M. J. Kelly, P.J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order of the trial court dismissing his complaint and granting summary and accelerated judgment in favor of defendants Three Rivers Rubber Corporation and Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company. The remaining defendants had been dismissed pursuant to a settlement agreement at the trial court level.
Plaintiff is a former employee of Three Rivers and has been disabled since December 23, 1970, with a condition referred to by the parties as "TDI asthma”. Three Rivers workers’ compensation carrier, Fireman’s, voluntarily paid plaintiff workers’ compensation benefits until April 14, 1971, at which time benefits were terminated based on
what plaintiff contends was a fraudulent diagnosis by Dr. Paul R. Radgens. Plaintiff subsequently petitioned for reinstitution of workers’ compensation benefits and, after a contested hearing, was awarded benefits by a hearing referee in a decision rendered May 19, 1976. That decision was affirmed by the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) on December 28, 1978.
Plaintiff also filed suit for benefits due from the Insurance Company of North America (INA), Three Rivers’ group disability insurance carrier. Judgment was entered on June 27, 1977. See
Mays v Ins Co of North America,
407 Mich 165; 284 NW2d 256 (1979).
Plaintiff filed this action on May 28, 1980, alleging that defendants had in concert and collusion conspired to deprive him of workers’ compensation and disability benefits due from Three Rivers and its insurers, Fireman’s and INA. Plaintiff’s three-count complaint alleged that: (1) all of the defendants had conspired to deprive him of the benefits; (2) defendant employer and defendant insurance companies had breached their contractual and statutory duty to pay benefits thereby causing mental distress to plaintiff; and (3) by their collusive actions, all of the defendants had intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon the plaintiff.
Three Rivers and Fireman’s responded to plaintiff’s complaint with motions for accelerated and summary judgment. In. an opinion dated March 19, 1982, and by order dated July 2, 1982, the trial court granted defendants’ motion for accelerated judgment as to Counts I and III on the ground that these counts were barred by the statute of limitations. The trial court also granted summary judgment in favor of defendants on Count II on the ground that breach of a commercial contract does
not give rise to a right to recover damages for mental and emotional distress.
Plaintiff's motions for rehearing and to file an amended complaint were denied and plaintiff appeals as of right. We affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on Count II for the reason relied upon below and affirm the trial court’s grant of accelerated judgment on Counts I and III but for the reasons stated herein.
Plaintiff first challenges the trial court’s grant of accelerated judgment on Counts I and III, claiming that the trial court erred in calculating the date upon which these claims accrued. All of the parties and the trial court agree that the applicable limitation period is three years as provided under MCL 600.5805(8); MSA 27A.5805(8), formerly MCL 600.5805(7); MSA 27A.5805(7). Plaintiff argues that his claims of conspiracy and intentional infliction of emotional distress did not accrue until the appropriate forums had determined that his injury was in fact compensable under the policies with Fireman’s and INA. Plaintiff relies upon the date the WCAB affirmed the hearing referee’s award of benefits, December 28, 1978, and the date the circuit court found INA liable for disability benefits, June 27, 1977. Given these dates of accrual, plaintiff’s complaint of May 20, 1980, would have been timely.
The trial court agreed in principle with plaintiff’s position but found that his injury had been determined compensable under Three Rivers’ workers’ compensation policy as of the issuance of the hearing referee’s award on May 19, 1976. Since plaintiff had filed this action nearly four years after the issuance of the hearing referee’s award, the trial court determined that his claims of conspiracy and intentional infliction of emo
tional distress were barred by the provisions of the three-year statute of limitations.
We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that plaintiffs claims were barred by the applicable statute of limitations but we do not entirely agree with the trial court’s rationale. Both the trial court and plaintiff cite
Broaddus v Ferndale Fastener Division, Ring Screw Works,
84 Mich App 593; 269 NW2d 689 (1978),
lv den
403 Mich 850 (1978), as dispositive on the issue of the accrual of plaintiffs claims. In
Broaddus,
as in the instant case, plaintiff alleged collusion and conspiracy to deny benefits among his employer and the employer’s workers’ compensation and group disability insurance carriers. The issue on appeal was whether plaintiffs claim was barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the workers’ compensation act, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). In determining that the claim was not barred, this Court stated:
"While it is true that plaintiffs must prevail on a showing that the physical injuries were compensable prior to showing that defendants acted in collusion to deny those beneñts,
a subtle yet crucial distinction must be made clear. Plaintiffs are not seeking as damages in this lawsuit the compensation benefits they alleged were required to be paid from July 2, 1973, to December 17, 1973. They are seeking, in part, separate damages for emotional distress caused by the alleged intentional and wrongful denial of these compensation benefits. It is the emotional and mental injuries which are the subject of the lawsuit, and which are claimed by plaintiffs to be not compensable under the act and thus actionable in a common-law tort suit.” (Footnote omitted; emphasis added.) 84 Mich App 599.
