1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 10 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 11 Case No.: 22CV1326-BLM 12 KENNETH EDWARD MAYE,
13 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MERITS BRIEF AND REMANDING FOR 14 v. FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
15 KILOLO KIJAKAZI, ACTING COMMISSIONER [ECF Nos. 22 and 24] OF SOCIAL SECURITY, 16 Defendant. 17
18 19 Plaintiff Kenneth Mayes brought this action for judicial review of the Social Security 20 Commissioner’s denial of his claim for “a period of disability, disability insurance benefits, and 21 supplemental security income benefits.” ECF No. 1. Before the Court are Plaintiff’s Opening 22 Brief [ECF No. 22 (“Pl.’s Mot.”)], Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s brief [ECF No. 24 23 (“Oppo.”)], and Plaintiff’s reply [ECF No. 25 (“Reply”)]. For the reasons set forth below, 24 Plaintiff’s motion is GRANTED. 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 1 PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 On September 11, 2014, Plaintiff filed a Title II application for a period of disability and 3 disability insurance benefits and a Title XVI application for supplemental security income both 4 alleging disability beginning January 4, 2013. See Administrative Record (“AR”) at 46. The 5 claims were denied initially on December 19, 2014, and upon reconsideration on July 31, 2015, 6 resulting in Plaintiff’s request for an administrative hearing on September 9, 2015. Id. 7 On February 28, 2017, a hearing was held before Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) Mark 8 B. Greenberg. Id. at 46-56. Plaintiff1, an impartial medical expert, Dr. Arnold Ostrow, and an 9 impartial vocational expert (“VE”), Ms. Nelly K. Katsell, testified at the hearing. Id. at 46. In a 10 written decision dated November 8, 2017, ALJ Greenberg determined that Plaintiff had not been 11 under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, since January 4, 2013. Id. at 55. Plaintiff 12 requested review by the Appeals Council. Id. at 1-4. In a letter dated November 30, 2018, the 13 Appeals Council denied review of the ALJ’s ruling, and the ALJ’s decision therefore became the 14 final decision of the Commissioner. Id. 15 On January 16, 2019, Plaintiff filed a complaint in this Court seeking judicial review of the 16 Commissioner’s decision denying his applications for a period of disability and disability insurance 17 benefits and for Supplemental Security Income. Id. at 1008. On September 25, 2019, United 18 States Magistrate Judge Robert N. Block issued a Report and Recommendation for Order 19 Granting Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Denying the Commissioner’s Cross Motion 20 for Summary Judgment, and entering judgment reversing the decision of the Commissioner and 21 remanding the matter for further administrative review. Id. at 1008-1018. Judge Block found 22 that upon remand, the ALJ needed to provide reasons for his adverse credibility determination 23 and specifically state what part of Plaintiff’s subjective symptom testimony was not credible. Id. 24 at 1013. Neither party objected to the Report and Recommendation and on November 15, 2019, 25 United States District Judge Anthony J. Battaglia issued an Order Adopting the Report and
26 27 1 After being informed of his right to counsel, Plaintiff elected to proceed and testify without the assistance of counsel or another representative. AR at 46. 1 Recommendation. Id. at 1006-1007. 2 On September 22, 2020, and May 18, 2021, telephonic hearings were held before 3 Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) James Delphey.2 Id. at 882-902. Plaintiff, represented by 4 Brian Shapiro, testified at the September 22, 2020 hearing. Id. Plaintiff, an impartial medical 5 expert, Harvey L. Alpern, and an impartial vocational expert (“VE”), Lorian Hyatt, testified at the 6 May 18, 2021 hearing. Id. at 882. In a written decision dated July 6, 2022, ALJ Delphey 7 determined that Plaintiff had not been under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, 8 at any time through December 31, 20133. Id. at 902. 9 On September 6, 2022, Plaintiff filed the instant action seeking judicial review by the 10 federal district court. See ECF No. 1. On January 19, 2023, Plaintiff filed an Opening Brief. Pl.’s 11 Mot. Defendant filed a timely Opposition to Plaintiff’s Opening Brief on February 9, 2023. Oppo. 12 Plaintiff replied on March 14, 2023. Reply. 13 ALJ’s DECISION 14 On July 6, 2022, the ALJ issued a written decision in which he determined that Plaintiff 15 was not disabled as defined in the Social Security Act. AR at 882-902. At step one, the ALJ 16 determined that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity during the relevant time 17 period (since December 31, 2013). Id. at 886. At step two, he considered all of Plaintiff’s 18 medical impairments and determined that the following impairments were “severe” as defined 19 in the Regulations: “lower extremity ulcerative wounds, lymphedema and cellulitis primarily 20 affecting the left leg; cerebral hemorrhage, status post coiling; cardiomyopathy and congestive 21 heart failure with peripheral edema; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; diabetes mellitus; 22 hypertension; chronic kidney disease; gout; degenerative disc disease and degenerative joint
