IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
JOHN P. MCCAFFERTY, ) ) Petitioner, ) ) v. ) C.A. No. N20A-10-001 JRJ ) NEW CASTLE COUNTY BOARD ) OF LICENSE, INSPECTION AND ) REVIEW and NEW CASTLE ) COUNTY CODE ENFORCEMENT ) OFFICER CHRISTOPHER YASIK, ) ) Respondents. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Submitted: February 15, 2021 Decided: April 26, 2021
Upon John P. McCafferty’s Writ of Certiorari from the Decision of the Board of License, Inspection and Review: AFFIRMED.
John P. McCafferty, Claymont, Delaware, Pro se.
Jordan Perry, Esquire, 87 Reads Way, New Castle, DE 19720, Attorney for Respondents.
Jurden, P.J. I. INTRODUCTION
On two separate occasions, Respondent Christopher Yasik (“Officer Yasik”),
a New Castle County code enforcement officer, cited Petitioner John P. McCafferty
for storing debris in a manner that violated the New Castle County Property
Maintenance Code. The second citation is at issue here. McCafferty appealed that
citation to the New Castle County Department of Land Use (the “Division”). An
Administrative Hearing Officer upheld the citation. McCafferty then appealed to
Respondent New Castle County Board of License, Inspection & Review (the
“Board”), which also upheld the citation. McCafferty’s case is now before the Court
on certiorari review. McCafferty asserts a host of constitutional objections to the
substance and procedure of the Division’s code-enforcement system. For the
reasons stated below, the Board’s decision is AFFIRMED.
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. The First Citation
In September 2019, the Division received an anonymous complaint that there
were rats on three parcels of residential property.1 One of these parcels belongs to
McCafferty.2 Officer Yasik arrived at McCafferty’s property to investigate the
1 See R038. “R” citations refer to pages of the Record and Transcript. (Trans. ID. 66114436). 2 Id. 2 complaint.3 Although Officer Yasik did not find any rats, he did find a storage of
debris on the property that violated the Property Maintenance Code.4
On November 12, 2019, Officer Yasik cited McCafferty for the debris
violation.5 McCafferty appealed that citation to an Administrative Hearing Officer.6
At the December 2019 hearing, McCafferty argued that Officer Yasik’s photographs
were illegally obtained—and therefore inadmissible—because they appeared to
have been taken from somewhere inside of the fence that surrounds McCafferty’s
yard.7 The Administrative Hearing Officer could not determine from the
photographs whether Officer Yasik had, in fact, been on McCafferty’s property.8
Faced with this uncertainty, the Administrative Hearing Officer dismissed the
citation without prejudice on December 19, 2019.9
B. The Second Citation
Officer Yasik’s computer system did not register the decision as a definitive
ruling as to whether the debris violated the Property Maintenance Code.10 For that
3 Id. 4 R036. The “Property Maintenance Code” is Chapter 7 of the New Castle County Code. 5 See Petition Opening Brief (“Opening Brief”), Exhibit A (Trans. ID. 66223306). 6 Id. 7 Id. 8 Id. (“Even though Mr. McCafferty claims that the photographs were taken from his back yard, it is unclear to this hearing officer based off the photographs presented where these photographs were actually taken.”). 9 See id. 10 R038 3 reason, McCafferty’s case remained open.11 Eventually, the computer system
prompted Officer Yasik to return to McCafferty’s property, which he did on January
16, 2020.12 When he arrived, Officer Yasik again noticed debris on the property.13
Officer Yasik photographed the debris while standing in the yard of one of
McCafferty’s neighbors.14 On January 17, 2020, Officer Yasik issued McCafferty a
second citation.15
On January 30, 2020, McCafferty appealed the second citation to the
Department.16 On February 18, 2020, the Department held a hearing.17 At the
hearing, McCafferty argued that Officer Yasik did not have permission to enter his
neighbor’s yard, so the photographs that Officer Yasik took from that location were
inadmissible.18 McCafferty also argued that the first citation had been dismissed
because the photographs supporting it were taken from an illegal vantage point (i.e.,
11 Id. 12 Id. 13 Id. Officer Yasik did not know whether this debris was the same debris that he had encountered before, but he determined that this debris violated the Property Maintenance Code regardless. R039. Officer Yasik also saw a vehicle that violated the Property Maintenance Code on McCafferty’s property; the Court does not address that violation because McCafferty did not challenge it on appeal. See R022 (“Mr. McCafferty testified that he is not contesting the inoperable/unregistered vehicles violation.”). 14 R038. 15 R003–005. The section governing the debris violation provides, “Except during active construction the outside storage or accumulation of debris, including but not limited to, garbage, trash, rubbish, refuse, rock, rubble, broken concrete, piping and other building materials, wood, (excluding stacked firewood), tires or automobile parts (irrespective of age or condition), is prohibited in any residential zoning district.” Property Maintenance Code § 302.11. 16 R032. 17 R033. 18 See R022. 4 on McCafferty’s property).19 Reasoning that the second citation was a mere
