[Cite as McClain v. The Drinkery, 2021-Ohio-4161.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
EMILY MARIE MCCLAIN, : APPEAL NO. C-210124 TRIAL NO. A-1904049 Plaintiff-Appellant, :
vs. : O P I N I O N. THE DRINKERY, :
URBAN SITES CONSTRUCTION, : L.L.C.,
and :
THE CHRIST HOSPITAL, :
Defendants, :
URBAN SITES PROPERTY : MANAGEMENT, L.L.C.,
GBG STRATEGIES, L.L.C., :
Defendants-Appellees. :
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 24, 2021
Wm. Stewart Mathews II, for Plaintiff-Appellant,
Freund, Freeze, & Arnold and Nicole A. Mitchell, for Defendants-Appellees. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Emily McClain appeals from the trial court’s grant
of summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees Urban Sites Property
Management, L.L.C., and GBG Strategies, L.L.C., on her personal-injury claim.
Defendants Urban Sites Construction, L.L.C., and The Drinkery were dismissed prior
to appeal and while the appeal was pending, respectively. Defendant The Christ
Hospital did not move for summary judgment and has not appeared on appeal.
{¶2} On September 22, 2017, McClain was out with friends for dinner and
drinks. After visiting two other establishments, they entered The Drinkery, a bar
located at 1150 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The Drinkery and the building
immediately adjacent to it (1142 Main Street) are owned by GBG Strategies, L.L.C.,
and managed by Urban Sites Property Management, L.L.C.
{¶3} McClain and her fiancé Alex Sorrel exited from the rear of The
Drinkery to an outdoor patio area. Adjacent to the patio was an alcove, accessible by
stepping up an approximately six-inch step from the patio. The alcove was not a part
of The Drinkery. Rather, it was a part of the building located at 1142 Main Street.
{¶4} In the alcove, stacked vertically and leaning against a wall, were three
to four “slabs of pool table slates.” The slabs had been placed in the alcove by Urban
Sites Construction, L.L.C., sometime after February 2017 while it was renovating the
building at 1142 Main Street. There were no signs posted warning of any danger
related to the slabs, and there were no barriers erected to keep bar patrons away
from the slabs.
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶5} Exhibit B is a photograph that was filed with McClain’s deposition.
McClain testified in her deposition that exhibit B depicted the area where the
incident occurred and the manner in which the slabs were stacked against the wall
on the night in question.
{¶6} McClain testified that she was in the alcove area by the slabs, with
Sorrel, for approximately 15-20 minutes. McClain finished her drink and noticed that
some drink glasses had been left on top of the slabs by other bar patrons. She
removed the glasses and placed them on the ground next to the slabs, along with her
glass. Standing next to the slabs, she started texting and looking at snapchats on her
phone, which was in her left hand. She testified that her right hand, and potentially
part of her wrist, was resting on the corner of the top slab.
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶7} She testified that she felt the slabs move away from the wall, so she
brought her left hand around and squared up on the slabs and attempted to push
them back up against the wall. But the slabs were too heavy and they fell onto her left
leg, breaking her tibia. She testified that nobody else was close to the slabs when they
fell. She testified that she did not know what made the slabs fall, and it could not
have been her because she was merely resting her hand on the top right corner of the
top slab and was not leaning against the slabs.
{¶8} The trial court found that the hazard posed by the pool table slabs was
an open and obvious danger and granted defendants’ motions for summary
judgment. McClain argues in one assignment of error that the trial court erred in
finding that the hazard posed by the slabs was an open and obvious danger and
granting summary judgment in favor of appellees. For the reasons discussed below,
we sustain the sole assignment of error.
Open-and-Obvious Danger
{¶9} We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Collett
v. Sharkey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200446, 2021-Ohio-2823, ¶ 8. “Summary
judgment is appropriately granted when there exists no genuine issue of material
fact, the party moving for summary judgment is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law, and the evidence, when viewed in favor of the nonmoving party, permits only
one reasonable conclusion that is adverse to that party.” Id., citing State ex rel.