23 24 2 At the September 2020 hearing, the ALJ decided that due to the history of the case, the length of the record, and some missing pieces of the record, it would be best to have the medical 25 expert testify at a later hearing. AR at 924-925. Accordingly, the ALJ got some preliminary testimony from Plaintiff and then ended the hearing with the plan that he would conduct a later 26 one when the medical record was complete. Id. at 924-938. 27 3 Plaintiff amended the alleged disability onset date on April 3, 2020. December 31, 2013 is the 1 disease with sciatica (20 CFR 416.920(c)).” Id. At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s 2 medically determinable impairments or combination of impairments did not meet or medically 3 equal the listed impairments in 20 CFR 416.920(c), Subpart P, Appendix 1. Id. at 889. At step 4 four, the ALJ considered Plaintiff’s severe impairments and determined that his residual 5 functional capacity (“RFC”) permitted him 6 to perform sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR 416.967(a). Specifically, the 7 claimant can lift and carry 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently. He 8 can stand and walk for 2 hours during an 8-hour workday. He can sit for 8 hours during a workday. He can occasionally balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl. 9 He cannot climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. He cannot work at unprotected 10 heights. He can rarely push or pull with lower extremities. He must avoid 11 concentrated exposure to extreme cold temperature, extreme hot temperature, and dust, odors, fumes, and other respiratory irritants. 12 13 Id. at 890. The ALJ found that while Plaintiff’s “medically determinable impairments could 14 reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms; [] the [Plaintiff’s] statements 15 concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not fully 16 supported.” Id. at 892. The ALJ found that Plaintiff has no past relevant work (“PRW”). Id. at 17 900. The ALJ then found that prior to January 1, 2022, when Plaintiff’s age category changed, 18 there were jobs in the national economy that existed in significant numbers that Plaintiff could 19 have performed such as Assembler, Semiconductor Loader, and Final Assembler. Id. at 900- 20 901. The ALJ also found that starting on January 1, 2022, there were no jobs in the national 21 economy that Plaintiff could perform. Id. at 901. The ALJ clarified that Plaintiff was not disabled 22 prior to January 1, 2022 but became disabled on that date and continued to be disabled through 23 the date of his decision. Id. at 902. Finally, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had not been under a 24 disability at any time through December 31, 2013.4 Id. 25 26 4 The ALJ further explained that Plaintiff failed to demonstrate a medically determinable 27 impairment before December 31, 2013 and, accordingly, Plaintiff’s Title II claim was dismissed due to insufficient evidence before the last date insured (the medical evidence in the record did 1 STANDARD OF REVIEW 2 Section 405(g) of the Social Security Act permits unsuccessful applicants to seek judicial 3 review of the Commissioner’s final decision. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The scope of judicial review is 4 limited in that a denial of benefits will not be disturbed if it is supported by substantial evidence 5 and contains no legal error. Id.; see also Miner v. Berryhill, 722 Fed. Appx. 632, 633 (9th Cir. 6 2018) (We review the district court’s decision de novo, disturbing the denial of benefits only if 7 the decision “contains legal error or is not supported by substantial evidence.”) (quoting 8 Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1038 (9th Cir. 2008). 9 Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla but may be less than a 10 preponderance.” Ahearn v. Saul, 988 F.3d 1111, 1115 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Molina v. Astrue, 11 674 F.3d 1104, 1110–11 (9th Cir. 2012) (quotation marks and citations omitted), 12 . It is relevant evidence that a reasonable person might accept as 13 adequate to support a conclusion after considering the entire record. Id. See also Biestek v. 14 Berryhill, 139 S.Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019). “In determining whether the Commissioner’s findings 15 are supported by substantial evidence, [the court] must review the administrative record as a 16 whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from the [ALJ’s] 17 conclusion.” Laursen v. Barnhart, 127 Fed. Appx. 311, 312 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Reddick v. 18 Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 720 (9th Cir. 1998)). Where the evidence can reasonably be construed 19 to support more than one rational interpretation, the court must uphold the ALJ’s decision. See 20 Ahearn, 988 F.3d at 1115 (citing Mayes v. Massanari, 276 F.3d 453, 459 (9th Cir. 2001)). This 21 includes deferring to the ALJ’s credibility determinations and resolutions of evidentiary conflicts. 22 Id. at 1115 (“[t]he ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical 23 testimony, and for resolving ambiguities,” and “we reverse only if the ALJ's decision was not 24 supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole”) (quoting Andrews v. Shalala, 53 25 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995)). 26
27 not begin until the middle of 2014). AR at 886. The remainder of the ALJ’s decision related to 1 Even if the reviewing court finds that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s conclusions, 2 the court must set aside the decision if the ALJ failed to apply the proper legal standards in 3 weighing the evidence and reaching his or her decision. See Miner, 722 Fed. Appx. at 633. 4 Section 405(g) permits a court to enter judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the 5 Commissioner’s decision. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The reviewing court also may remand the matter 6 to the Social Security Administration for further proceedings. Id. 7 DISCUSSION 8 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to provide sufficient reasons for rejecting Dr. Alpern's 9 opinion that Plaintiff's condition has equaled listing 4.11B since the middle of 2017 and to 10 articulate specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting Dr. Liu's treating opinion. Pl.'s Mot. at 4, 11 12. Defendant contends that the “ALJ reasonably found Dr. Alpern’s assessments of Listing level 12 limitations were unsupported by the evidence of record” and that “Dr. Liu’s less than sedentary 13 limitations were unsupported by the evidence of record.” Oppo. at 16, 23. 14 Treating Physician – Dr. Dorothy Liu 15 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to articulate specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting 16 the opinion of his treating doctor, Dr. Dorothy Liu. Pl.'s Mot. at 12. 17 1. Legal Standard 18 The opinion of a treating doctor generally should be given more weight than opinions of 19 doctors who do not treat the claimant.5 See Turner v. Comm'r. of Soc. Sec., 613 F. 3d 1217, 20 1222 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830-31 (9th Cir. 1995)). If the treating 21 doctor's opinion is not contradicted by another doctor, it may be rejected only for “clear and 22 convincing” reasons supported by substantial evidence in the record. Id. (citing Lester, 81 F.3d
23 24 5 The Court notes that the rule giving deference to a claimant's treating physician is not applicable to claims filed on or after March 27, 2017. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a) (“We will not 25 defer or give any specific evidentiary weight, including controlling weight, to any medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s), including those from your medical 26 sources.”). Instead, certain factors are to be considered in evaluating the record as a whole. 27 See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b)–(c). Because Plaintiff filed his original claim in September 2014, the changes to the treating physician rule are inapplicable to the instant judicial review. See AR 1 at 830-31). Even when the treating doctor's opinion is contradicted by the opinion of another 2 doctor, the ALJ may properly reject the treating doctor's opinion only by providing “specific and 3 legitimate reasons” supported by substantial evidence in the record for doing so. Id. (citing 4 Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31). This can be done by “setting out a detailed and thorough summary 5 of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence, stating [his] interpretation thereof, and making 6 findings.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Magallanes v. 7 Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989)). “The ALJ must do more than offer his conclusions. 8 He must set forth his own interpretations and explain why they, rather than the doctors', are 9 correct.” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 632 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 10 418, 421-22 (9th Cir. 1988)). ‘“The opinion of a non-examining physician cannot by itself 11 constitute substantial evidence that justifies the rejection of the opinion of either an examining 12 physician or a treating physician; such an opinion may serve as substantial evidence only when 13 it is consistent with and supported by other independent evidence in the record.’” Townsend v. 14 Colvin, 2013 WL 4501476, *6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2013) (quoting Lester, 81 F.3d at 830–31) 15 (citing Morgan, 169 F.3d at 600). 16 If a treating doctor’s opinion is not afforded controlling weight, “the ALJ must consider 17 the ‘length of the treatment relationship and the frequency of examination’ as well as the ‘nature 18 and extent of the treatment relationship’ . . . . In addition, the ALJ must still consider the other 19 relevant factors such as ‘the amount of relevant evidence that supports the opinion and the 20 quality of the explanation provided’ and ‘the consistency of the medical opinion with the record 21 as a whole.’” West v. Colvin, 2015 WL 4935491, at *8 (D. Or. Aug. 18, 2015) (quoting Orn, 495 22 F.3d at 631; 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.927(c); and 404.1527(c)). 23 2. Dr. Liu’s Medical Opinion and the ALJ’s Evaluation 24 Beginning in December 2014, Dr. Dorothy Liu treated Plaintiff every one to six months 25 for recurrent left lower extremity cellulitis with chronic lymphedema and recurrent ulcers, 26 cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and history of 27 cerebral aneurysm. AR at 6935. On September 30, 2020, Dr. Liu completed a Physical Medical 1 of chronic leg swelling and pain, fatigue, difficulty ambulating, and frequent hospitalization for 2 recurrent ulcers. Id. at 6935. Dr. Liu estimated that Plaintiff could (1) walk one city block 3 without rest or severe pain, (2) sit for fifteen minutes before needing to get up, (3) stand or 4 walk for twenty minutes before needing to get up, (4) sit for four hours out of an eight-hour 5 workday with normal breaks, and (5) stand/walk for less than two hours of an eight-hour day. 6 Id. at 6935-6936. Dr. Liu also concluded that Plaintiff needed to be able to (1) walk every 7 twenty minutes for ten minutes at a time during a normal eight-hour workday, (2) shift positions 8 at will from sitting, standing, or walking, (3) take approximately six fifteen minute long 9 unscheduled breaks during an eight hour workday, and (4) use a cane or assistive device when 10 engaging in occasional standing or walking. Id. at 6936. Dr. Liu opined that Plaintiff is unable 11 to lift fifty pounds or more and able to rarely lift twenty pounds, occasionally lift ten pounds, 12 and frequently lift less than ten pounds. Id. Plaintiff can never climb ladders, rarely look down, 13 look up, twist, stoop, or crouch, occasionally climb stairs, and frequently turn his head right or 14 left, and hold his head in a static position. Id. at 6936. Dr. Liu also found Plaintiff to be limited 15 in his ability to reach, handle, or finger. Id. at 6937. Dr. Liu concluded that Plaintiff would have 16 good days and bad days and be absent more than four days per month. Id. Dr. Liu noted that 17 other limitations that would impact Plaintiff’s ability to work included sedation from his 18 medications, stomach pain, headaches, and dizziness, which would be worsened with prolonged 19 standing and heat. Id. 20 The ALJ gave Dr. Liu’s September 30, 2020 medical opinion “some weight” because it 21 appropriately noted Plaintiff’s recurrent leg cellulitis. AR at 899. However, the ALJ found that 22 Dr. Liu’s opinion required “extreme limitations” that were not supported by the record and would 23 not apply for a period of twelve months or more. Id. The ALJ specifically identified the 24 manipulative and upper extremity limitations Dr. Liu identified for Plaintiff and noted that there 25 was no objective support for the limitations especially given the lack of cervical spine or upper 26 extremity disorders. Id. The ALJ did not directly address Dr. Liu’s limitations regarding sitting, 27 standing, or walking, and assistive devices or canes nor did he address Dr. Liu’s conclusions 1 3. Discussion 2 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to articulate specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting 3 Dr. Liu’s opinions regarding Plaintiff’s “ability to lift, stand, walk, bend, twist, look up, and down, 4 shift positions, and absenteeism.” Pl.’s Mot. at 15. Defendant contends that the ALJ’s 5 assessment of Dr. Liu’s medical opinion is appropriate “within the greater context of the 6 decision.” Oppo. at 24. Defendant notes that earlier in his opinion, the ALJ found that there 7 was “no objective medical evidence to support [Plaintiff’s] need for an assistive