Jackson, Judge.
Whilst Wm. A. Huff was mayor of the city of Macon and ex-officio president of council, he leased the city park for five years, paying in advance so much per annum therefor, and agreed to erect certain levies, build and repair fences, grade and gravel walks, and to put and keep the park in repair, and to cut and furnish wood to the poor from what is called the new park, for the sum of three thousand [224]*224dollars per annnum for the term of five years. There were two contracts made at different- times and in respect to different bnt adjoining tracts of land, known as the park and the new park. These contracts were made in 1875 and 1876, and the same principles of law will cover both. In the fall of 1876, in December perhaps, Huff was re-elected mayor, but a new council was then elected, and a majority of the aldermen, eight out of twelve, (which was the whole number), brought a bill against Huff to annul and set aside the contracts, and until the hearing to appoint a receiver to take charge of the park, and to grant an injunction restraining Huff from interfering therein, and collecting rents therefor, etc., etc. The chancellor refused to appoint a receiver or to grant an injunction on Huff’s giving a certain bond which he had offered to give, and he also required the city to give a comparatively small bond of two thousand dollars ; and the questions are, did the chancellor err in refusing the prayer for a receiver and injunction until the hearing, and in granting the order which he did grant ?
1. The first question, and the great question argued before us with great research and ability by the able counsel on both sides, is this, could Huff, whilst mayor of Macon, and ex-officio president of council, make the contracts which are set out in the record, and legally bind.the city thereby?
The fundamental principle which will be found to underlie all adjudications made in this state on similar questions, and which, we think, has not been upset by any well considered case anywhere, is that no officer or agent, public or private, whose duty it is to supervise a contract in behalf of his employers or principal, can himself undertake to do that thing which his office or agency makes it his duty to supervise for others, and to see to it for them that it is well and faithfully done. The reason is too plain and palpable for serious dispute. The man becomes a judge in his own case. He agrees to perform work himself, and yet is to judge whether or not it is well done. So tender is our law of bias on the part of the noblest and purest in behalf of [225]*225self-interest, that no judge is permitted to sit in a cause in which he has any interest. If a relative by blood or marriage within a certain degree, is interested, he cannot sit and determine the case. The same principle applies to jurors and to all courts, federal, state, or municipal. Ever since the Yazoo fraud, this has been the policy of this state. In 1801 an act was passed “ that no judge or justice of any court, no ordinary, justice of the peace, nor presiding officer of any inferior court or commission, can sit in any cause or proceeding in which he is pecuniarily interested, or rela ted to either party within the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity, nor in which he has been of counsel.” See Code, §205. Cobb’s Digest, 460. Therefore, in the mayor’s court of the city of Macon, Mr. Huff could not sit in a cause between himself and the humblest citizen of the city, involving the slightest breach of propriety or the smallest amount of money. Yet the effect of these contracts is to make him every day the judge in his own case. He has contracted for money to do certain work for’ the city, and as mayor of the city and its chief executive officer, it is his official duty to see that this work is well done. He contracts to cut and haul wood to the poor, to fence and keep in repair the fencing of a very large piece of ground, involving , heavy and continuous expense, to levy the river or drain the lagoons and keep the park dry as far as practicable, to gravel the walks and keep them in order, in fine, to keep the whole park in perfect order for the term of five years. His administrative and executive duties as mayor require him to overlook and judge of' the extent and manner in which, as contractor, he discharges these obligations. Can he do it disinterestedly ? Possibly he may ; but the law regarding our fallen nature as all weak, and profiting by the prayer which the Son of God prescribed for all men, forbids that such temptation be laid in the path of any man, however exalted his office or .pure his character. How would it look for governor Colquitt, while in office, to lease for himself the penitentiary convicts, or the state road, or [226]*226Macon and Brunswick road, when it is his official duty to see to it that the lessees carry out faithfully their contracts with the state ? It will be observed that these contracts with Mr. Huff are executory and continuous — that the contract is not executed in its totality on his part, but he obligates himself to do things day by day for the entire term of his contract.
It matters not how fair the contract may be; |:>ublic policy will not uphold it. This principle is iterated and reiterated everywhere in the books.