Howard v. Ferreri, 70 Ohio St.3d 587, 589, 639 N.E.2d 1189 (1994).
{¶10} To succeed on a negligence claim, a plaintiff must establish “(1) the
defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant breached that duty;
and (3) the plaintiff suffered injury proximately caused by the defendant’s breach of
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
duty.” Asher v. Glenway Real Estate, LLC, 2019-Ohio-4851, 149 N.E.3d 1035, ¶ 14
(1st Dist.), quoting Patterson v. Adleta, Inc., 2018-Ohio-3896, 119 N.E.3d 982, ¶ 7
(1st Dist.). In the premises-liability context, the applicable duty is determined by the
relationship between the premises owner and the plaintiff. Collett at ¶ 9, citing Lang
v. Holly Hill Motel, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 120, 2009-Ohio-2495, 909 N.E.2d 120, ¶ 10.
{¶11} A business owner owes its invitees a duty to maintain the premises in a
reasonably safe condition. Asher at ¶ 15. This includes a duty to warn of latent or
hidden dangers. Duell v. City of Cincinnati, 2018-Ohio-4400, 122 N.E.3d 640, ¶ 5
(1st Dist.). But the open-and-obvious doctrine serves as an exception to the general
rule of premises liability. “Where a danger is open and obvious, a landowner owes no
duty of care to individuals lawfully on the premises.” Asher at ¶ 15, quoting Lang at ¶
11, quoting Armstrong v. Best Buy Co., Inc., 99 Ohio St.3d 79, 2003-Ohio-2573, 788
N.E.2d 1088, syllabus. The rationale underlying this doctrine is “that the open and
obvious nature of the hazard itself serves as a warning. Thus, the owner or occupier
may reasonably expect that persons entering the premises will discover those
dangers and take appropriate measures to protect themselves.” Simmers v. Bentley
Constr. Co., 64 Ohio St.3d 642, 644, 597 N.E.2d 504 (1992).
{¶12} An open-and-obvious danger is one that is not “hidden, concealed
from view, or undiscoverable upon ordinary inspection.” Asher at ¶ 15, quoting
Esterman v. Speedway LLC, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140287, 2015-Ohio-659, ¶ 7.
“Typically, whether a danger is open and obvious is a question of law.” Asher at ¶ 15.
But where reasonable minds could reach different conclusions about the obviousness
of the risk, the issue is for the jury to decide. Wright v. Village of Williamsport,
2019-Ohio-2682, 140 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 31 (4th Dist.).
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
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[Cite as McClain v. The Drinkery, 2021-Ohio-4161.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
EMILY MARIE MCCLAIN, : APPEAL NO. C-210124 TRIAL NO. A-1904049 Plaintiff-Appellant, :
vs. : O P I N I O N. THE DRINKERY, :
URBAN SITES CONSTRUCTION, : L.L.C.,
and :
THE CHRIST HOSPITAL, :
Defendants, :
URBAN SITES PROPERTY : MANAGEMENT, L.L.C.,
GBG STRATEGIES, L.L.C., :
Defendants-Appellees. :
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 24, 2021
Wm. Stewart Mathews II, for Plaintiff-Appellant,
Freund, Freeze, & Arnold and Nicole A. Mitchell, for Defendants-Appellees. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Emily McClain appeals from the trial court’s grant
of summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees Urban Sites Property
Management, L.L.C., and GBG Strategies, L.L.C., on her personal-injury claim.
Defendants Urban Sites Construction, L.L.C., and The Drinkery were dismissed prior
to appeal and while the appeal was pending, respectively. Defendant The Christ
Hospital did not move for summary judgment and has not appeared on appeal.
