Opinion op the Court by
Judge Nunn —
Eeversing.
Appellee, James D. McClintock, and appellant, James McClure, resided in Paris, Bourbon County, Kentucky, for many years next prior to the alleged cause of this litigation. McClintock conducted a fire insurance business in that city and also represented as agent, Ms co-appellee, The American Bonding Company. McClure was casMer of The First National Bank of that city and also trustee of Sarah Lewis Whitehead and guardian of Frankie Thompson. He executed bond for the faithful performance of his duties, etc., in all three of these positions and the American Bonding Company signed them as surety. On December 5, 1908, the bonding company took steps to be released on each of these bonds and was released shortly thereafter. This act of the bonding company caused considerable trouble and annoyance, and the bank directors, not knowing the cause for the act of the bonding company or whether it would be safe to continue McClure as its 'cashier, they, and also appellant, wrote the company and asked for its reasons for declining to remain surety for McClure. The bonding company declined to give its reasons, but stated that it did not desire to remain upon McClure’s bond and secured its release in accordance to its rights reserved in the contract at the time thej bonds were executed.
Appellant brought this action against James D. McClintock, Thomas W. Satterwhite, Tracy Underhill, who were partners representing the American Bonding Company, and the American Bonding Company of Baltimore, Maryland. He alleged in his petition, among other things, the following:
“That said defendant, James D. McClintock, moved by ill will and malice towards plaintiff, and said Thomas P. Satterwhite, Tracy Underhill and the American Bonding Company of Baltimore, did subsequent to July 1, 1908, maliciously, wrongfully and unlawfully con
spire, combine, confederate and agree together and among themselves to injure plaintiff in his occupation, employment, standing and business, and especially in his trust and fiduciary relations herein above set out, and to ruin, oppress, impoverish, annoy, humiliate and harrass plaintiff, and to drive him out of the business in which he was engaged, and to deprive or to cause him to be deprived of his position as cashier, and of his position as trustee and of guardian as aforesaid, by canceling, or causing to be canceled without just cause or excuse the said cashier bond, and by withholding from the plaintiff and from the directors of said bank, and the patrons thereof and the persons interested therein, the alleged cause for the cancellation of said bond; and by withdrawing from liability on said fiduciary bonds, and withholding from the persons interested in said estate the alleged cause thereof.”
He also alleged that James McClintock had been for many years and was at that time engaged in the fire insurance business in the city of Paris; that he had been for some time and was at that time the local agent for his co-appellee, 'The American Bonding Company; that shortly before the acts complained of, he, appellant* and Boy Clendenin, a brother-in-law of McClintock, entered into a partnership and conducted a fire insurance business in Paris; that his entering into this business caused McClintock, who was moved by ill will and malice towards him and who desired to injure him, to make the statements complained of and to make false statements to his co-appellee, The American Bonding Company, through Thomas Satterwhite and Underhill, its State agents, which resulted in the bonding company asking for and obtaining a release from the bonds when it had already been paid in full for signing the bonds.
It seems from the evidence that the bonding company sought to be released from the bond on account of information it had received from McClintock through its State agents, Satterwhite and Underhill., It had a right, under the contract, to be released with or without cause. Appellant endeavored to show that McClintock stated, in substance, in the letter he wrote to the bonding company or to its State agents, that McClure was traveling a good deal and neglecting his business; that he was spending money too fast and that he was
likely to become insane. McClintock denied making such statements, and claimed that he only said that McClure’s father became insane and was sent to the asylum in Lexington. He stated that he wrote no falsehood Avhatever, and that it was not his purpose to have the bonding company obtain a release from the bonds, but to have them to refuse to renew the bonds when they ran out. The testimony showed that McClintock was embittered towards McClure; that McClintock at one time had an office in the bank and the United States inspector complained of his holding his office there and he was caused to- move, and he claims that McClure caused the action of the inspector in this matter, and it appears that he ivas further embittered because McClure set up in the fire insurance business in opposition to him. It matters not, howeA'-er, how angry he was with appellant, if he told the truth in the letter to the bonding company, he is not liable, but if he told falsehoods to accomplish his purpose, he is liable. If McClintock made false statements in order to accomplish a result and the 'result did actually follow by reason thereof, he was liable in damages, although he acted without malice, but ■if he acted with malicious motives the jury had a right to increase the damages on account thereof, therefore, the letter which he Avrote to the bonding company was important as evidence on the. trial of this case.
