Mr. Justice Si-iErAim
delivered the opinion of the Court:
It is a well-settled rule of law that a simple devise of land in this District, without words of limitation or description of the extent of the interest devised, creates a life estate only. And this rule of law can not be made to yield to the rule of construction founded on the disfavor with which partial intestacy is regarded. McAleer v. Schneider, 2 App. D. C. 461, 467. “At the same time,” as was said in that case, “to enlarge the estate [390]*390into a fee does not require the use of technical terms or any particular form of words. Any words which will sufficiently show the intention of the testator to create more than a life estate will be given that effect, no.matter what their form may be, and the whole will may be looked into in order to ascertain the meaning to be given to this particular part.”
Six separate devises are contained in the will of Hugh Mc-Caffrey, and in no one of them are there words either indicating in themselves an intention of the testator, or forming room for a construction that would prevent the operation of the positive rule of law above stated, unless they may be found in the first item in which a bequest of personal property to Mary A. Quigley follows the devise of a part of the real estate.
These words are contained in the last sentence of the item for her benefit, which reads as follows: “She is to pay funeral expenses and any other legal debts I may owe; also to care for my lot in Mount Olivet Cemetery.”
It is contended that these words, by operation of another established rule of construction, not only enlarge the previous devise to Mary A. Quigley, but also each subsequent uncharged devise into a fee-simple estate.
That rule is that where a devise of lands without words of limitation or description of the extent of the estate to be taken is coupled with a personal charge upon the devisee, in effect a condition of the devise, the operation of such a charge is to enlarge the life estate that would otherwise pass into a fee simple.
As thus stated, the rule has been generally recognized since its enouncement in Collier's Case, 6 Coke, 16. It is enough for us to say that it has the sanction of the Supreme Court of the United States. Wright v. Denn ex dem. Page, 10 Wheat. 203, 231, 6 L. ed. 303, 310; Abbott v. Essex Co. 18 How. 202, 215, 15 L. ed. 352, 356.
The difficulty which we encounter in this case is not in the ascertainment of the rule, but in its application to the language of the inartificial will that is the subject of construction. Owing to the very nature of wills, and the fact that they are largely drawn by unskilled persons, it is difficult also to find a decided [391]*391case applying a well-known rule of construction to the particular language of one will that will furnish a certain and complete guide for the interpretation of another. The decisions which have been urged on behalf of the appellant as controlling do not furnish us such a guide. In Abbott v. Essex Co. 18 How. 211, 15 L. ed. 354, the devise construed read thus:
“Item. I give to my two sons, namely John and J acob Kittredge, all my lands and buildings in Andover aforesaid, excepting the land I give to my son Thomas aforesaid, which buildings consist of dwelling houses, barns, corn-house, grist mill, and cider-mill, all of every denomination; also all my live stock of cattle, horses, sheep, and swine, and all my husbandry utensils of every denomination, and all my tools that may be useful for tending the mills aforesaid; and also all my bonds and notes of hand and book accounts, together with what money I may leave at my decease; and my wearing apparel, I give the same to my said sons John and .Jacob Kittredge, to be equally divided between them; and in consideration of what I have given my said sons John and J acob Kittredge, the executor of this testament, hereinafter named, is hereby ordered to see that all my just debts and funeral charges, together with all the legacies in this will mentioned, be paid out of that part of my estate I have given to my two sons John and Jacob Kittredge, to whom I give each one bed and bedding.
“Item. It is my will, that if either of my said sons, namely, John and Jacob Kittredge, should happen to die without any lawful heirs of their own, then the share of him who may first decease shall accrue to the other survivor and his heirs.”