continuation of the first citation, McCafferty argued that the second citation should
be dismissed as well.20
On February 26, 2020, the Administrative Hearing Officer issued a decision
denying McCafferty’s appeal.21 The Administrative Hearing Officer noted that
Officer Yasik had taken the photographs during the course of his official duties, so,
pursuant to the Unified Development Code, he had a right to enter the neighbor’s
yard.22 The Administrative Hearing Officer also pointed out that McCafferty had
not presented any evidence that his neighbor refused Officer Yasik’s entry.23 Lastly,
the Administrative Hearing Officer clarified that the first citation had been dismissed
without prejudice because it was unclear where Officer Yasik had been standing, not
because Officer Yasik had, in fact, been standing on McCafferty’s property.24
On March 13, 2020, McCafferty appealed the Department’s decision to the
Board.25 On March 16, 2020, the Department received a Stay of Action request from
McCafferty.26 The request asked the Department to halt further investigations of his
property until June 15, 2020 so that McCafferty could address the debris issue on his
19 Id. 20 Id. 21 R022–23. 22 R022. 23 Id. 24 Id. 25 R033. 26 Id. 5 property.27 On March 26, 2020, the Department granted McCafferty’s request and
informed McCafferty that his hearing with the Board would be delayed due to
COVID-19.28 The hearing took place on August 26, 2020.29 On September 15,
2020, the Board affirmed the Department’s decision denying McCafferty’s appeal.30
On October 15, 2020, McCafferty filed a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari in this
Court.31
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A party who is aggrieved by a Board decision does not have a right to
appellate review.32 Rather, the party must file petition for a writ of certiorari with
this Court.33 The Court’s review in a certiorari proceeding is limited.34 The Court
“may not weigh evidence or review the lower tribunal’s factual findings.”35 Nor
27 Id. 28 Id. 29 R035. 30 R032–043. 31 See generally Petition in Proceedings for Extraordinary Writ (Trans. ID. 66025509). On January 4, 2021, McCafferty filed his Opening Brief. Opening Brief (Trans ID. 66223306). On January 20, 2021, the Department and Officer Yasik filed their Answering Brief. See generally Respondents New Castle County Department of Land Use, Office of Code Enforcement and Code Officer Christopher Yasik’s Answering Brief (“Answering Brief”) (Trans. ID. 66270688). On February 15, 2021, McCafferty filed his Reply Brief. Petition Final Reply Brief (“Reply Brief”) (Trans. ID. 66339724). 32 Black v. New Castle Cnty. Bd. of License, 117 A.3d 1027, 1030 (Del. 2015) (citation omitted). 33 Property Maintenance Code § 106.3.1.6.8 (“Writ of certiorari. An aggrieved party may appeal the decision of the Board of License, Inspection and Review by filing a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Delaware Superior Court.”); see also Black, 117 A.3d at 1030. 34 See Black, 117 A.3d at 1030–31 (citations omitted). 35 Id. at 1031 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 6 may the Court “consider the case on its merits.”36 The Court may only examine the
face of the record to determine whether the Board (1) “exceeded its jurisdiction” (2)
“proceeded illegally or manifestly contrary to law,” or (3) “proceeded irregularly.”37
IV. DISCUSSION
A. The Complaint-Driven System
McCafferty first argues that the complaint-driven system of code enforcement
is unconstitutional because it amounts to a selective and arbitrary enforcement of the
law.38 According to McCafferty, if no one complains about a property that contains
a code violation, that violation goes overlooked.39 In addition, spiteful homeowners
can weaponize the system by filing anonymous complaints—even if unfounded—
without ever having to face confrontation.40 McCafferty suggests that code
enforcement officers should be required to obtain a search warrant when responding
to anonymous complaints.41
To begin, McCafferty has not identified which provision of which constitution
he believes the complaint-driven system of code enforcement violates. As a general
matter, Delaware courts do not fish for constitutional violations in legislative
36 Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 37 Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 38 Opening Brief, at 7 (Trans. ID. 66223306). 39 Id. 40 Id. at 7–8. 41 Id. at 8. 7 schemes.42 Constitutional questions aside, there are sound policy reasons to enact a
complaint-driven system. For example, investigations demand resources, so it
would be burdensome for the Department to have to seek out violations on its own.43
And if the Department were to seek out violations on its own, that could bring about
the very arbitrariness that McCafferty fears. As for the issue of anonymous
complainants, there is no evidence that McCafferty was the target of a neighbor’s
grudge. The anonymous complainant cited rat problems at two addresses in addition
to McCafferty’s. If McCafferty nonetheless believes that the complaint-driven
system needs amending, his remedy is to petition the New Castle County Council.