Hence, the principle decided in the South Carolina case, in 9th Richardson, 399, Albright & Pinchback vs. The Town Council of Chester, does not cover this case. The contract there was upheld, though made by the intendant with the council while he was intendant; but it was fully executed— the work was done, and the suit was for the value thereof. Certainly there ought to have been a recovery on a quantum meruit, if the contract was set aside. The work was done, and done according to contract, and it does not appear that the intendant was to be the judge of how it was done. Perhaps he was, as, being the executive officer of the town, it was in the line of his duty to supervise the streets. If, however, it were necessary to collide directly with that case, great as is the respect entertained for the distinguished and learned judges who then presided there, we should be foi’ced on principle, and the policy of this state drawn from the current of its legislation from the date of its independence to this day, to differ with that court in that case. Judge O’Neal simply said, “T agree to the principle laid down by my late friend, chancellor David Johnson, in the Railroad Company vs. Cleghorn et al., Speer’s Eq., 562; there is nothing in law or equity which forbids a member, or even a director, of a corporation from contracting with it; and, like any other individual, he has a right to prescribe his own terms, which the corporation are at liberty to accept or reject, and, when the contract is concluded, he stands in the same relation to the other creditors of the corporation as any other [227]*227individual would under the same circumstances.” That is the whole decision, except the addition,that “the jury have decided that the work was done according to contract.”
On turning to the case referred to — 1 Speer’s Eq. E., 545 — it will be apparent that the case did not cover the case in 9 Eichardson, nor does it touch, as we think, the case made here by these contracts.
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Jackson, Judge.
Whilst Wm. A. Huff was mayor of the city of Macon and ex-officio president of council, he leased the city park for five years, paying in advance so much per annum therefor, and agreed to erect certain levies, build and repair fences, grade and gravel walks, and to put and keep the park in repair, and to cut and furnish wood to the poor from what is called the new park, for the sum of three thousand [224]*224dollars per annnum for the term of five years. There were two contracts made at different- times and in respect to different bnt adjoining tracts of land, known as the park and the new park. These contracts were made in 1875 and 1876, and the same principles of law will cover both. In the fall of 1876, in December perhaps, Huff was re-elected mayor, but a new council was then elected, and a majority of the aldermen, eight out of twelve, (which was the whole number), brought a bill against Huff to annul and set aside the contracts, and until the hearing to appoint a receiver to take charge of the park, and to grant an injunction restraining Huff from interfering therein, and collecting rents therefor, etc., etc. The chancellor refused to appoint a receiver or to grant an injunction on Huff’s giving a certain bond which he had offered to give, and he also required the city to give a comparatively small bond of two thousand dollars ; and the questions are, did the chancellor err in refusing the prayer for a receiver and injunction until the hearing, and in granting the order which he did grant ?
1. The first question, and the great question argued before us with great research and ability by the able counsel on both sides, is this, could Huff, whilst mayor of Macon, and ex-officio president of council, make the contracts which are set out in the record, and legally bind.the city thereby?
The fundamental principle which will be found to underlie all adjudications made in this state on similar questions, and which, we think, has not been upset by any well considered case anywhere, is that no officer or agent, public or private, whose duty it is to supervise a contract in behalf of his employers or principal, can himself undertake to do that thing which his office or agency makes it his duty to supervise for others, and to see to it for them that it is well and faithfully done. The reason is too plain and palpable for serious dispute. The man becomes a judge in his own case. He agrees to perform work himself, and yet is to judge whether or not it is well done. So tender is our law of bias on the part of the noblest and purest in behalf of [225]*225self-interest, that no judge is permitted to sit in a cause in which he has any interest. If a relative by blood or marriage within a certain degree, is interested, he cannot sit and determine the case. The same principle applies to jurors and to all courts, federal, state, or municipal. Ever since the Yazoo fraud, this has been the policy of this state. In 1801 an act was passed “ that no judge or justice of any court, no ordinary, justice of the peace, nor presiding officer of any inferior court or commission, can sit in any cause or proceeding in which he is pecuniarily interested, or rela ted to either party within the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity, nor in which he has been of counsel.” See Code, §205. Cobb’s Digest, 460. Therefore, in the mayor’s court of the city of Macon, Mr. Huff could not sit in a cause between himself and the humblest citizen of the city, involving the slightest breach of propriety or the smallest amount of money. Yet the effect of these contracts is to make him every day the judge in his own case. He has contracted for money to do certain work for’ the city, and as mayor of the city and its chief executive officer, it is his official duty to see that this work is well done. He contracts to cut and haul wood to the poor, to fence and keep in repair the fencing of a very large piece of ground, involving , heavy and continuous expense, to levy the river or drain the lagoons and keep the park dry as far as practicable, to gravel the walks and keep them in order, in fine, to keep the whole park in perfect order for the term of five years. His administrative and executive duties as mayor require him to overlook and judge of' the extent and manner in which, as contractor, he discharges these obligations. Can he do it disinterestedly ? Possibly he may ; but the law regarding our fallen nature as all weak, and profiting by the prayer which the Son of God prescribed for all men, forbids that such temptation be laid in the path of any man, however exalted his office or .pure his character. How would it look for governor Colquitt, while in office, to lease for himself the penitentiary convicts, or the state road, or [226]*226Macon and Brunswick road, when it is his official duty to see to it that the lessees carry out faithfully their contracts with the state ? It will be observed that these contracts with Mr. Huff are executory and continuous — that the contract is not executed in its totality on his part, but he obligates himself to do things day by day for the entire term of his contract.