device” and that 8 there was “no objective medical evidence to support any sitting limitation.” Id. at 25. In 9 support, Defendant cites to Kaufmann v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 843, 851 (9th Cir. 2022).6 Plaintiff 10 replies that the ALJ articulated a single reason for rejecting Dr. Liu’s medical opinion, that the 11 manipulative limitations were not supported, and did not articulate any reasons at all for 12 rejecting the remainder of her opinion. Reply at 6. Accordingly, Defendant’s opposition lists 13 14 6 In Kaufmann, the plaintiff sought relief after the district court initially found that the ALJ failed 15 to properly explain how plaintiff’s activities of daily living conflicted with plaintiff’s subjective symptom testimony, but later granted the Commissioner’s Rule 59(e) motion, admitted error in 16 its analysis, and found that “[l]ooking to the pages of the ALJ's decision, [] contrary to its original ruling, the ALJ had, in fact, explained which daily activities conflicted with which parts 17 of Claimant's testimony.” 32 F.4th at 851 (emphasis in original). The Court of Appeals found 18 that the district court did not abuse its discretion and agreed with the Commissioner that “in its original decision, the court clearly erred by overlooking the ALJ's full explanation. Looking to the 19 entire record, substantial evidence supports the ALJ's conclusion that Claimant's testimony about the extent of her limitations conflicted with the evidence of her daily activities, such as sewing, 20 crocheting, and vacationing, and supports the ALJ's finding that Claimant's testimony was not 21 fully credible.” Id. Contrary to Defendant’s arguments, Kaufmann did not change the standard for reviewing ALJ opinions, but merely reiterated that district courts should consider the entirety 22 of the ALJ’s opinion when deciding if the ALJ provided clear and convincing reasons for rejecting a claimant’s subjective symptom testimony and not focus only on one page of the opinion. See 23 Makenzie M. v. Commissioner of Social Security, 2022 WL 2817086, at *1 (W.D. Wash., July 19, 24 2022). In cases involving medical opinions like this one, reviewing courts are not required to look to an “ALJ's assessment of other medical opinions to determine whether the ALJ's 25 assessment of those opinions could arguably apply to the disputed opinion. Such a contention is a post hoc argument and not authorized under Kaufmann or any other Ninth Circuit authority." 26 Id. (finding that “[b]ecause the ALJ did not provide any assessment of the reaching limitation 27 mentioned in Dr. Rogge's opinion and did not craft an RFC assessment consistent with that limitation, the [] ALJ erred in failing to fully address Dr. Rogge's opinion.”). 1 hypothetical reasons for rejecting Dr. Liu’s opinion that were not provided by the ALJ himself, 2 essentially asking the Court to accept a rationale for the ALJ’s findings, which is not 3 permitted. Id. 4 The ALJ failed to provide specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting key portions of Dr. 5 Liu’s medical opinion. While the ALJ provided a specific and legitimate reason for rejecting the 6 manipulative and upper extremity limitations found by Dr. Liu, the ALJ did not address Dr. Liu’s 7 limitations regarding sitting, standing, or walking, and assistive devices or canes, or her opinion 8 that Plaintiff would be absent from work more than four days per month except to say that her 9 opinion “assesses extreme limitations, which are not supported by the record and certainly would 10 not apply for a period of 12 months or more.” AR at 899. This statement is insufficient and 11 does not “set[] out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence 12 [or] stat[e] [the ALJ’s] interpretation thereof, and mak[e] [a] finding[].” Tommasetti, 533 F.3d 13 at 1041 (citing Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 751). In addition, the error is not harmless as it was 14 not inconsequential to the ultimate non-disability determination7 because the RFC created by 15 the ALJ for Plaintiff directly contradicts Dr. Liu’s opinions with respect to the limitations she found 16 and the VE found that there were jobs available in the national economy that Plaintiff could 17 perform based on the hypotheticals that contradicted Dr. Liu’s conclusions. 18 Most concerning is the ALJ’s failure to address Dr. Liu’s opinion that Plaintiff would likely 19 be absent from work more than four days per month. In response to the ALJ’s question, “[a]nd 20 if their condition makes them miss two full days of work a month as an ongoing pattern, in your 21 judgment based on your experience, would they be able to sustain employment during those 22 periods of time[,]” VE Hyatt responded “[i]n my opinion, that person would be unable to maintain