B. The Computer System
McCafferty argues that the Department’s code-enforcement computer system
violates “due process, innocent until proven guilty, double jeopardy, etc.”44 He
contends that Officer Yasik should not have visited his property after the first citation
was dismissed.45
42 See Terex Corp. v. S. Track & Pump, Inc., 117 A.3d 537, 549 (Del. 2015) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Richardson v. Wile, 535 A.2d 1346, 1350 (Del. 1988)) (“[W]here a possible infringement of a constitutional guarantee exists, the interpreting court should strive to construe the legislative intent so as to avoid unnecessary constitutional infirmities.”). 43 Other government agencies have cited inadequate resources as a reason for maintaining a complaint-driven system. See, e.g., Osborne v. Grussing, 477 F.3d 1002, 1006 (8th Cir. 2007) (“[D]ue to inadequate resources, [Planning and Zoning Office] staff investigate violations of the ordinance only when a citizen files a complaint against a particular landowner.”). 44 Opening Brief, at 8 (Trans. ID. 66223306). 45 Id. at 9 8 First, the presumption of innocence and the protection from double jeopardy
apply in the criminal context, not in the civil context.46 Next, McCafferty does not
explain how the computer system violates his due process rights. If his argument is
that the dismissal of his first citation precluded further action by the Department, the
Board addressed that issue during the hearing.47 The Board questioned Officer
Yasik, who explained that the Administrative Hearing Officer’s dismissal without
prejudice was not a definitive ruling on the merits, so McCafferty’s case remained
open on Officer Yasik’s computer system.48
C. Officer Yasik’s Entry of Private Property
McCafferty argues that Officer Yasik violated his and his neighbor’s right to
privacy by entering their properties without a warrant.49 Hence, McCafferty
maintains that Officer Yasik’s photographs “should be excluded as tainted
evidence.”50 And without those photographs as evidence, McCafferty reasons, the
second citation must be dismissed.51
46 Mercedes-Benz of North America, Inc. v. Norman Gershman’s Things to Wear, Inc., 596 A.2d 1358, 1365 (Del. 1991) (noting that “the presumption of innocence does not apply” in civil cases); State v. Kamalski, 429 A.2d 1315, 1318 (Del. 1981) (citation omitted) (“When the penalty sought to be imposed is a civil penalty, no question of double jeopardy arises.”). 47 R076–78 48 Id. 49 Opening Brief, at 9 (Trans. ID. 66223306). 50 Id. at 10. 51 Id. 9 As a factual matter, the record shows that the Administrative Hearing Officer
did not conclude that Officer Yasik was in McCafferty’s yard when he took the first
round of photographs. Rather, the Administrative Hearing Officer could not
determine where Officer Yasik was located. And nothing in the record shows that
Officer Yasik entered McCafferty’s property in connection with the second round of
photographs. Officer Yasik testified that he entered the yard of McCafferty’s
neighbor, which the Unified Development Code permitted him to do.52
Turning to McCafferty’s Fourth Amendment concerns, the Court first notes
that McCafferty lacks starting to assert a violation of his neighbor’s Fourth
Amendment rights.53 As for McCafferty’s own Fourth Amendment rights, Officer
Yasik committed no violation. Officer Yasik entered the yard of McCafferty’s
neighbor pursuant to the Unified Development Code.54 From that location, Officer
Yasik could observe whatever was visible to him without offending the Fourth
Amendment.55
52 R067 (citing § 40.01.210 of the Unified Development Code). The “Unified Development Code” is Chapter 40 of the New Castle County Code. 53 See Everett v. State, 186 A.3d 1224, 1229 n.16 (Del. 2018) (quoting Hanna v. State, 591 A.2d 158, 163 (Del. 1991)) (“[S]tanding to challenge government action as an unconstitutional search depends on ‘whether the person . . . has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the invaded place.’”). 54 Unified Development Code § 40.01.210 (“Employees or agents of the Department who are acting in the official performance of their duties, pursuant to a . . . complaint or violation, shall have the right to enter, go upon, and inspect at reasonable times any land, either public or private, outside of any municipality, . . . provided that any such entry shall be made with due care and regard for the protection and preservation of property.”). 55 Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 32 (2001) (citing Dow Chemical Co. v. United States, 476 U.S. 227, 234–235, 239 (1986)) (“[W]e have held that visual observation is no ‘search’ at all . . . .”); see also Cal. v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 207, 213 (1986) (emphasis added) (citation omitted) 10 D. Vague, Ambiguous, and Subjective Terms
McCafferty argues that the Board used unconstitutionally vague, ambiguous,
and subjective terms like “junk” and “debris.”56 The Court assumes that McCafferty
is referring to the term “debris,” which is defined in the Property Maintenance Code.