{¶2} On September 22, 2017, McClain was out with friends for dinner and
drinks. After visiting two other establishments, they entered The Drinkery, a bar
located at 1150 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The Drinkery and the building
immediately adjacent to it (1142 Main Street) are owned by GBG Strategies, L.L.C.,
and managed by Urban Sites Property Management, L.L.C.
{¶3} McClain and her fiancé Alex Sorrel exited from the rear of The
Drinkery to an outdoor patio area. Adjacent to the patio was an alcove, accessible by
stepping up an approximately six-inch step from the patio. The alcove was not a part
of The Drinkery. Rather, it was a part of the building located at 1142 Main Street.
{¶4} In the alcove, stacked vertically and leaning against a wall, were three
to four “slabs of pool table slates.” The slabs had been placed in the alcove by Urban
Sites Construction, L.L.C., sometime after February 2017 while it was renovating the
building at 1142 Main Street. There were no signs posted warning of any danger
related to the slabs, and there were no barriers erected to keep bar patrons away
from the slabs.
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶5} Exhibit B is a photograph that was filed with McClain’s deposition.
McClain testified in her deposition that exhibit B depicted the area where the
incident occurred and the manner in which the slabs were stacked against the wall
on the night in question.
{¶6} McClain testified that she was in the alcove area by the slabs, with
Sorrel, for approximately 15-20 minutes. McClain finished her drink and noticed that
some drink glasses had been left on top of the slabs by other bar patrons. She
removed the glasses and placed them on the ground next to the slabs, along with her
glass. Standing next to the slabs, she started texting and looking at snapchats on her
phone, which was in her left hand. She testified that her right hand, and potentially
part of her wrist, was resting on the corner of the top slab.
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶7} She testified that she felt the slabs move away from the wall, so she
brought her left hand around and squared up on the slabs and attempted to push
them back up against the wall. But the slabs were too heavy and they fell onto her left
leg, breaking her tibia. She testified that nobody else was close to the slabs when they
fell. She testified that she did not know what made the slabs fall, and it could not
have been her because she was merely resting her hand on the top right corner of the
top slab and was not leaning against the slabs.
{¶8} The trial court found that the hazard posed by the pool table slabs was
an open and obvious danger and granted defendants’ motions for summary
judgment. McClain argues in one assignment of error that the trial court erred in
finding that the hazard posed by the slabs was an open and obvious danger and
granting summary judgment in favor of appellees. For the reasons discussed below,
we sustain the sole assignment of error.
Open-and-Obvious Danger
{¶9} We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Collett
v. Sharkey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200446, 2021-Ohio-2823, ¶ 8. “Summary
judgment is appropriately granted when there exists no genuine issue of material
fact, the party moving for summary judgment is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law, and the evidence, when viewed in favor of the nonmoving party, permits only
one reasonable conclusion that is adverse to that party.” Id., citing State ex rel.
Howard v. Ferreri, 70 Ohio St.3d 587, 589, 639 N.E.2d 1189 (1994).
{¶10} To succeed on a negligence claim, a plaintiff must establish “(1) the
defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant breached that duty;
and (3) the plaintiff suffered injury proximately caused by the defendant’s breach of
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
duty.” Asher v. Glenway Real Estate, LLC, 2019-Ohio-4851, 149 N.E.3d 1035, ¶ 14
(1st Dist.), quoting Patterson v. Adleta, Inc., 2018-Ohio-3896, 119 N.E.3d 982, ¶ 7
(1st Dist.). In the premises-liability context, the applicable duty is determined by the
relationship between the premises owner and the plaintiff. Collett at ¶ 9, citing Lang
v. Holly Hill Motel, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 120, 2009-Ohio-2495, 909 N.E.2d 120, ¶ 10.
