BRICKELL, C. J. —
The principal question the record presents — -the sufficiency of a confession, not corroborated by independent evidence of the corpus delicti, to support a conviction of felony — is of the first impression in this court. We have endeavored to give it as thorough an examination, and as full deliberation, as its practical importance in the administration of the criminal law demands.
Text-writers usually classify confessions as judicial and extra-judicial. The first comprehends confessions made before a committing magistrate, having authority to take and certify the examination of persons accused of a criminal offense, when the preliminary inquiry is being made, whether such offense has been committed, and whether there is probable cause to believe the accused was the guilty agent in its commission. It also comprehends the plea of guilty, deliberately interposed on the arraignment for final trial, after admonition and advice from the court, against its interposition. Such confessions are, without doubt, sufficient of them[191] selves, unaided by any corroboratory or confirmatory evidence of tbe corpus delicti, to sustain a conviction. They are deliberately made, and being reduced to writing, subscribed by tbe prisoner, certified by a magistrate, or consisting of a solemn plea, made at tbe bar of tbe court, and entered of record, are precisely identified, and free from tbe inherent infirmity of all mere verbal confessions, made out of court, resting in tbe memory of witnesses, and depending for tbeir value upon tbe fidelity and accuracy of tbeir repetition. — 1 Green. Ev. § 316.' In our law, there is no other judicial confession, than tbe plea of guilty, interposed on the arraignment for final trial, which tbe court would be inexcusably derelict in duty, if it permitted entered of record, or received as evidence of guilt, until tbe prisoner bad been fully informed of its effect and consequences, and admonished and advised to stand upon tbe presumption of innocence, which tbe law in its humanity indulges in bis favor, and requires shall be repelled only by clear and convincing evidence of guilt. All other confessions, whether express, full, free, and voluntary, verbal or written, or mere admissions to be implied from conduct or words, are extra-judicial.
Tbe sufficiency of such confessions, at common law, to warrant a conviction, when not corroborated by other evidence of tbe corpus delicti, is a matter of grave doubt, if it was to be determined only by a consultation of English text-writers and adjudications. Tbe foundation of every criminal accusation, tbe primary fact, is tbe corpus delicti — tbe fact that tbe particular offense, whether it be treason, murder, or other felony, or a misdemeanor, has been committed. Without this fact, there can not be a guilty agent. It was said by Lord Hale : “ I would never convict any person for stealing tbe goods of a person unknown, merely because be would not give an account bow be came by them, unless there was due proof made that a felony bad been committed. I would never convict any person of murder, or manslaughter, unless tbe fact were proved to be done, or at least tbe body found dead.” .
Mr. Wills, in bis work on Circumstantial Evidence, says: “It may be doubted whether justice and policy ever sanction a conviction, where there is no other proof of the corpus delicti than tbe uncorroborated confession of tbe party.” Blackstone quotes with approbation tbe rule laid down by Lord Hale, as “most prudent and necessary to be observed.” Starkie speaks of a voluntary confession, as “one of tbe strongest proofs of guilt; for it can not be supposed that a person really innocent would voluntarily subject himself to infamy and punishment.” Tbe justness of the observation [192] is apparent, and can not be evaded. When the confession is merely verbal, we can not, however, avoid the reflection, that its precise scope and extent depends on the memory of the witness, the accuracy with which he repeats it, the understanding he had of the words spoken, and Other considerations which, of necessity, detract from the value of the evidence of it, and render the conscientious trier of facts reluctant to make such evidence the sole basis of a verdict of guilt. He proceeds: “ A prisoner may be convicted upon his own confession, without other evidence.” — -2 Stark. Ev. 39. In Joy on Confessions, it is said, “But, whatever difference of opinion exists in respect of the weight which ought to be attached to evidence derived from a confession; yet, where it is admissible, and satisfactorily' proved, it is deemed’ sufficient by the English law to convict a prisoner, even capitally, without the aid of any corroborative testimony of his having committed the offense with which he is charged.”
In 2 Russell on Crimes, the rule is stated broadly: “ The highest authorities have now established, that a confession, if July made, and satisfactorily proved, is sufficient alone to warrant a conviction, without any corroborating evidence aliunde.” — 2 Russ. 825. The decisions cited by each of those authors have been carefully scrutinized by judges and text-writers in this country. It is said by Mr. Greenleaf, that in each of them there toas some corroborating circumstance. — 1 Greenl. Ev. § 217.