Soon after the filing of the action, appellant gave notice to take the deposition of Underhill and Satter-Avhite in Louisville, by way of cross-examination. They stated that they received the letter referred to and had it but refused to produce it. They were asked many questions as to the contents of the letter and asked if it contained the matters heretofore spoken of, but they declined to answer all questions .with reference to the ■contents of the letter. The matter was referred to the court for opinion as to whether they should produce the letter and answer the quéstions. The court’s ruling on this matter was favorable to appellant. The judge, hoAvever, Avas sick or at least absent at the next term of the court, and it appears that in the meantime McClintock went to the city of Louisville and obtained this letter and four or five others which he had written Satterwhite and Underhill, therefore they could not answer the questions or produce the letter as required by the court. Just before McClintock obtained the letters, Underhill
severed liis connection with the firm of Satterwhite &i Underhill. When McClure learned that McClintoek had secured the letter, he asked for a rule against Satterwhite to show cause why he should not be punished for contempt, but the court declined to issue it. It is unnecessary to pass upon the question as to whether or not the court erred in this respect, as it will not- likely occur again. But Satterwhite evidently committed a wrong in surrendering this letter to McClintoek when he knew the matter was pending before the court as to whether he should produce it or whether he should answer questions with reference to its contents. He had no right to place it out of his power to comply with the order of the court.
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Opinion op the Court by
Judge Nunn —
Eeversing.
Appellee, James D. McClintock, and appellant, James McClure, resided in Paris, Bourbon County, Kentucky, for many years next prior to the alleged cause of this litigation. McClintock conducted a fire insurance business in that city and also represented as agent, Ms co-appellee, The American Bonding Company. McClure was casMer of The First National Bank of that city and also trustee of Sarah Lewis Whitehead and guardian of Frankie Thompson. He executed bond for the faithful performance of his duties, etc., in all three of these positions and the American Bonding Company signed them as surety. On December 5, 1908, the bonding company took steps to be released on each of these bonds and was released shortly thereafter. This act of the bonding company caused considerable trouble and annoyance, and the bank directors, not knowing the cause for the act of the bonding company or whether it would be safe to continue McClure as its 'cashier, they, and also appellant, wrote the company and asked for its reasons for declining to remain surety for McClure. The bonding company declined to give its reasons, but stated that it did not desire to remain upon McClure’s bond and secured its release in accordance to its rights reserved in the contract at the time thej bonds were executed.
Appellant brought this action against James D. McClintock, Thomas W. Satterwhite, Tracy Underhill, who were partners representing the American Bonding Company, and the American Bonding Company of Baltimore, Maryland. He alleged in his petition, among other things, the following:
“That said defendant, James D. McClintock, moved by ill will and malice towards plaintiff, and said Thomas P. Satterwhite, Tracy Underhill and the American Bonding Company of Baltimore, did subsequent to July 1, 1908, maliciously, wrongfully and unlawfully con
spire, combine, confederate and agree together and among themselves to injure plaintiff in his occupation, employment, standing and business, and especially in his trust and fiduciary relations herein above set out, and to ruin, oppress, impoverish, annoy, humiliate and harrass plaintiff, and to drive him out of the business in which he was engaged, and to deprive or to cause him to be deprived of his position as cashier, and of his position as trustee and of guardian as aforesaid, by canceling, or causing to be canceled without just cause or excuse the said cashier bond, and by withholding from the plaintiff and from the directors of said bank, and the patrons thereof and the persons interested therein, the alleged cause for the cancellation of said bond; and by withdrawing from liability on said fiduciary bonds, and withholding from the persons interested in said estate the alleged cause thereof.”