{¶11} A business owner owes its invitees a duty to maintain the premises in a
reasonably safe condition. Asher at ¶ 15. This includes a duty to warn of latent or
hidden dangers. Duell v. City of Cincinnati, 2018-Ohio-4400, 122 N.E.3d 640, ¶ 5
(1st Dist.). But the open-and-obvious doctrine serves as an exception to the general
rule of premises liability. “Where a danger is open and obvious, a landowner owes no
duty of care to individuals lawfully on the premises.” Asher at ¶ 15, quoting Lang at ¶
11, quoting Armstrong v. Best Buy Co., Inc., 99 Ohio St.3d 79, 2003-Ohio-2573, 788
N.E.2d 1088, syllabus. The rationale underlying this doctrine is “that the open and
obvious nature of the hazard itself serves as a warning. Thus, the owner or occupier
may reasonably expect that persons entering the premises will discover those
dangers and take appropriate measures to protect themselves.” Simmers v. Bentley
Constr. Co., 64 Ohio St.3d 642, 644, 597 N.E.2d 504 (1992).
{¶12} An open-and-obvious danger is one that is not “hidden, concealed
from view, or undiscoverable upon ordinary inspection.” Asher at ¶ 15, quoting
Esterman v. Speedway LLC, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140287, 2015-Ohio-659, ¶ 7.
“Typically, whether a danger is open and obvious is a question of law.” Asher at ¶ 15.
But where reasonable minds could reach different conclusions about the obviousness
of the risk, the issue is for the jury to decide. Wright v. Village of Williamsport,
2019-Ohio-2682, 140 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 31 (4th Dist.).
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶13} It is undisputed that McClain noticed the slabs before they fell on her.
But she argues she had no way of knowing the slabs were dangerous until they fell on
her. Therefore, the issue is the obviousness of the danger posed by the slabs, i.e.,
their weight and potential to fall. The degree to which a hazard is observable “
‘depends upon the particular circumstances surrounding the hazard,’ and is
‘extremely fact-specific.’ ” Andler v. Clear Channel Broadcasting, Inc., 670 F.3d 717,
725 (6th Cir.2012), quoting Lykins v. Fun Spot Trampolines, 172 Ohio App.3d 226,
874 N.E.2d 811 (12th Dist.2007), and Henry v. Dollar Gen. Store, 2d Dist. Greene
No. 2002-CA-47, 2003-Ohio-206, ¶ 14.
{¶14} The present case is comparable to cases involving falling store
merchandise. Several Ohio courts have addressed whether such hazards are an open-
and-obvious danger, but there is no consensus on the issue. Weber v. Menard, Inc.,
S.D.Ohio No. 3:13-CV-229, 2014 WL 4965940, *4 (Oct. 3, 2014).
{¶15} In Weber, the plaintiff was injured when a part from a stovepipe fell
from a shelf and hit his hand. Id. at *1. The stovepipe parts were loosely stacked on
top of each other in wire bins on the shelves. Id. Weber claimed that he pulled a piece
off a lower shelf and was looking at it when a piece fell from a different, higher shelf.
Id. The store manager testified that the piece that fell came from the same shelf and
bin from which Weber had removed a piece of pipe. Id. at *5.
{¶16} The court held, “Summary judgment is inappropriate in Weber’s case,
particularly because there is conflicting testimony about what happened immediately
before the horizontal vent cap fell.” Id.
If Weber was, in fact, rummaging around in the horizontal vent cap bin
when the part fell, it is more likely that the danger will be deemed open
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
and obvious. But if he did not touch anything in that particular bin, this
becomes a much closer question. Even if the parts were precariously
stacked, one would not necessarily expect one of them to fall unless
someone did something to dislodge it.
(Emphasis added.) Id.
{¶17} In Hernandez-Butler v. Ikea U.S. E., LLC, 435 F.Supp.3d 816, 820
(S.D.Ohio 2020), the plaintiff was injured when a box containing a sofa fell on her.
The box was stored next to two other identical sofa boxes. Id. at 819. Each box was
86x36x18 inches, weighed 150 pounds, and was stored in a “vertical fashion,” so that
they were 86 inches tall. Id. at 819-820. The plaintiff had just maneuvered the
middle box onto her rolling cart when the box to the left fell on top of her. Id. at 820.