Plaintiff argues, and the trial court so held, that the above emphasized language requires, as an
essential element of a conspiracy claim such as this, a decision by the appropriate forum that the disputed injury is compensable under the particular insurance plan at issue. Plaintiff argues that the appropriate forum in this case is the WCAB, while the trial court held that the appropriate forum was the referee’s hearing. .
We do not agree that
Broaddus
requires a favorable judicial or quasi-judicial decision as an essential element of a claim of conspiracy to deny benefits. Instead, the essential elements of a civil conspiracy are (1) a concerted action (2) by a combination of two or more persons (3) to accomplish an unlawful purpose (4) or a lawful purpose by unlawful means.
Fenestra, Inc v Gulf American Land Cdrp,
377 Mich 565, 593; 141 NW2d 36 (1966). See also
Zmija v Baron,
119 Mich App 524, 537; 326 NW2d 908 (1982) (Judge Walsh’s partial concurrence). The language in
Broaddus
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M. J. Kelly, P.J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order of the trial court dismissing his complaint and granting summary and accelerated judgment in favor of defendants Three Rivers Rubber Corporation and Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company. The remaining defendants had been dismissed pursuant to a settlement agreement at the trial court level.
Plaintiff is a former employee of Three Rivers and has been disabled since December 23, 1970, with a condition referred to by the parties as "TDI asthma”. Three Rivers workers’ compensation carrier, Fireman’s, voluntarily paid plaintiff workers’ compensation benefits until April 14, 1971, at which time benefits were terminated based on
what plaintiff contends was a fraudulent diagnosis by Dr. Paul R. Radgens. Plaintiff subsequently petitioned for reinstitution of workers’ compensation benefits and, after a contested hearing, was awarded benefits by a hearing referee in a decision rendered May 19, 1976. That decision was affirmed by the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) on December 28, 1978.
Plaintiff also filed suit for benefits due from the Insurance Company of North America (INA), Three Rivers’ group disability insurance carrier. Judgment was entered on June 27, 1977. See
Mays v Ins Co of North America,
407 Mich 165; 284 NW2d 256 (1979).
Plaintiff filed this action on May 28, 1980, alleging that defendants had in concert and collusion conspired to deprive him of workers’ compensation and disability benefits due from Three Rivers and its insurers, Fireman’s and INA. Plaintiff’s three-count complaint alleged that: (1) all of the defendants had conspired to deprive him of the benefits; (2) defendant employer and defendant insurance companies had breached their contractual and statutory duty to pay benefits thereby causing mental distress to plaintiff; and (3) by their collusive actions, all of the defendants had intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon the plaintiff.
Three Rivers and Fireman’s responded to plaintiff’s complaint with motions for accelerated and summary judgment. In. an opinion dated March 19, 1982, and by order dated July 2, 1982, the trial court granted defendants’ motion for accelerated judgment as to Counts I and III on the ground that these counts were barred by the statute of limitations. The trial court also granted summary judgment in favor of defendants on Count II on the ground that breach of a commercial contract does
not give rise to a right to recover damages for mental and emotional distress.
Plaintiff's motions for rehearing and to file an amended complaint were denied and plaintiff appeals as of right. We affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on Count II for the reason relied upon below and affirm the trial court’s grant of accelerated judgment on Counts I and III but for the reasons stated herein.
Plaintiff first challenges the trial court’s grant of accelerated judgment on Counts I and III, claiming that the trial court erred in calculating the date upon which these claims accrued. All of the parties and the trial court agree that the applicable limitation period is three years as provided under MCL 600.5805(8); MSA 27A.5805(8), formerly MCL 600.5805(7); MSA 27A.5805(7). Plaintiff argues that his claims of conspiracy and intentional infliction of emotional distress did not accrue until the appropriate forums had determined that his injury was in fact compensable under the policies with Fireman’s and INA. Plaintiff relies upon the date the WCAB affirmed the hearing referee’s award of benefits, December 28, 1978, and the date the circuit court found INA liable for disability benefits, June 27, 1977. Given these dates of accrual, plaintiff’s complaint of May 20, 1980, would have been timely.
The trial court agreed in principle with plaintiff’s position but found that his injury had been determined compensable under Three Rivers’ workers’ compensation policy as of the issuance of the hearing referee’s award on May 19, 1976. Since plaintiff had filed this action nearly four years after the issuance of the hearing referee’s award, the trial court determined that his claims of conspiracy and intentional infliction of emo
tional distress were barred by the provisions of the three-year statute of limitations.
We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that plaintiffs claims were barred by the applicable statute of limitations but we do not entirely agree with the trial court’s rationale. Both the trial court and plaintiff cite
Broaddus v Ferndale Fastener Division, Ring Screw Works,
84 Mich App 593; 269 NW2d 689 (1978),
lv den
403 Mich 850 (1978), as dispositive on the issue of the accrual of plaintiffs claims. In
Broaddus,
as in the instant case, plaintiff alleged collusion and conspiracy to deny benefits among his employer and the employer’s workers’ compensation and group disability insurance carriers. The issue on appeal was whether plaintiffs claim was barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the workers’ compensation act, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). In determining that the claim was not barred, this Court stated:
"While it is true that plaintiffs must prevail on a showing that the physical injuries were compensable prior to showing that defendants acted in collusion to deny those beneñts,
a subtle yet crucial distinction must be made clear. Plaintiffs are not seeking as damages in this lawsuit the compensation benefits they alleged were required to be paid from July 2, 1973, to December 17, 1973. They are seeking, in part, separate damages for emotional distress caused by the alleged intentional and wrongful denial of these compensation benefits. It is the emotional and mental injuries which are the subject of the lawsuit, and which are claimed by plaintiffs to be not compensable under the act and thus actionable in a common-law tort suit.” (Footnote omitted; emphasis added.) 84 Mich App 599.