He also alleged that James McClintock had been for many years and was at that time engaged in the fire insurance business in the city of Paris; that he had been for some time and was at that time the local agent for his co-appellee, 'The American Bonding Company; that shortly before the acts complained of, he, appellant* and Boy Clendenin, a brother-in-law of McClintock, entered into a partnership and conducted a fire insurance business in Paris; that his entering into this business caused McClintock, who was moved by ill will and malice towards him and who desired to injure him, to make the statements complained of and to make false statements to his co-appellee, The American Bonding Company, through Thomas Satterwhite and Underhill, its State agents, which resulted in the bonding company asking for and obtaining a release from the bonds when it had already been paid in full for signing the bonds.
It seems from the evidence that the bonding company sought to be released from the bond on account of information it had received from McClintock through its State agents, Satterwhite and Underhill., It had a right, under the contract, to be released with or without cause. Appellant endeavored to show that McClintock stated, in substance, in the letter he wrote to the bonding company or to its State agents, that McClure was traveling a good deal and neglecting his business; that he was spending money too fast and that he was
likely to become insane. McClintock denied making such statements, and claimed that he only said that McClure’s father became insane and was sent to the asylum in Lexington. He stated that he wrote no falsehood Avhatever, and that it was not his purpose to have the bonding company obtain a release from the bonds, but to have them to refuse to renew the bonds when they ran out. The testimony showed that McClintock was embittered towards McClure; that McClintock at one time had an office in the bank and the United States inspector complained of his holding his office there and he was caused to- move, and he claims that McClure caused the action of the inspector in this matter, and it appears that he ivas further embittered because McClure set up in the fire insurance business in opposition to him. It matters not, howeA'-er, how angry he was with appellant, if he told the truth in the letter to the bonding company, he is not liable, but if he told falsehoods to accomplish his purpose, he is liable. If McClintock made false statements in order to accomplish a result and the 'result did actually follow by reason thereof, he was liable in damages, although he acted without malice, but ■if he acted with malicious motives the jury had a right to increase the damages on account thereof, therefore, the letter which he Avrote to the bonding company was important as evidence on the. trial of this case.
Soon after the filing of the action, appellant gave notice to take the deposition of Underhill and Satter-Avhite in Louisville, by way of cross-examination. They stated that they received the letter referred to and had it but refused to produce it. They were asked many questions as to the contents of the letter and asked if it contained the matters heretofore spoken of, but they declined to answer all questions .with reference to the ■contents of the letter. The matter was referred to the court for opinion as to whether they should produce the letter and answer the quéstions. The court’s ruling on this matter was favorable to appellant. The judge, hoAvever, Avas sick or at least absent at the next term of the court, and it appears that in the meantime McClintock went to the city of Louisville and obtained this letter and four or five others which he had written Satterwhite and Underhill, therefore they could not answer the questions or produce the letter as required by the court. Just before McClintock obtained the letters, Underhill
severed liis connection with the firm of Satterwhite &i Underhill. When McClure learned that McClintoek had secured the letter, he asked for a rule against Satterwhite to show cause why he should not be punished for contempt, but the court declined to issue it. It is unnecessary to pass upon the question as to whether or not the court erred in this respect, as it will not- likely occur again. But Satterwhite evidently committed a wrong in surrendering this letter to McClintoek when he knew the matter was pending before the court as to whether he should produce it or whether he should answer questions with reference to its contents. He had no right to place it out of his power to comply with the order of the court.