In the United States, there is almost an unbroken current of decision against the sufficiency of extra-judicial confessions, to support a conviction, the corpus delicti not being otherwise proved; “ and this opinion,” says Mr. Grreénleaf, “certainly best accords with the humanity of the criminal code, and with the great degree of caution applied in receiving and weighing the evidence of confessions in other cases.” Mr. Wharton says: “Any voluntary confession, made by a defendant, to any person, at any time or place, is strong evidence against him; and if satisfactorily proved, when there is proof of the corpus delicti, sufficient to convict according to the common law, without any corroborating circumstances. But, in this country in particular, there is a growing unwillingness.to rest convictions on confessions alone.” — 1 Am. Cr. Law, § 683.
In Long’s case (1 Haywood, N. C. 455), which was an indictment for horse-stealing, the earliest case in this country we have found touching the question, it was held: “ Where A makes a confession, and relates circumstances which are proven already to have existed as related in the confession, that may be evidence sufficient for a jury to proceed upon to [193] convict tbe prisoner; but a naked confession, unattended witb circumstances, is not sufficient.” A later case in North Carolina (State v. Cowan, 7 Iredell, 239) seems to regard a voluntary, extra-judicial confession, “which goes to the whole case, as plenary evidence to the jury.” The confession on the sufficiency of which the court was pronouncing judgment, was made before a magistrate, and there was evidence in corroboration of it. In State v. Aaron, 1 South. (N. J.) 243, it is said by Bossell, J., that “it is an established rule, that no person, indicted for a capital offense, shall be convicted on his own confession, without a single circumstance to corroborate it.” In QuikVs ease, 5 Hals. 165, it was ruled otherwise ; and the confession of a boy of twelve years of age, afterwards retracted, not corroborated in any essential, was held sufficient to support a conviction. Mr. Wharton remarks of this case, that it “ stands alone in its character and result.”
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BRICKELL, C. J. —
The principal question the record presents — -the sufficiency of a confession, not corroborated by independent evidence of the corpus delicti, to support a conviction of felony — is of the first impression in this court. We have endeavored to give it as thorough an examination, and as full deliberation, as its practical importance in the administration of the criminal law demands.
Text-writers usually classify confessions as judicial and extra-judicial. The first comprehends confessions made before a committing magistrate, having authority to take and certify the examination of persons accused of a criminal offense, when the preliminary inquiry is being made, whether such offense has been committed, and whether there is probable cause to believe the accused was the guilty agent in its commission. It also comprehends the plea of guilty, deliberately interposed on the arraignment for final trial, after admonition and advice from the court, against its interposition. Such confessions are, without doubt, sufficient of them[191] selves, unaided by any corroboratory or confirmatory evidence of tbe corpus delicti, to sustain a conviction. They are deliberately made, and being reduced to writing, subscribed by tbe prisoner, certified by a magistrate, or consisting of a solemn plea, made at tbe bar of tbe court, and entered of record, are precisely identified, and free from tbe inherent infirmity of all mere verbal confessions, made out of court, resting in tbe memory of witnesses, and depending for tbeir value upon tbe fidelity and accuracy of tbeir repetition. — 1 Green. Ev. § 316.' In our law, there is no other judicial confession, than tbe plea of guilty, interposed on the arraignment for final trial, which tbe court would be inexcusably derelict in duty, if it permitted entered of record, or received as evidence of guilt, until tbe prisoner bad been fully informed of its effect and consequences, and admonished and advised to stand upon tbe presumption of innocence, which tbe law in its humanity indulges in bis favor, and requires shall be repelled only by clear and convincing evidence of guilt. All other confessions, whether express, full, free, and voluntary, verbal or written, or mere admissions to be implied from conduct or words, are extra-judicial.
Tbe sufficiency of such confessions, at common law, to warrant a conviction, when not corroborated by other evidence of tbe corpus delicti, is a matter of grave doubt, if it was to be determined only by a consultation of English text-writers and adjudications. Tbe foundation of every criminal accusation, tbe primary fact, is tbe corpus delicti — tbe fact that tbe particular offense, whether it be treason, murder, or other felony, or a misdemeanor, has been committed. Without this fact, there can not be a guilty agent. It was said by Lord Hale : “ I would never convict any person for stealing tbe goods of a person unknown, merely because be would not give an account bow be came by them, unless there was due proof made that a felony bad been committed. I would never convict any person of murder, or manslaughter, unless tbe fact were proved to be done, or at least tbe body found dead.” .