The substantial differences between that devise and the om under consideration here cannot be better illustrated than by ' quoting the language of Mr. Justice Grier in giving construction to it, in which appears, also, the statement of the rule before mentioned:
“There are no words of inheritance in this first clause of the devise to John and Jacob; but such words are not absolutely necessary in a will to the gift of a fee. The subject of this devise is described as ‘that part of my estate.’ The word ‘estate,’ [392]*392or 'that part of my estate/ has always been construed to describe, not only the land devised, but the whole interest of the testator in the subject of the devise: thus, a devise of 'my estate consisting of thirty acres of land, situate, etc./ will carry a fee. Moreover, the legacy given for the maintenance of Sarah Devinny, 'to be paid out of that part of my estate given to John and Jacob/ would be defeated by their death before she arrived at the age of 18, if the devise to them was a life estate only. The intention of a testator must be drawn from the whole context of his will, And it is not necessary to look alono at the words of the gift itself to ascertain the intention of the testator as to the quantum of the estate devised, if it can be. gathered from expressions used in any part, of it, what he supposed or intended to be the nature and extent of it. It will not admit of a doubt, also, that the testator intended that both of his sons should have the same estate in the devised premises which were 'to be equally divided ^between them.’ John is chax*ged personally, in respect of the estate given him, with the payment of all the debts and legacies. The testator calls it the 'consideration’ to be paid for that part of his estate given to his two sons, and though John was appointed executor, whose duty it became, as such, to see to the payxnent of the debts and legacies, the charges are to be paid by him at all events oxxt of the estate devised to him and Jacob, and not out of the rents and profits only. By their acceptance of the devise they became personally liable. In such cases it is well settled that the devisee takes a fee, without words of inheritance.”
•It is unnecessary to refer to the second item above quoted as also illustrating the general intention of the testator.
In the case at bar the devise is first to Mary A. Quigley of specific parcels of land, followed immediately by the bequest of money in bank, or due, and the building association stock, which, as we have seen, comprised substantially the whole of the personal estate of the testator. Then follows the separate sentence, - — quoted above, — relating to her payment of his funeral expenses and legal debts. The part relating to care of cemetery lot may be dismissed as scarcely an enforceable trust or charge.
The bequest, as we have seen also, amounted to a considerable [393]
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Mr. Justice Si-iErAim
delivered the opinion of the Court:
It is a well-settled rule of law that a simple devise of land in this District, without words of limitation or description of the extent of the interest devised, creates a life estate only. And this rule of law can not be made to yield to the rule of construction founded on the disfavor with which partial intestacy is regarded. McAleer v. Schneider, 2 App. D. C. 461, 467. “At the same time,” as was said in that case, “to enlarge the estate [390]*390into a fee does not require the use of technical terms or any particular form of words. Any words which will sufficiently show the intention of the testator to create more than a life estate will be given that effect, no.matter what their form may be, and the whole will may be looked into in order to ascertain the meaning to be given to this particular part.”
Six separate devises are contained in the will of Hugh Mc-Caffrey, and in no one of them are there words either indicating in themselves an intention of the testator, or forming room for a construction that would prevent the operation of the positive rule of law above stated, unless they may be found in the first item in which a bequest of personal property to Mary A. Quigley follows the devise of a part of the real estate.
These words are contained in the last sentence of the item for her benefit, which reads as follows: “She is to pay funeral expenses and any other legal debts I may owe; also to care for my lot in Mount Olivet Cemetery.”
It is contended that these words, by operation of another established rule of construction, not only enlarge the previous devise to Mary A. Quigley, but also each subsequent uncharged devise into a fee-simple estate.
That rule is that where a devise of lands without words of limitation or description of the extent of the estate to be taken is coupled with a personal charge upon the devisee, in effect a condition of the devise, the operation of such a charge is to enlarge the life estate that would otherwise pass into a fee simple.
As thus stated, the rule has been generally recognized since its enouncement in Collier's Case, 6 Coke, 16. It is enough for us to say that it has the sanction of the Supreme Court of the United States. Wright v. Denn ex dem. Page, 10 Wheat. 203, 231, 6 L. ed. 303, 310; Abbott v. Essex Co. 18 How. 202, 215, 15 L. ed. 352, 356.