23 24 7 Harmless error occurs if the error is inconsequential to the ultimate non-disability determination. See Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 25 2006); see also Stout v. Comm'r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1055-56 (9th Cir. 2006). Errors that do not affect the ultimate result are harmless. See Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 26 742, 747 (9th Cir. 2007). An ALJ's error may be deemed harmless if, in light of the other reasons 27 supporting the overall finding, it can be concluded that the error did not “affect[ ] the ALJ's conclusion.” Batson, 359 F.3d at 1197. 1 competitive work. Id. at 970. Accordingly, Dr. Liu’s opinion regarding Plaintiff’s likely 2 absenteeism from work four days per month is critical to the VE’s determination of available jobs 3 that Plaintiff could perform. Here, not only did the ALJ fail to provide specific and legitimate 4 reasons for rejecting Dr. Liu’s opinion regarding Plaintiff’s absenteeism, the ALJ failed to discuss 5 absenteeism at all. Because there is no mention of Plaintiff’s ability to attend work consistently 6 anywhere in the ALJ’s opinion – save for his summary of Dr. Liu’s opinion – the Court is unable 7 to find that the ALJ properly discounted Dr. Liu’s opinion in this regard even “within the greater 8 context of the decision.”8 Oppo. at 24. The VE opined that Plaintiff missing two days per month 9 would render him unable to maintain employment. The ALJ’s failure to provide specific and 10 legitimate reasons for discounting Dr. Liu’s opinion that Plaintiff would likely miss twice that 11 number of days is an error that is not harmless. 12 The ALJ also failed to provide specific and legitimate reasons for discounting Dr. Liu’s 13 opinions regarding Plaintiff’s sitting limitations. Dr. Liu concluded that Plaintiff could sit for four 14 hours of an eight-hour workday. Id. at 6935. The RFC created by the ALJ states that Plaintiff 15 can sit for eight hours in a workday and the hypotheticals provided to the VE by the ALJ focused 16 on an individual who could sit for eight hours during a workday. Id. at 890, 969. The VE found 17 that such an individual could work as an Assembler – 726.684-110, Semiconductor Loader – 18 726.687-030, or Final Assembler – 713.687-018. Id. at 970. Had the VE considered an 19 individual who can only sit for four hours of an eight-hour workday, as Dr. Liu opined for 20 Plaintiff, her findings may have been different. 21 Prior to addressing Dr. Liu’s opinion, the ALJ found there is “no objective medical evidence 22 to support any sitting limitation” and noted that Plaintiff’s lower back pain is intermittent and 23 mild and that he has no neurological deficits. Id. at 897. In support, the ALJ cites to one 24 medical record from January 12, 2022, by Dr. Thomas Pfeil, a consulting physician. Id. at 897, 25 26 8 In his opposition, Defendant highlights parts of the ALJ’s opinion discussing upper extremity 27 limitations, assistive devices, and sitting limitations, but does not mention absenteeism. Oppo. As such, Defendant fails to provide evidence to support his position that the ALJ properly 1 10248-10250. Dr. Pfeil wrote that Plaintiff reported “[l]ow back pain, he was diagnosed with 2 sciatica in 2014 and states it occurs once every four to five months with radiation into the right 3 leg.” Id. at 10248. The neurological portion of Dr. Pfeil’s exam revealed that Plaintiff’s cranial 4 nerves II through XII were “grossly intact and the face is symmetric” and there was “no evidence 5 of fasciculations, atrophy, or rigidity. Fine finger mobility is normal. The claimant has normal 6 ability to handle small objects and button buttons on clothing.” Id. at 10250. Plaintiff’s left, 7 right, upper, and lower extremities were all 5/5 as was his right- and left-hand grip 8 strength. Id. His deep tendon reflexes were normal and symmetric in the upper extremities 9 and the lower extremities, and his sensory exam was symmetric and normal. Id. The ALJ also 10 cited to treatment records from Neighborhood Healthcare from 2017-2020 that showed 11 “occasional sciatic pain complaints” but mild imaging and “no significant treatment such as spine 12 surgery” or “neurological deficits that would reasonably limit his ability to sit for period required 13 of sedentary work.” Id. at 894 (citing Exhibits 24F-26F). 