An ordinance is “unconstitutionally vague if it fails to ‘give the person of
ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited[] so that
he may act accordingly.’”57 An ordinance is “ambiguous if ‘it is reasonably
susceptible of different conclusions or interpretations’ or ‘if a literal reading of the
statute would lead to an unreasonable or absurd result not contemplated by the
legislature.’”58
The Property Maintenance Code defines “debris” as
material which is stored externally and exposed to the elements or partially covered with tarps or plastic. This definition includes, but is not limited to, the following: indoor furniture, discarded household goods or appliances and appliance parts, inoperative or discarded machinery, automobiles, automobile parts, airplane and helicopter parts, refuse, rubbish, trash or junk, broken concrete, bricks, blocks or
(“That the area is within the curtilage does not itself bar all police observation. The Fourth Amendment protection of the home has never been extended to require law enforcement officers to shield their eyes when passing by a home on public thoroughfares. Nor does the mere fact that an individual has taken measures to restrict some views of his activities preclude an officer’s observations from a public vantage point where he has a right to be and which renders the activities clearly visible.”). 56 Opening Brief, at 6 (Trans. ID. 66223306). 57 In re Hanks, 553 A.2d 1171, 1176 (Del. 1989) (quoting Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108 (1972)). 58 Terex Corp. v. S. Track & Pump, Inc., 117 A.3d 537, 543 (Del. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 11 other mineral matter, bottles, scrap or discarded lumber, pipe, steel, paper, cardboard, insulation or other building materials.59 The Court finds that the definition of “debris” is neither vague nor ambiguous on its
face. Even if the definition includes words like “junk,” it also includes several
specific examples. Reading the definition as a whole would “give the person of
ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited.”60 As
applied to McCafferty’s case, Officer Yasik testified that he encountered, among
other items, broken fencing, PVC pipes, an old window, back plastic items, and a
pool ladder.61 The Board was satisfied—as is the Court—that these items met the
definition of “debris.”62
E. McCafferty’s Stay
McCafferty argues that Officer Yasik violated § 106.3.1.2.4.4 of the Property
Maintenance Code—the Code’s automatic stay provision.63 Specifically,
McCafferty avers that Officer Yasik violated the stay by visiting his property after
he had filed an appeal.64
Section 106.3.1.2.4.4 provides, “Except as provided for in Section 108 of this
Chapter, an appeal of a violation under this Section shall act as an automatic stay of
59 Property Maintenance Code § 202. 60 Del. Bd. of Med. Licensure & Discipline v. Grossinger, 224 A.3d 939, 957 (Del. 2020) (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). 61 R038. 62 R042. 63 Opening Brief, at 5 (Trans. ID. 66223306). 64 Id. 12 the action being appealed.”65 To determine whether Officer Yasik violated this
section, it is important to identify (1) the period in which McCafferty had a pending
appeal and (2) the sort of conduct that would violate the section were it performed
during a pending appeal.
As for the first issue, the record does not specify the date on which McCafferty
appealed his first citation. The record does show, however, that McCafferty received
the citation on November 12, 2019 and that his appeal of that citation was dismissed
without prejudice on December 19, 2019. Thus, the appeal period would have
started no earlier than November 12, 2019 and ended no later than December 19,
2019.
The second issue is determining what kind of conduct, if performed during
the appeal period, would constitute a violation of § 106.3.1.2.4.4. McCafferty
believes that the investigation of his property qualifies as a violation. Officer Yasik
presented the Board with a different interpretation of § 106.3.1.2.4.4, which the
Board appears to have endorsed:
When asked by the Board about the stay of action, Officer Yasik stated that once a ticket is issued, the Department will not issue another ticket during the pendency of the appeal. However, inspections of a property, without issuing a ticket, may still occur to see if the homeowner addressed the issue. Thus, while the Applicant accused the Department
65 Property Maintenance Code § 106.3.1.2.4.4. 13 of continuously inspecting the Property, such inspections are permitted (and customary) under the Property Maintenance Code.66 Officer Yasik did not issue the second citation until January 17, 2020—after the first
citation had been dismissed—so the Board did not find a violation of the stay.
