SHEFLEY, Circuit Judge.
The defendant, the Massachusetts National Bank, loaned to one James A. Coe twenty-two thousand dollars, payable on call with interest, taking from him his memorandum of indebtedness for that sum, with, as collateral security therefor, what purported to be a certificate of two hundred shares of the capital stock of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company issued to said Massachusetts National Bank, as collateral.- This instrument was originally a genuine certificate for two shares of the capital stock of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company issued to H. E. Coe, but by false and forged erasures and interlineations it had been so altered as to purport to be a certificate for two hundred shares of its stock issued by said railroad corporation to the Massachusetts National Bank, as collateral.
The bank received the said certificate in [1117] good faith and without any suspicion of its fraudulent character, and in supposed fulfilment of the promise of James A. Coe to give as security for the loan aforesaid two hundred shares of the capital stock of said railroad corporation. Subsequently, upon payment by said Coe to the bank, he received back his memorandum of indebtedness; and the cashier of the bank, for the purpose and with the intention of restoring the collateral to Coe, returned to him the fraudulent certificate, with the usual printed form of transfer on the back thereof, signed by H. K. Frothingham, cashier of said bank, in blank.
About two weeks after the surrender by the bank of this certificate to Coe with the transfer in blank of the cashier on the back of it, the plaintiff, Matthews, pursuant to his agreement to loan Coe twenty-five thousand dollars on call with interest, received from Coe, in good faith, the said fraudulent certificate with the blank assignment on the back thereof, supposing the same to be a genuine certificate for two hundred shares of said stock issued by the corporation and duly transferred and assigned so as to enable him to obtain a new certificate therefor in his own name; and on receipt thereof loaned the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars. The signature of the cashier was well known to Matthews, who correctly supposed the sig nature on the blank assignment to be genuine. Coe was tried and convicted for obtaining money by false pretences; and indictments for forgery are now pending against him, and he has been declared bankrupt. The next day, or very soon after the day when the money was loaned by Matthews, the fact first became known to plaintiff and defendant of the fraudulent alteration of the certificate before it came into possession of defendant, and plaintiff thereupon notified the bank that he should hold it responsible for any loss sustained by him by reason of the premises. This action is brought for the recovery of the damages thus sustained.
The real question presented in the ease is, whether the bank by signing the blank transfer has so far warranted the genuineness of the certificate that it is estopped from setting up the forgery as a defence to this action.
Defendant denies that the cashier had authority or right to bind the bank by the contract declared on. Cashiers of a bank are held out to the public as having authority to act according to the general usage, practice, and course of business conducted by the bank. Their acts, within the scope of such usage, practice, and course of business, will in general bind the bank in favor of third persons possessing no other knowledge. Morse v. Massachusetts Nat. Bank [Case No. 9,S57]; Minor v. Mechanics’ Bank, 1 Pet. [26 U. S.] 70; Merchants’ Bank v. State Bank, 10 Wall. [77 U. S.] 604. One of the ordinary and well-known duties of the cashier of a bank is the surrender of notes and securities upon payment; and his signature to the necessary transfers of securities or col-laterals, when in the form of bills of exchange, choses in action, stock certificates, or similar securities for loans, which are personal property, is an act within the scope of the general usage, practice, and course of business in which cashiers of a bank are held out to the public as having authority to act Undoubtedly the ordinary duties of a cashier do not comprehend the making of a contract which involves the payment of money, without an express authority from the directors, unless it be such as,relates to the usual and customary transactions of the hank. But the transfer of certificates of stock held as collateral is certainly one of the usual and customary transactions of banks, and the public would be no more likely to require evidence of a special authority to the cashier to make such transfer than of a special authority to draw checks on other banks, or to perform any other of the daily duties of his office.