14 While the ALJ stated his conclusion and referenced a single report from a consulting 15 doctor, the ALJ did not specifically address Dr. Liu’s findings regarding Plaintiff’s limited ability 16 to sit, did not resolve the conflicts between Dr. Liu’s and Dr. Pfeil’s sitting limitations, did not 17 specifically address the treatment records from the Neighborhood Healthcare Clinic and explain 18 how they impacted Dr. Liu’s finding, and did not explain his decision to give more weight to 19 consulting Dr. Pfeil than treating Dr. Liu. See Ahearn, 988 F.3d at 1115 (“[t]he ALJ is responsible 20 for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical testimony, and for resolving 21 ambiguities”) (quoting Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039). Even considering the ALJ’s statements in 22 other portions of his decision, the ALJ failed to provide the requisite specific and legitimate 23 reasons for discounting Dr. Liu’s opinion regarding Plaintiff’s sitting limitations. This failure is a 24 legal error. The ALJ also erred in a similar way with respect to the RFC and hypotheticals 25 imagining an individual who can stand and walk for two hours despite Dr. Liu’s finding that 26 Plaintiff could stand and walk for less than two hours. Id. at 6935. Because the ALJ did not ask 27 the VE any hypotheticals involving the sitting and standing/walking limitations identified by Dr. 1 Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ also erred in failing to address Dr. Liu’s opinion regarding 2 Plaintiff’s need to use a cane or assistive device when engaging in occasional standing or 3 walking. Pl.’s Mot. at 12-15. Defendant contends that the ALJ properly found Plaintiff did not 4 need a cane. Oppo. at 25. The Court need not determine whether the ALJ erred in this respect 5 because even if he did, the error was harmless. During the hearing, the ALJ asked the VE if an 6 individual needed “at least on some days, to use a cane to ambulate to and from their work 7 after [sic], could the three jobs you gave us [Assembler – 726.684-110, Semiconductor Loader 8 – 726.687-030, Final Assembler – 713.687-018] still be performed if they needed to use a cane 9 to ambulate to and from the work area?” Id. at 970-971. The VE responded “[a] cane would 10 be needed for all ambulation, is that correct?” and after receiving confirmation from the ALJ 11 replied “[i]n my opinion, no, that person would be unable to perform those jobs” because “[t]he 12 use of a cane would interfere with their ability to carry any light materials that might be required 13 with the use of both hands.” Id. at 971. The VE also noted that the jobs she identified required 14 that ability and that “in today’s labor market, the use of a cane is considered by most employers 15 to be a potential hazard.” Id. The VE concluded that while there are people who do the 16 identified jobs with a cane, it would result in a significant seventy-five percent erosion of the 17 150,000 Assembler jobs, 100,000 Semiconductor Loader jobs, and 75,000 Final Assembler jobs 18 about which the VE testified. Id. at 972. In his order, the ALJ determined that even with the 19 erosion of jobs, there would be “a significant number of jobs available.” Id. at 901. Because 20 the ALJ determined that there were a “significant number of jobs available in the national 21 economy whether or not the Plaintiff needed to use a cane to ambulate, and because there is 22 the requisite “some evidence” supporting the ALJ’s decision, any error regarding the ALJ’s 23 analysis of the cane requirement identified by Dr. Liu is harmless. See Gutierrez v. Comm’r of 24 Social Sec., 740 F.3d 519, 529 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding that 25,000 jobs in the national economy 25 constituted a significant number of jobs); see also Ronquillo v. Saul, 2021 WL 614637, at *8 26 (E.D. Cal., Feb. 17, 2021) (noting that there is no “bright-line rule for what constitutes a 27 ‘significant number’ of jobs” and finding 24,000 available jobs between two positions to establish 1 389 (9th Cir. 2012)) (citing Davis v. Comm'r, 2018 WL 1779341 at *6 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 12, 2018) 2 (finding 15,000 national jobs to be significant number); Jeter v. Berryhill, 2018 WL 2121831 at 3 *3 (C.D. Cal. May 8, 2018) (“Although at the low end, the ALJ's finding as to [20,000] national 4 jobs meets the legal standard”); and Young v. Astrue, 591 Fed. App'x 769, 772 (3rd Cir. 2013) 5 (finding the amount of 20,000 jobs was “sufficient to support a finding that work exists in 6 significant numbers”)). 