The difficulty which we encounter in this case is not in the ascertainment of the rule, but in its application to the language of the inartificial will that is the subject of construction. Owing to the very nature of wills, and the fact that they are largely drawn by unskilled persons, it is difficult also to find a decided [391]*391case applying a well-known rule of construction to the particular language of one will that will furnish a certain and complete guide for the interpretation of another. The decisions which have been urged on behalf of the appellant as controlling do not furnish us such a guide. In Abbott v. Essex Co. 18 How. 211, 15 L. ed. 354, the devise construed read thus:
“Item. I give to my two sons, namely John and J acob Kittredge, all my lands and buildings in Andover aforesaid, excepting the land I give to my son Thomas aforesaid, which buildings consist of dwelling houses, barns, corn-house, grist mill, and cider-mill, all of every denomination; also all my live stock of cattle, horses, sheep, and swine, and all my husbandry utensils of every denomination, and all my tools that may be useful for tending the mills aforesaid; and also all my bonds and notes of hand and book accounts, together with what money I may leave at my decease; and my wearing apparel, I give the same to my said sons John and .Jacob Kittredge, to be equally divided between them; and in consideration of what I have given my said sons John and J acob Kittredge, the executor of this testament, hereinafter named, is hereby ordered to see that all my just debts and funeral charges, together with all the legacies in this will mentioned, be paid out of that part of my estate I have given to my two sons John and Jacob Kittredge, to whom I give each one bed and bedding.
“Item. It is my will, that if either of my said sons, namely, John and Jacob Kittredge, should happen to die without any lawful heirs of their own, then the share of him who may first decease shall accrue to the other survivor and his heirs.”
The substantial differences between that devise and the om under consideration here cannot be better illustrated than by ' quoting the language of Mr. Justice Grier in giving construction to it, in which appears, also, the statement of the rule before mentioned:
“There are no words of inheritance in this first clause of the devise to John and Jacob; but such words are not absolutely necessary in a will to the gift of a fee. The subject of this devise is described as ‘that part of my estate.’ The word ‘estate,’ [392]*392or 'that part of my estate/ has always been construed to describe, not only the land devised, but the whole interest of the testator in the subject of the devise: thus, a devise of 'my estate consisting of thirty acres of land, situate, etc./ will carry a fee. Moreover, the legacy given for the maintenance of Sarah Devinny, 'to be paid out of that part of my estate given to John and Jacob/ would be defeated by their death before she arrived at the age of 18, if the devise to them was a life estate only. The intention of a testator must be drawn from the whole context of his will, And it is not necessary to look alono at the words of the gift itself to ascertain the intention of the testator as to the quantum of the estate devised, if it can be. gathered from expressions used in any part, of it, what he supposed or intended to be the nature and extent of it. It will not admit of a doubt, also, that the testator intended that both of his sons should have the same estate in the devised premises which were 'to be equally divided ^between them.’ John is chax*ged personally, in respect of the estate given him, with the payment of all the debts and legacies. The testator calls it the 'consideration’ to be paid for that part of his estate given to his two sons, and though John was appointed executor, whose duty it became, as such, to see to the payxnent of the debts and legacies, the charges are to be paid by him at all events oxxt of the estate devised to him and Jacob, and not out of the rents and profits only. By their acceptance of the devise they became personally liable. In such cases it is well settled that the devisee takes a fee, without words of inheritance.”
•It is unnecessary to refer to the second item above quoted as also illustrating the general intention of the testator.
In the case at bar the devise is first to Mary A. Quigley of specific parcels of land, followed immediately by the bequest of money in bank, or due, and the building association stock, which, as we have seen, comprised substantially the whole of the personal estate of the testator. Then follows the separate sentence, - — quoted above, — relating to her payment of his funeral expenses and legal debts. The part relating to care of cemetery lot may be dismissed as scarcely an enforceable trust or charge.
The bequest, as we have seen also, amounted to a considerable [393]*393sum in excess of the funeral expenses and debts, including also the unanticipated expense attending a contest of the will.
This personalty was, of course, the primary fund for the discharge of these obligations, and there were no legacies charged upon the estate at all.
When we look to the remaining devises, five in number, we find that, instead of aiding the construction as to be given item 1, they seem to militate against it. They are simple devises of specific lands and nothing more, and the language to that extent is identical with the words of the devise in item 1.