Plaintiff argues, and the trial court so held, that the above emphasized language requires, as an
essential element of a conspiracy claim such as this, a decision by the appropriate forum that the disputed injury is compensable under the particular insurance plan at issue. Plaintiff argues that the appropriate forum in this case is the WCAB, while the trial court held that the appropriate forum was the referee’s hearing. .
We do not agree that
Broaddus
requires a favorable judicial or quasi-judicial decision as an essential element of a claim of conspiracy to deny benefits. Instead, the essential elements of a civil conspiracy are (1) a concerted action (2) by a combination of two or more persons (3) to accomplish an unlawful purpose (4) or a lawful purpose by unlawful means.
Fenestra, Inc v Gulf American Land Cdrp,
377 Mich 565, 593; 141 NW2d 36 (1966). See also
Zmija v Baron,
119 Mich App 524, 537; 326 NW2d 908 (1982) (Judge Walsh’s partial concurrence). The language in
Broaddus
requiring that a plaintiff’s injury be found compensable refers, in our view, to the necessity of finding unlawful means or purpose where it is alleged that certain parties conspired to deprive a plaintiff of workers’ compensation or disability benefits. That finding may be made by the trial court hearing the conspiracy claim, since the action is not one for compensation for the physical injury or disability suffered.
Obviously there are inherent difficulties involved in identifying the accrual date of conspiracy claims. The more successful or sophisticated the conspiracy, the longer it may go undetected by an unsuspecting plaintiff. Even where a plaintiff may be suspicious that a conspiracy is underfoot, it is difficult to argue that the applicable statute of limitations should begin to run upon such a subjective assessment of the defendants’ actions. It is
thus quite possible that, in conspiracy actions such as the one at bar, the date on which the conspiracy is found to accrue will most frequently be the date on which the administrative agency has determined compensability. We reach this conclusion in light of several well-established principles of law governing the accrual of claims for purposes of applying a statute of limitations.
MCL 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827 provides that a "claim accrues at the time the wrong upon which the claim is based was done regardless of the time when damage results”. The Supreme Court has interpreted this language to mean that a claim accrues when all of the elements of the cause of action have occurred,
Connelly v Paul Ruddy’s Equipment Repair & Service Co,
388 Mich 146, 150; 200 NW2d 70 (1972);
Williams v Polgar,
391 Mich 6, 23-25; 215 NW2d 149 (1974), and when plaintiff knew or should have known of the occurrence of these elements.
Williams v Polgar, supra,
p 25;
Bonney v Upjohn Company,
129 Mich App 18, 23; 342 NW2d 551 (1983).
In this case, plaintiff testified in his deposition that he suspected a conspiracy between Three Rivers, Fireman’s and Dr. Radgens as early as 1971, when Dr. Radgens’ diagnosis resulted in termination of voluntary workers’ compensation benefits. Plaintiff became even more certain that a conspiracy was underfoot in October of 1973, when INA, after having voluntarily paid two years of disability benefits based on the opinion of a medical doctor, sent him to Dr. Radgens, who was located some distance away, and obtained a diagnosis which INA then relied upon to terminate benefits. We believe that when the hearing referee issued his workers’ compensation award on May 19, 1976, plaintiff knew or should have known of
his conspiracy claim against the defendants. Plaintiff thus had three years from that date to file his conspiracy complaint but failed to do so until nearly one year after the expiration of that period. We thus affirm the trial court’s grant of accelerated judgment on Counts I and III.
Plaintiff’s remaining two arguments on appeal are clearly without merit and we discuss them only briefly.
The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on plaintiff’s claim for emotional distress arising out of defendants’ breach of an insurance contract. Damages for emotional distress do not lie for wrongful breach of a commercial contract of the type involved in this case.
Kewin v Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins Co,
409 Mich 401, 419; 295 NW2d 50 (1980),
reh den
409 Mich 1116 (1980);
Van Marter v American Fidelity Fire Ins Co,
114 Mich App 171, 181-183; 318 NW2d 679 (1982);
Liddell v DAIIE,
102 Mich App 636; 302 NW2d 260 (1981),
lv den
411 Mich 1079 (1981).
Nor did the trial court err in denying plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint. The original complaint clearly alleged a conspiracy among the employer, Fireman’s and INA. While the trial court’s opinion apparently ignored the role of INA in the conspiracy in determining the accrual date of plaintiff’s conspiracy cause of action, our decision today does not.
Affirmed.