It matters not how fair the contract may be; |:>ublic policy will not uphold it. This principle is iterated and reiterated everywhere in the books.
Hence, the principle decided in the South Carolina case, in 9th Richardson, 399, Albright & Pinchback vs. The Town Council of Chester, does not cover this case. The contract there was upheld, though made by the intendant with the council while he was intendant; but it was fully executed— the work was done, and the suit was for the value thereof. Certainly there ought to have been a recovery on a quantum meruit, if the contract was set aside. The work was done, and done according to contract, and it does not appear that the intendant was to be the judge of how it was done. Perhaps he was, as, being the executive officer of the town, it was in the line of his duty to supervise the streets. If, however, it were necessary to collide directly with that case, great as is the respect entertained for the distinguished and learned judges who then presided there, we should be foi’ced on principle, and the policy of this state drawn from the current of its legislation from the date of its independence to this day, to differ with that court in that case. Judge O’Neal simply said, “T agree to the principle laid down by my late friend, chancellor David Johnson, in the Railroad Company vs. Cleghorn et al., Speer’s Eq., 562; there is nothing in law or equity which forbids a member, or even a director, of a corporation from contracting with it; and, like any other individual, he has a right to prescribe his own terms, which the corporation are at liberty to accept or reject, and, when the contract is concluded, he stands in the same relation to the other creditors of the corporation as any other [227]*227individual would under the same circumstances.” That is the whole decision, except the addition,that “the jury have decided that the work was done according to contract.”
On turning to the case referred to — 1 Speer’s Eq. E., 545 — it will be apparent that the case did not cover the case in 9 Eichardson, nor does it touch, as we think, the case made here by these contracts. That case simply involved the indorsement of paper by certain persons who were alleged to be directors of a private corporation, and the question whether the chief executive officer of a municipal corporation, whose duty it was to see to the enforcement of a contract made with the municipal corporation, to be executed or performed in the future, was in no way involved.
The case in 9 Eichardson is the only one directly in point which has been cited, and then the contract had been performed and the suit was for money after service rendered; nor does it seem to have been thoroughly considered, especially in the view taken by this court of this continuous contract. It will be seen, too, that the case in 9 Eichardson was the case of a partnership, of which the intendant was a member, against the town. Perhaps that fact may make some difference — as the partner may have made the contract, and the intendant’s skirts have been clear.