This being the case, the appellants have been compelled to contend, also, that these, devisees took in fee, because the additional words in item 1 enlarged the life estate therein to a fee. This construction is the necessary incident of the first, or else we contemplate the testator as artfully giving the greater part of his estate to Mary A. Quigley in fee and leaving her free to claim an heir’s portion in the remaining devises after the limitation of the estate for life.
On the other hand, would it not be more reasonable and just to infer that the testator, who certainly knew that a large surplus would remain of the personal estate given to Mary A. Quigley after discharging the small debts and funeral expenses directed to be paid by her, had no idea of subjecting her to a charge in respect of the previously devised real estate ?
To reinforce their argument counsel advert to the rule of construction founded on the presumption against partial intestacy; but this, as we have seen, cannot be made to override the positive rule of law that requires either express words of limitation or language reasonably indicating an intention to create more than a life estate.
Concede it to be probable that the unlearned testator supposed he was giving a fee in each devise by the terms used, yet that supposition cannot be invoked to control the settled meaning of his language. As was said by Mr. Justice Story in Wright v. Denn ex dem. Page, 10 Wheat. 204, 228, 6 L. ed. 303, 309: “It is not sufficient that the court may entertain a private belief that the testator intended a fee; it must see that he has expressed that [394]*394intention, with reasonable certainty, on the face of his will, for the law will not suffer the heir to be disinherited upon conjecture. He is favored by its policy; and, though the testator may disinherit him, yet the law will execute that intention only when it is put in a clear and unambiguous shape.”
Upon the point that, if the first devise be enlarged by the charge imposed upon the devisee, the same enlargement must follow in all the subsequent devises, counsel rely strongly upon the case of Cook v. Holmes, 11 Mass. 528. In that case two parcels were devised to children conditioned upon their payment oi certain charges, and the third to a grandson without condition; no words of inheritance were used. The effect of the charge in the first two was held to indicate an intention to give the fee, and it was also held that the grandson took in fee; but not because of the construction given to the first two.
An examination of the opinion shows that the court found numerous expressions in other parts of the will indicating the intention of the testator to devise the fee throughout; and reciting some of the other items, pointed out certain results that would follow a contrary construction, saying of one of these: “This would be an absurdity which ought not to be imputed to the testator.”
Were it, then, conceded that the effect of the charge upon Mary A. Quigley was to enlarge the devise to her into a fee, we would be constrained to deny its operation as working the enlargement of the remaining devises. Giving it this limited effect would work the injustice of securing to her and her heirs a large part of the estate, and then letting her, or them, in to claim an equal share in the reversion upon the termination of the life estates of the remaining devisees. We cannot presume that this result was within the contemplation of the testator.
As we have before suggested, the testator died practically free from debt; he knew of what his personal property consisted when he gave it all, substantially, to Mary A. Quigley, in connection with an apparently excessive share of his landed property; and that a large surplus must necessarily remain to her after the discharge of all possible demands and expenses. Presumably, [395]*395lie knew that this personal property was first charged by law with the payment of debts and expenses. Having made the devise and bequest in one sentence, he then added the separate sentence: “She is to pay funeral expenses, and any other legal debts I may owe,” etc.
Under all the surrounding circumstances, the practical effect of this clause would seem to be the same, substantially, as if he had expressly directed the payment to be made out of said personal estate, or had made the bequest of the same after the payment of funeral expenses and debts.
The following cases, while not directly in point, tend to support this conclusion. Moor v. Denn ex dem. Mellor, 2 Bos. & P. 247, 253; Jackson ex dem. Harris v. Harris, 8 Johns. 141, 146.
Believing that the construction decreed by the learned justice who presided at the hearing comes nearer carrying out the intention of the testator than any other that is permitted by positive rules of law which we must follow, and comes nearer doing complete justice between all the parties at interest than any other that might be given, his decree will be affirmed. It is so ordered, and that the costs be taxed against all the parties in the proportion as their interests may appear, and that the cause be remanded to the court below that the costs may be apportioned in accordance with this decision. Affirmed.