutory Construction, § 359; Endlich on Statutes, § 333), and does not' answer the question whether the legislature of 1871, having before them the •penalty on trustees imposed by the twelfth section of the 'Act of 1848, intended to apply that penalty to the new class of corporations by providing only that such “ corporation so formed shall be subject to all the provisions and •obligations of the Act aforesaid."
The question becomes important in view of a line of •cases cited by the learned counsel, and especially two not ■cited by him (Re Coy, 31 Fed. Rep. 794-800 ; U. S. v. Lacher, 134 U. S. 624) relaxing the cited rule of strict construction in the case of penal statutes. While the doctrine of these cases' challenges the certainty of my conclusion, it does not affect my sense of the inherent injustice ■of this penalty or of its application in this case, and I feel authorized to follow the lead of the earlier decisions of the courts of this State. The statute of 1871 being absolutely silent as to’penalties on trustees and preserving only the “ provisions and obligations of the corporation," the conclusion that the legislature intentionally omitted 'this harsh penalty is quite as well warranted'as the forced presumption that the intent was to continue it.
With respect to the learned counsel’s suggestion that this decision may affect many other cases, it is now enough to observe, first, that each of those cases must be decided on its own facts, and second, that all similar claims more than three years old, not already in suit, are outlawed, and that no new claims can arise of a date subsequent to the first day of May, 1891, when the Act of 1848 and its various extensions forever passed away (Laws 1890, ch. 564, § 73; ch. 567, § 24, p. 1176).
I hold and decide that the complaint be and it is hereby dismissed on the merits on the specific ground that the penalty imposed by the twelfth section of the Act, chap[127]*127ter 40 of the Laws of 1848, does not apply in respect of trustees of corporations formed under the Act, chapter 535 of the Laws of 1871.