On the other hand, in addition to the codification of the act of 1801, our own Code, section 364, codifying the act of 1850, declares in express terms that no sheriff or other officer discharging a similar duty shall purchase at his own sale. That sale is public, known to all, duly advertised, yet he cannot buy; if he had to lease out work yet to be performed, could he be the lessee, or could any officer discharging a similar duty % We think not. The reason for prohibiting the mayor from making such contracts as these thus appears to be stronger than the law which prohibits the sheriff from purchasing at his own sale. So section 796, codifying the act of 1872, expressly prohibits any municipal officer from contracting with the corporation to do work for pay out of the treasury; and whilst that act [228]*228was declared by this court, in tbe case of Ayeridgevs. Social Gi/rcle, unconstitutional, because it contained two subject matters, yet it shows the spirit of our legislation and the policy of our legislators. But even before the Code or the act of 1850, the same thing in principle was held ; indeed, this court went further and held that a sheriff or other public officer could not even act as the agent of another to buy for that other at his sale — 9 Ga., 164; and in the elaborate opinion of Judge Nisbet, in the case there reported, the entire subject is discussed, and it is settled so far as sound reason can settle any point of law, that such a contract as this made by this officer, the head of the city government with that government, to be performed by himself and overseen for the city by himself, cannot be upheld. Indeed, a sheriff cannot, if a party, even serve process — 3344th section of the Code — 29 Ga., 197. So, too, an agent cannot buy, if employed to sell, or sell, if employed to buy — Code, §2186; nor can an agent make a profit out of the principal’s property — Code, §2187. That public agents fall within these sections, appears clear from section 2212, which excepts that class of agents from personal liability when contracting for the public, but upon the principle, “ i/nclusio unmis, emclusio alterius, applies to them all other provisions applicable to all agents in common. So a trustee cannot use trust funds for his own profit — Code, §2332; and see 12 Ga., 534, and 36 Ga., 780, to these points. So the very first section of the first article of the constitution of 1877 declares that public officers are trustees and servants of the people — Harris’ Supplement to the Code, 99. So that the current of Georgia policy, both in legislative and judicial channels, runs steadily in one direction and to one point, that no man who is agent or trustee for another, whether a private or public agent or trustee, shall have the opportunity or be led into the temptation to make profit out of the business of others entrusted to his care, by bargaining with himself, directly or indirectly, in respect to that business.
Such is the spirit and policy of the act of 1801, and the [229]*229subsequent legislation of the state, and of the decision in 9 Ga., one of our early and ablest opinions by our first court, Judge Nisbet delivering it, and the subsequent decisions in the same line.
It would seem, therefore, to he unnecessary to fortify our own judicial exposition of our own statutes by the authority of courts foreign, or quasi foreign, to us upon cases and questions similar to those declared and ruled by our own courts.
If need be for other reference, however, we could refer on the same general line to 4 Howard, 553; 21 Wallace, 182, 6161 Kerr on Fraud and Mistake, 160 ; Wood on Master and Servant, 213, 215; 1 White and Tudor, Lead. Cases in Equity, 72; 115. 2 Johnson’s Chancery R., 252; 3 American Reports, 105; Zinn’s Leading Oases on Trusts, 76, being a great case before the House of Lords, where the chancellor, Lord Cranworth, delivered his opinion for reversal, and ex-chancellor, Lord Brougham concurred, both opinions being in point on this question, it being held that a director of a railroad company could not contract with the company; 25 Wisconsin, 551, where it was held that a school commissioner could not contract with the other commissioners to build the school-house. See also, Garrison vs. City of Chicago, Law and Equity Reports, pamph., August 1877, p. 166. 1 Perry on Trusts, 59, 191, 191, 206, 207, 209, 210. Smith vs. City of Albany, 61 N. Y., 444. Indeed the books abound in the general principle — sometimes and under some circumstances annulling absolutely the contract — at others and under other circumstances on terms ; but we rest the case confidently upon the great fundamental principle that the mayor is paid to superintend all this work done for the city — that he is her administrative and executive officer, to see that the work is well done — that it is wholly unreasonable, and against all public policy, therefore, that he be permitted to make a contract to do what his official duty makes him superintend and oversee, and holds him responsible for. [230]*230Code of Macon, section 83. In respect to contracts about the purchase of lots for homes or things of that sort, this case, it will be seen, is put on a different basis; and of course is wholly unlike the contract for the mayor’s salary.
2. But it is urged that the contract has been ratified, and that even if originally illegal, it is now good. Ratified how ? by whose authority ? The mayor has been the head of the city government ever since the contract was made, and if it could not be made with him whilst he was the head of the government and part of the council, having the right to give the casting vote, it is difficult to see how and by what competent authority it has been ratified. If a clean mayor and council, of which Mr. Huff was not a member, should do any act or omit to do any act, by which, either by their conduct or acquiesence, this contract was ratified, we are of the opinion that it could be ratified ; because as such council and mayor could originally make a legal contract with Mr. Huff, he not being the head thereof, there is no reason why it should not ratify an old one. It would be just the same in effect as if they had made a new one when they ratified the old.