Although McCafferty might believe that a mere investigation violates
§ 106.3.1.2.4.4, he has not shown that the Board’s conclusion was “manifestly
contrary to law,” and, for that reason, the Court cannot disturb it.67
F. Perjury Allegation
McCafferty argues that Officer Yasik committed perjury when he sought a
warrant in the Justice of the Peace Court.68 According to McCafferty, this occurred
in March 2020, which places the incident outside of the scope of this case; the issue
in this case is the validity of the January 17, 2020 citation.69 But more importantly,
McCaffery does not support this serious accusation with any evidence. Nor did he
present any evidence during the Board hearing, during which he openly suggested
that Officer Yasik could be lying to the Board.70
66 R039 (emphasis added). 67 Black v. New Castle Cnty. Bd. of License, 117 A.3d 1027, 1031 (Del. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The Court also notes that the stay that McCafferty requested in March 2020 is outside the scope of this case; this case is about the validity of the January 17, 2020 citation. 68 Opening Brief, at 13 (Trans. ID. 66223306). 69 See R042–043. 70 R089 (“So, I -- I find that -- the officer’s statements to be in question and the understanding of the law -- he lied to a judge -- why wouldn’t he be lying to you people now, you know? He lied to get a warrant in March, why won't he lie to you now -- save his job? He doesn't understand it.”). 14 G. Right to a Fair Hearing
McCafferty argues that he was denied a fair hearing in violation of his right
to due process because “the NCC representative was prosecutor and judge” during
his administrative hearings.71 He notes that Officer Yasik did not appear to present
his case to the Administrative Hearing Officer at the February 18, 2020 hearing.72
McCafferty proposes that “[t]he manner in which NCC conducts these hearings
should be . . . changed to mirror civil citations in JP Court. . . . If the officer does not
show, the case is dismissed with prejudice.”73 McCafferty also argues, as a separate
matter, that the Board denied him a fair hearing because it abruptly ended the
hearing.74
McCafferty’s first argument is less about due process and more about the
separation of powers and the structure of administrative agencies. The Court need
not delve into those subjects here. And if McCafferty is inviting the Court to
restructure the Department’s adjudicative procedures, the Court would again direct
McCafferty to the legislative branch. As for McCafferty’s argument that the Board
cut short his presentation, the record suggests otherwise. Notably, the last argument
that McCafferty made before the Board was an argument that he had made earlier in
71 Opening Brief, at 13 (Trans. ID. 66223306). 72 See Reply Brief, at 2 (Trans. ID. 66339724). 73 Id. 74 Opening Brief, at 13 (Trans. ID. 66223306). 15 the proceeding.75 And when the Board ended the hearing, it did so because it was
satisfied that it had gathered enough facts to determine whether the Department had
acted in an arbitrary and capricious matter.
H. Americans with Disabilities Act
McCafferty argues for the first time in his Reply Brief that the Department
did not grant McCafferty a reasonable accommodation in accordance with the
Americans with Disabilities Act.76 The Court need not entertain this argument. It
does not appear in the record,77 and McCafferty did not raise it in his Opening
Brief.78
V. CONCLUSION
After a careful inspection of the record, the Court finds that the Board did not
exceed its jurisdiction, proceed illegally or manifestly contrary to law, or proceed
irregularly. Accordingly, the Board’s decision is AFFIRMED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
75 McCafferty’s final argument at the hearing was that the objects in Officer Yasik’s photographs were “not junk” but were instead McCafferty’s “personal stuff.” R098. McCafferty made this same argument earlier in the hearing. R079–80. 76 Reply Brief, at 3 (Trans. ID. 66339724). 77 Black v. New Castle Cnty. Bd. of License, 117 A.3d 1027, 1031 (Del. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (noting that “certiorari involves a review of only such errors as appear on the face of the record”). 78 Ethica Corporate Fin. v. Dana Inc., 2018 WL 3954205, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 16, 2018) (citations omitted) (“Courts may disregard or deem waived any arguments made in a reply brief which was not raised in the opening brief.”). 16 Jan R. Jurden Jan R. Jurden, President Judge
cc: Prothonotary