Mr. Wills, in bis work on Circumstantial Evidence, says: “It may be doubted whether justice and policy ever sanction a conviction, where there is no other proof of the corpus delicti than tbe uncorroborated confession of tbe party.” Blackstone quotes with approbation tbe rule laid down by Lord Hale, as “most prudent and necessary to be observed.” Starkie speaks of a voluntary confession, as “one of tbe strongest proofs of guilt; for it can not be supposed that a person really innocent would voluntarily subject himself to infamy and punishment.” Tbe justness of the observation [192] is apparent, and can not be evaded. When the confession is merely verbal, we can not, however, avoid the reflection, that its precise scope and extent depends on the memory of the witness, the accuracy with which he repeats it, the understanding he had of the words spoken, and Other considerations which, of necessity, detract from the value of the evidence of it, and render the conscientious trier of facts reluctant to make such evidence the sole basis of a verdict of guilt. He proceeds: “ A prisoner may be convicted upon his own confession, without other evidence.” — -2 Stark. Ev. 39. In Joy on Confessions, it is said, “But, whatever difference of opinion exists in respect of the weight which ought to be attached to evidence derived from a confession; yet, where it is admissible, and satisfactorily' proved, it is deemed’ sufficient by the English law to convict a prisoner, even capitally, without the aid of any corroborative testimony of his having committed the offense with which he is charged.”
In 2 Russell on Crimes, the rule is stated broadly: “ The highest authorities have now established, that a confession, if July made, and satisfactorily proved, is sufficient alone to warrant a conviction, without any corroborating evidence aliunde.” — 2 Russ. 825. The decisions cited by each of those authors have been carefully scrutinized by judges and text-writers in this country. It is said by Mr. Greenleaf, that in each of them there toas some corroborating circumstance. — 1 Greenl. Ev. § 217.
In the United States, there is almost an unbroken current of decision against the sufficiency of extra-judicial confessions, to support a conviction, the corpus delicti not being otherwise proved; “ and this opinion,” says Mr. Grreénleaf, “certainly best accords with the humanity of the criminal code, and with the great degree of caution applied in receiving and weighing the evidence of confessions in other cases.” Mr. Wharton says: “Any voluntary confession, made by a defendant, to any person, at any time or place, is strong evidence against him; and if satisfactorily proved, when there is proof of the corpus delicti, sufficient to convict according to the common law, without any corroborating circumstances. But, in this country in particular, there is a growing unwillingness.to rest convictions on confessions alone.” — 1 Am. Cr. Law, § 683.
In Long’s case (1 Haywood, N. C. 455), which was an indictment for horse-stealing, the earliest case in this country we have found touching the question, it was held: “ Where A makes a confession, and relates circumstances which are proven already to have existed as related in the confession, that may be evidence sufficient for a jury to proceed upon to [193] convict tbe prisoner; but a naked confession, unattended witb circumstances, is not sufficient.” A later case in North Carolina (State v. Cowan, 7 Iredell, 239) seems to regard a voluntary, extra-judicial confession, “which goes to the whole case, as plenary evidence to the jury.” The confession on the sufficiency of which the court was pronouncing judgment, was made before a magistrate, and there was evidence in corroboration of it. In State v. Aaron, 1 South. (N. J.) 243, it is said by Bossell, J., that “it is an established rule, that no person, indicted for a capital offense, shall be convicted on his own confession, without a single circumstance to corroborate it.” In QuikVs ease, 5 Hals. 165, it was ruled otherwise ; and the confession of a boy of twelve years of age, afterwards retracted, not corroborated in any essential, was held sufficient to support a conviction. Mr. Wharton remarks of this case, that it “ stands alone in its character and result.”
Savage, C. J., in People v. Hennesey, 15 Wend. 147, which was an indictment for embezzlement, reviews carefully the English adjudications, and declares : “ The truth is, no court will ever rely upon the confession alone, when it is apparent there is evidence aliunde to prove that an offense has been committed.”
In People v. Badgley, 16 Wend. 53, which was an indictment for forgery, Nelson, C. J., held that evidence of confessions alone, unsupported by corroborating facts and circumstances, is not sufficient to convict; there must be proof aliunde of the corpus delicti, although such proof need not be conclusive.
Walworth, J., in People v. Porter, 2 Park. Cr. Rep., held, that a conviction for blasphemy could not be had on the prisoner’s confessions, unaided by evidence that the offense had been committed. -See, also, Buloff v. People, 18 N. Y. 179; People v. Burnett, 49 N. Y. 137.