But as the supposed ratification could have been made, and the acts which it is argued amount to it were done by the same council which originally did the illegal thing, and by another council down with the same complaint, Mr. Huff still being similarly related to both, no act or omission to act on their part can so operate as to make this contract legal by ratification. It is true that Mr. Huff has been elected mayor since the making of these contracts, and since they were orobably generally known, but certainly unless the question was by competent authority, derived from an act of the legislature or the charter, submitted to vote, the only lawful mode in which the corporation can act, either to make or ratify a contract, is tlurough the mayor and council, and it would be folly to hold that a contract, illegal because made by one who was mayor when it was made with the council of which he was head, could be ratified by a council of which he was still the [231]*231head. We hold, therefore, that no act or conduct on the part of the city, through its authorized agents, has in law operated to ratify and legalize this originally illegal contract.
3. But, nevertheless, it is a universal principle of equity that whosoever enters her courts as a suitor must cleanse himself at the threshold, and that she will administer relief to no complainant who fails or refuses to do equity himself.
Before, therefore, this complainant can have any relief in equity, it must do equity itself. Certainly it ihust do so where the chancellor is satisfied that there is no actual or intentional fraud on the part of the defendant, and that public policy alone demands that the law be enforced and the contract be rescinded or annulled. This seems to have been the idea of Lord Brougham in the Aberdeen Railway Company vs. Blaikie Bros., Zinn’s Lead. Cases on Trusts, 76 — where the case of the York Building Company vs. MacKenzie is cited, and where even ornamental improvements were required to be paid for, though the sale was annulled. That case is a very strong authority to invalidate these contracts at bar as illegal; but it seems, also, from the opinion of Lord Brougham before the house of lords, where the case was determined, to be an authority for paying Mr. Huff back what he has expended, with interest thereon, in the absence of fraud on his part. That ease, too, disposes of all that has been urged about the custom of former members of council to buy and deal with the city of Macon, of whom a long list, running back many years, is given in the record; but no case, so far as we see, of the mayor taking a contract to do work which his official duty required him to stvpervise.
Certainly, however, it is right and equitable that Mr. Huff should be paid by the city that' which he has spent, and of which the city will reap the benefit. It would be grossly unjust to hold otherwise, and, when this case is tried, this equitable principle will be applied to it. On this point, see 1 Lead. Cases in Eq., 217, et seq.; 1 Perry on Trusts, 195, et seq., 29 Beavan, 353; 30 Beavan, 235. We mean, of [232]*232course, whei’e the expenditures were made for the advantage and improvement and ornamentation of the property of the city, and properly, not recklessly, made.
4. Bxxt the question so far as the case now before us is to be now decided is this: did the chancellor err in refusing to- enjoin Huff, or in refusing to appoint a receiver. It was his duty, undoubtedly, to protect the city, if it were ultimately in danger of loss, by injunction; but the answer, and there is evidence to support it, sets up that Huff has expended large sums of money on the park, making substantial and valuable improvements thereto, and ornamenting the same — that these sums amount to many thousand dollars — that the park never has been kept better — scarcely as well as at this time — that it is open to all the citizens for the great pui’pose of recreation, for which it was designed— and we cannot see, if these things be so, and the chancellor had the right to pass upon and believe them, how the city has been hurt or is likely to be hurt. It cex’tainly owes Huff money, which has been expended upon its property, and which must be paid before equity will annul the contract — so that if the bargain made with Huff was a bad one for the city, and it could have made money, or could now receive a net incoxne from the park, it is in no danger of ultimate loss so far as we can see.
At all events, everybody has access to the park, and there is no use for a receiver in that view; its rents, even if it could make anything clear, can hardly overgo what, ex aequo et bona, it owes defendant for work and labor*, of which it has and will have the benefit, and there is no necessity for a receiver for that purpose, of collecting them if any could be made; and for the same reason, there seems no necessity fora temporary injunction.
At all events, we are quite sure that the chancellor has not abused his discretion in declining to grant the interlocutory order for receiver and injunction, especially as the complainant has not offered to do full equity, and has actually repaid defendant nothing.
[233]*2335. The chancellor required the city to give a bond of two thousand dollars, and Huff of four thousand, to secure a note which was brought somewhat curiously into the controversy; but as nobody seems badly hurt by these comparatively small bonds, and as the' defendant offered, himself, to give that exacted of him, we uphold the judgment as a whole, and remit all parties, to regular trial on the principles hereinbefore laid down.
Judgment affirmed.