7 /// 8 /// 9 /// 10 /// 11 /// 12 REMAND v. REVERSAL 13 The decision whether to remand for further proceedings or simply to award benefits is 14 within the discretion of the court. See Aida I. v. Saul, 2020 WL 434319, at *5 (S.D. Cal., Jan. 15 28, 2020) (noting that “[t]he law is well established that the decision whether to remand for 16 further proceedings or simply to award benefits is within the discretion of the Court.”) (citing 17 Salvador v. Sullivan, 917 F.2d 13, 15 (9th Cir. 1990); McAllister v. Sullivan, 888 F.2d 599, 603 18 (9th Cir. 1989); and Lewin v. Schweiker, 654 F.2d 631, 635 (9th Cir. 1981)). Remand for further 19 administrative proceedings is appropriate if enhancement of the record would be useful. See 20 Gerde v. Berryhill, 717 Fed. Appx. 674, 677 (9th Cir. 2017) (“[r]emand for further administrative 21 proceedings to consider Dr. Alvord's opinion and the lay witness testimony is the proper remedy 22 because enhancement of the record would be useful.”) (citing Benecke v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 23 587, 593 (9th Cir. 2004)). On the other hand, if the record has been fully developed such that 24 further administrative proceedings would serve no purpose “the district court should remand for 25 an immediate award of benefits.” Benecke, 379 F.3d at 593. “More specifically, the district 26 court should credit evidence that was rejected during the administrative process and remand 27 for an immediate award of benefits if (1) the ALJ failed to provide legally sufficient reasons for 1 determination of disability can be made; and (3) it is clear from the record that the ALJ would 2 be required to find the claimant disabled were such evidence credited.” Id. (citing Harman v. 3 Apfel, 211 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2000)). The Ninth Circuit has not definitely stated whether 4 the “credit-as-true” rule is mandatory or discretionary. See Vasquez v. Astrue, 572 F.3d 586, 5 593 (9th Cir. 2009) (acknowledging that there is a split of authority in the Circuit, but declining 6 to resolve the conflict); Luna v. Astrue, 623 F.3d 1032, 1035 (9th Cir. 2010) (finding rule is not 7 mandatory where “there are ‘outstanding issues that must be resolved before a proper disability 8 determination can be made’” (internal citation omitted)); Shilts v. Astrue, 400 F. App’x 183, 184- 9 85 (9th Cir. Oct. 18, 2010) (explaining that “evidence should be credited as true and an action 10 remanded for an immediate award of benefits only if [the Benecke requirements are satisfied]” 11 (internal citation omitted)). “Even if all three requirements are met, the Court retains flexibility 12 to remand for further proceedings ‘when the record as a whole creates serious doubt as to 13 whether the claimant is, in fact, disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act.’” Nichols 14 v. Saul, 2019 WL 6252934, at *10 (S.D. Cal., Nov. 22, 2019) (quoting Brown-Hunter, 806 F.3d 15 at 495). A remand for an immediate award of benefits is appropriate only in rare circumstances. 16 Id. 17 Here, based on the record before it, the Court concludes that the rare circumstances that 18 may result in a direct award of benefits are not present. See Leon v. Berryhill, 880 F.3d 1041, 19 1044 (9th Cir. 2017) (“[a]n automatic award of benefits in a disability benefits case is a rare and 20 prophylactic exception to the well-established ordinary remand rule”); see also Howland v. Saul, 21 804 Fed. Appx. 467, 471 (9th Cir. 2020) (same). Instead, the Court finds further administrative 22 proceedings will serve a meaningful purpose by allowing the ALJ to reconsider Dr. Liu’s 23 opinions, to resolve the conflicts between Dr. Liu’s opinions and those of other physicians, and 24 if necessary, to provide specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting each of Dr. Liu’s opinions. 25 Therefore, this Court REVERSES the ALJ’s decision and REMANDS for further proceedings to 26 27 1 || address the errors noted in this Order.? 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 ||Dated: 7/5/2023 iy, be He wr 4 Hon. Barbara L. Major United States Maaistrate Judge 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ° Because the Court is remanding for further development and consideration of the record, the Court will not rule on Plaintiff's argument that that the ALJ failed to provide sufficient reasons 21 rejecting Dr. Alpern's opinion that Plaintiff's condition has equaled listing 4.11B since the middle of 2017. See Augustine ex rel. Ramirez v. Astrue, 536 F. Supp. 2d 1147, 1153 n.7 (C.D. 22 Cal. 2008) (“[The] Court need not address the other claims plaintiff raises, none of which would 23 provide plaintiff with any further relief than granted, and all of which can be addressed on remand.”); see also Hiler v. Astrue, 687 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) (‘Because we remand 24 || the case to the ALJ for the reasons stated, we decline to reach [plaintiff's] alternative ground for remand.”); Newton v. Colvin, 2015 WL 1136477, at *6 n.4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 12, 2015) (‘As the 25 || matter must be remanded for further consideration of the medical evidence, the court declines 26 address plaintiff's remaining arguments.”); and Berenisia Madrigal v. Saul, 2020 WL 58289, at *7 (E.D. Cal., Jan. 6, 2020) (‘Having found that remand is warranted, the Court declines to 27 || address Plaintiff's remaining arguments that the ALJ erred in rejecting medical opinion evidence 39 and failing to develop the record).