{¶18} The sofa boxes were plainly visible and the area surrounding the boxes
was clutter free and well lit. Id. at 823. Also, the plaintiff knew the dimensions and
weight of the sofa box prior to entering the store. Id. at 819. IKEA argued the boxes
presented an open-and-obvious danger. Id. at 823.
{¶19} The court found,
The principal problem with that argument is that IKEA appears to
conflate two separate issues. The question is not whether the boxes were
open and obvious, but rather whether the hazard that the boxes
presented, when stored in a vertical position, on their shortest, narrowest
side, and facing outward, was open and obvious.
(Emphasis sic.) Id. at 824. “[I]t is not clear that a reasonable customer, even if the
customer could clearly see how the box was positioned, would appreciate the
magnitude of the tipping risk that the box presented.” Id. The court found that a
7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
“generalized awareness” that the box was not in its most stable position was
insufficient to put the plaintiff on notice of the risk of tipping. Id.
{¶20} Some courts have found that falling merchandise can constitute an
open-and-obvious hazard. In Bonner v. Glassman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96924,
2012-Ohio-86, ¶ 6, the plaintiff was injured after cases of bottled water fell on him.
The cases had been placed in three stacks next to each other. Id. at ¶ 5. Two of the
stacks were “very high” and were stacked above Bonner’s head. Id. Therefore, he
decided to grab a case from the “lower” stack. Id. at ¶ 6. As he was placing the case in
his cart, some of the cases of water from the other two stacks fell on him. Id. The
court held, “Disturbing heavy cases that were stacked ‘so high’ constituted an obvious
danger.” Id. at ¶ 29; contrast Morrow v. Wal-Mart Stores E., LP, S.D.Ohio No. 1:20-
CV-162, 2021 WL 1140245, *7, 9 (Mar. 25, 2021) (where the plaintiff was injured by a
falling case of bottled water, the court held that the hazard was not open and
obvious, despite the fact the plaintiff recognized the cases were heavy and stacked
“dangerously”).
{¶21} In McGee v. Lowe’s Home Ctrs., 7th Dist. Jefferson No. 06 JE 26,
2007-Ohio-4981, ¶ 16-17, the court found the hazard was open and obvious because
the precariousness of the overhead vinyl-sheet flooring display was not hidden and
the plaintiff was looking through the display by pushing flooring side to side—“there
always remains a possibility that too much fumbling around through merchandise
can create an unstable situation.” See Hupp v. Meijer Stores Ltd. Partnerships, 5th
Dist. Delaware No. 05 CE 07 0047, 2006-Ohio-2051, ¶ 19 (finding that a reasonable
person would have appreciated the danger inherent in removing a rug from the
display shelf).
8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶22} Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to McClain, she was
merely resting her hand on the top right corner of the top slab and was not leaning
against the slabs. The facts of this case are unlike a customer “rummaging” around a
precarious merchandise display.
{¶23} Moreover, it is unclear whether the slabs’ weight and potential to fall
would have been observable by a reasonable person through ordinary inspection.
The slabs were angled against the wall in a manner meant to keep them from falling.
Prior to the fall, the slabs had remained stationary for approximately 15-20 minutes
while McClain and Sorrel were in the alcove. It was reasonable for McClain to have
believed that the slabs would not fall over on top of her despite placing her hand on
the front of the top slab. See Weber, S.D.Ohio No. 3:13-CV-229, 2014 WL 4965940,
at *5 (“Even if the parts were precariously stacked, one would not necessarily expect
one of them to fall unless someone did something to dislodge it.”).
{¶24} Because reasonable minds could differ as to whether the hazard was
open and obvious, the issue is for a jury to decide.
Conclusion
{¶25} For the foregoing reasons, the sole assignment of error is sustained,
the judgment of the trial court is reversed, and this cause is remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion and the law.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
MYERS, P.J., and BOCK, J., concur.
9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.