The next question for our consideration is an effort upon the part of McClure to obtain the testimony of certain officials of the bonding company in Baltimore, Maryland. He gave notice to take the depositions, and McClintoek appeared on that day by counsel, but the witnesses named did not appear and the matter was continued until the next day upon which they again failed to appear and the officer refused to issue an attachment for them or to in any manner compel their attendance. The officer’s reason for not doing this was that he had no right to do so without a commission from the court authorizing him to take the depositions. An attorney of Baltimore, who represented appellant, also stated that under the law of that State, the commissioner had no right to issue compulsory processes for witnesses without a commission having been issued authorizing him to take the depositiqns. Appellant then moved the court to issue a commission to this officer in Maryland directing him to take the depositions of the persons named in the original notice. This the court refused to do, and we think erred in so refusing. It is true, as claimed by appellee’s counsel, there is no authority in the statute or code requiring commissions to be issued authorizing depositions to be taken in a foreign State,, except section 571 of the Civil Code, which is as follows:
“If more than three days notice to take a deposition be required by section 567, the party to whom the notice is given may, by notice to the adverse party or his at-> torney, served on the day when the first notice is given, or on the following day, require the deposition to be taken upon interrogatories.” This section leaves the
matter with, the party upon whom notice was served. If he desires them" taken upon interrogatories he may give notice within the ' time ’ specified in the section. Appellees- did not take advantage of this section, therefore, Appellant could not take the depositions upon interrogatories. In our opinion, the court had the inherent power in the due administration of justice to issue the commission to some officer to take the depositions. This appears to have been the only way to obtain the depositions, and, certainly, the court had a right to obtain this testimony in some way. At common law the ordinary mode of obtaining deposition was by commission. In 13 Cyc., page 882, it is said:
“At common law the ordinary mode of procuring depositions is by commission, and this mode of procedure is usually required by statute, especially where the witness is beyond the jurisdiction. It follows that except where the common law rule had been abrogated, or special circumstances exist which require dispatch, if the issue of a commission is prerequisite to the right to take testimony by deposition, testimony cannot be so taken without a commission.”
This rule has not been abrogated by our statute; it only requires the clerk to issue commissions when the depositions are to be taken upon interrogatories. The common law rule still prevails in this State. In Green-leaf on Evidence, section 320, it is said:
“If the witness
resides abroad,
out of the jurisdiction, and refuses to attend, or is
sick and unable to at-> tend,
his testimony can be obtained only by taking his
deposition
before a magistrate, or before a commissioner duly authorized by an order of the court where the case is pending; * * * The writ or commission is usually accompanied by interrogatories, filed by the parties on each side, to which the answers of the witnesses are desired. * * * The court of chancery has always freely exercised this power, by a commission either directed to foreign magistrates, by their official designation,, or more usually, to individuals by name; which latter course, the peculiar nature of its jurisdiction and proceedings, enables it to induce the parties to adopt, by consent, where any doubt exists as to its inherent authority. ’ ’
As before stated, Satterwhite testified that he gave the letter spoken of and -others to McOlintick after the
attempt to take his deposition. MeClintoek testified that he did not receive the original but took a copy of it which he kept for a while and destroyed and then later secured another copy which was purloined from his desk shortly before the trial. According to appellant’s testimony there is .hardly a scintilla of evidence that it contained the matters he claimed and there was no testimony whatever showing a conspiracy or combination of appeilees to injure him. In view of the testimony, the lower court properly sustained a motion for a peremptory instruction in so far as the bonding company and Satterwhite & Underhill were concerned, but as to Mc-Clintock we have arrived at a different conclusion. There is no doubt from the testimony that MeClintoek used all the power he had in preventing this letter from being introduced upon the trial. Subpoena duces tecum calling for this letter was issued and served, and as said in Greenleaf on Evidence, Vol. 1, section 37:
■ “The presumption of innocence may be overthrown, and a
presumption of guilt
raised, by the misconduct of the party in suppressing or
destroying evidence,
which he ought to produce, or to which the other party is entitled. * * * A similar presumption is raised against a party, who has obtained possession of papers from a witness, after the service of a
subpoena dtices tecum
upon the latter for their production, or which is withheld. The general rule is
omnia praesumuntur contra spoilatorum.
His conduct is attributed to his supposed knowledge that the truth would have operated against him.”
There was sufficient evidence to convince this court that it was within the power of MeClintoek to obey the subpoena duces tecum and produce the letter upon the trial and as he failed the presumption is that it contained false and damaging statements to the detriment of appellant and these statements caused the bonding company to obtain its release from the bonds, and the case as to MeClintoek should have been submitted to the jury under proper instructions.
For these reasons, the judgment of the lower court is reversed and cause remanded for further proceedings consistent herewith.
Judge "Winn not sitting.