The Supreme Court of Illinois, in a very carefully considered opinion, held, that a conviction for incest could not be sustained on the prisoner’s uncorroborated confessions. — Bergen v. People, 17 Ill. 426. In Fyner’s case, 5 Humph. 383, the Supreme Court of Tennessee held, that conduct on the part of the prisoner, exhibiting clear and satisfactory indications of guilt of some offense, the consequence of which the prisoner was seeking to escape, would not support a conviction of larceny, without satisfactory evidence that the goods had been feloniously taken and carried away. The Court of Appeals of Mississippi, in StringfeUow’s case, 26 Miss. 157, say: '“We believe that the doctrine which holds that, in capital [194] felonies, tbe prisoner’s confession, when tbe corpus delicti is not proved by independent testimony, is insufficient for bis conviction, but accords with tbe solid principles of reason, and tbe caution wbieb should be applied in tbe admission and estimate of tbis species of evidence.” Tbe question bas been very fully examined and considered several times by tbe Supreme Court of Missouri, tbe latest case being State v. German, 54 Mo. 526 (S. C., 14 Am. Rep. 481); and it seems uniformly to bave been held, tbat a conviction on tbe extrajudicial confession of tbe prisoner, not corroborated by proof of tbe corpus delicti, is unwarranted. Passing over cases of homicide, tbe case of Robinson v. State, 12 Mo., was an indictment for larceny; the confession was voluntary, and full, in tbe presence of tbe person whose money was alleged to bave been stolen, but who did not appear as a witness on tbe trial. Tbe confession, without proof aliunde of tbe corpus delicti, was pronounced insufficient to support a conviction. Tbe case of State v. Scott, 39 Mo. 424, was an indictment for robbery, and tbe same principle was announced.
Without pursuing further a citation of tbe authorities in tbis country, it is enough to say, they generally concur in affirming that tbe extra-judicial confessions of tbe prisoner, not corroborated by independent proof of tbe corpus delicti, will not justify a conviction for felony. We limit tbe statement to a conviction for felony, because tbat is tbe character of tbe case we are considering, without intimating any opinion as to tbe application of the principle to misdemeanors. Nor must we be understood as affirming tbat tbe proof of tbe corpus delicti must be as full and conclusive as would be essential if there was no confession to corroborate it.— Commonwealth v. McCann, 97 Mass. 580; Same v. Tarr, 4 Allen, 315; U. S. v. Williams, 1 Cliff. 53; People v. Badgley, supra; Bergen v. People, supra. Evidence of facts and circumstances, attending tbe particular offense, and usually attending tbe commission of similar offenses — or of facts to tbe discovery of which tbe confession bas led, and which would not probably bave existed if tbe offense bad not been committed — or of facts having a just tendency to lead tbe mind to the conclusion tbat tbe offense bas been committed — would be admissible to corroborate tbe confession. Tbe weight wbieb would be accorded them, when connected with tbe confession, tbe jury must determine, under proper instructions from tbe court.
Tbe evidence against tbe prisoner is not of an express confession — it is of an admission to be implied from tbe character of bis responses to communications made to him, of tbe accusations made by tbe female on whom tbe violence is charged to bave been committed, and from. bis failure to [195] meet these accusations with a prompt and explicit denial. The woman is in life, and was, for months after the offense was committed, a resident of the same neighborhood and county with the prisoner. Neither she nor her relatives are shown to have been active in this prosecution. When the trial was had in the Circuit Court, she was residing in another State; but it is not intimated that the prisoner had any agency in producing her change of residence. After the offense, the prisoner was received on friendly terms in her father’s family, and by other of her relatives. The admissions to be implied against the prisoner from his silence, and the character of his answers, are of a species of evidence which ought always to be received and acted on with great caution. Its admissibility rests on the probability that a man will repel by denial an unjust, unfounded accusation— that such is the instinct of our nature; and therefore silence, or a response which is not a denial, is a tacit admission of the truth of the accusation. Much depends, of necessity, on the time, place, and manner, in which the accusation is made, or the information of it conveyed, and the person from whom it proceeds, and on the peculiar temperament and characteristics of the person accused. One of perfect innocence may be abashed and humiliated to silence by the accusation of crime, while another, hardened by guilt, would answer with a vehement and seemingly indignant denial. The expressions imputed to the prisoner are of doubtful import, and are not inconsistent with his innocence of the crime charged, though he may have been guilty of gross and shameful impropriety of conduct. Considering all the evidence, we can not believe a conviction resting on it ought to stand. There was evidence (if the offense was committed) when the prosecution was commenced, the State could have procured, which would have been positive and convincing of the corpus delicti, and of the prisoner’s guilty agency. It ought to have been produced; and it is better that a guilty man should escape, than that a precedent should be introduced, which may press hardly hereafter on the innocent.
The motion to exclude the evidence of the witnesses Street and Tomerline ought to have been sustained. For the error in overruhng.it, the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded. The prisoner will remain in custody, until discharged by due course of law.