The signature of the cashier must therefore be considered as the signature of the bank, and the question returns, whether such I blank assignment on the back of the certificate by the bank be so far a warranty of the genuineness of the certificate that the bank is estopped from setting up the forgery as a defence. In the case of forged negotiable instruments, it is well settled that the indorser warrants that the instrument itself and the antecedent signatures thereon are genuine. Story, Prom. Notes., § 135; State Bank v. Fearing, 16 Pick. 533; Hortsman v. Henshaw, 11 How. [52 U. S.] 183; Critchlow v. Parry, 2 Camp. 182; Canal Bank v. Bank of Albany, 1 Hill, 287. The indorser’s liability in these cases is properly placed upon the ground of estoppel. “This proceeds,” says Judge Story, “upon the intelligible ground that every indorser undertakes that he pos-1 sesses a clear title to the note deduced from i and through all the antecedent indorsers, and ; that he means to clothe the holder under him with all the rights which by law attach to a regular and genuine indorsement against himself and all the antecedent indorsers. It is in this confidence that the holder takes the note without further explanation; and if each party is equally innocent, and one must suffer, it should be the one who has misled the confidence of the other, and by his acts held out to the holder that all the indorse-ments are genuine, and may be relied on as j an indemnity in case of the dishonor there-i of.” This is a statement of the grounds upon ¡-which the rule of law rests as applicable to | negotiable instruments, but the reasoning ¡ would seem to apply w'ith equal force and i pertinency to the case of a transfer of a certificate of stock by indorsement in blank. Stock certificates are sold in open market like other securities, and form the basis of commercial transactions. In the language of Davis, J., in Bank v. Lanier, 11 Wall. [78 U. [1118] S.] 377: “Although neither in form nor character negotiable paper, they approximate to it as nearly as practicable.” In Leitch v. Wells, 48 N. Y. 613, it is said: “Since the decision of the case of McNeil v. Tenth Nat. Bank, 46 N. Y. 325, certificates of stock, with blank assignments and powers of attorney attached, must be nearly as negotiable as commercial paper.” The common practice of passing the title to stock by delivery of the certificate, with the blank assignment and power, has been repeatedly proved and sanctioned in cases which have come before the courts in New York. In New York & N. H. R. Co. v. Schuyler, 34 N. Y. 41, the rights of parties claiming under such instruments were fully recognized by the court, and such mode of transfer was shown to be the common practice of the city of New York. It is well settled tha.t the form of assignment printed on the back of stock certificates, when signed in blank, may be filled up by a subsequent purchaser of the stock. Kortright v. Commercial Bank of Buffalo, 20 Wend. 91, and 22 Wend. 348; Bridgeport Bank v. New York & N. H. R. Co., 30 Conn. 273. The certificate j in this case, as it came from the bank, contained on the same piece of paper, and on the back of the certificate, a blank assignment, which was all that was necessary to transfer the title of the stock as between the parties. The defendant must, therefore, be held to have intended and agreed that who- ! ever should present the certificate so issued j from the bank, with the assignment executed j in blank, should be entitled to fill up the | blanks with his own name, and to have a transfer of the stock made to himself on the books of the company. The certificate accompanied with the transfer, executed in blank, has a species of negotiability of a peculiar character, but one well recognized in commercial transactions and judicial decisions, and absolutely essential in the usage and necessities of modern commerce to make such certificates available in commercial transactions. Even when such blank assignments, or powers of attorney to transfer stock, are under seal, the blanks may be filled up according to the agreement of the parties at the time. Bridgeport Bank v. New York & N. H. R. Co., 30 Conn. 274, 275; Redf. R. R. § 35, and cases cited. The decisions to the contrary in the English courts have not been followéd in this country, and they were influenced not merely by a rigid adherence to the technical rules of the common law in relation to instruments under seal, but by the policy of the stamp system. But the case of Walker v. Bartlett, 36 Eng. Law & Eq. 368, and later English decisions, recognize the va- j lidity of blank transfers of stock, and that i such transfer’s of stock impose upon the holder of them the obligation to pay calls upon the shares while they remain his property. In Kortright v. Commercial Bank, 20 Wend. 94, speaking of the filling up of a blank transfer of stock and power of attorney, Nelson, C. J., after stating that this is in strict conformity with the universal usage of dealers in the negotiation and transfer of stocks according to the proof in the case, goes on to say: “Even without the aid of this usage, there could be no great difficulty in upholding the assignment. The execution in blank must have been for the express purpose of enabling the holder, whoever he might be, to fill it up. If intended to have been filled up in the name of the first transferee, there would have been no necessity for its execution in blank; Barker might have completed ,the instrument.” The right to fill the blank in a blank transfer of stock is recognized by the supreme court of Massachusetts in Sewall v. Boston Water Power Co., 4 Allen, 277.
Matthews clearly had the right, having advanced the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars upon the supposed security of this blank assignment of stock, to fill up the blank with his own-name and with the place of his residence, and whatever was necessary to make the instrument complete as an assignment and transfer to him of the shares described in the certificate. The case finds that the cashier signed the assignment in blank for the purpose and with the intention of restoring the pledge to Coe. But even if he went further, and agreed with Coe that Coe should fill the blank with his own name, such private understanding between him and Coe would not have affected the rights of third parties who parted with their property in good faith without negligence, upon the faith of the certificate of the cashier that the bank undertook to assign, and did assign, to whoever might be the lawful holder of the instrument, the amount of stock described therein. As above quoted from Nelson, C. J., “If intended to have beén filled up in the name of the first transferee, there would have been no necessity for its execution in blank.” Frotliingham “might have completed the instrument.” What possible explanation can be given of the course of the cashier in giving to Coe an assignment in blank rather than a transfer to Coe himself, other than to enable Coe to dispose of the certificate so that the holder could take his title directly from the bank, and that the instrument might be used according to the well-known usage of dealing with stock certificates, passing from one purchaser to another without the inconveniences and delays consequent upon manifold transfers on the records of the corporation? If the bank intended to limit the assignment to a particular assignee, or to a less number of shares than the number described in the certificate, the limitation should have appeared in the assignment. The assignment in blank purports to assign what is described in the certificate to the lawful holder, whoever he may be, who may fill the blank. The signature is given for the purpose of transferring title; and whenever the blank is filled, a contract of sale is established between the party who [1119] lias signed the blank assignment and the person whose name is rightfully filled in as assignee.
It is contended in behalf of the bank that the transfer in blank created no liability or obligation on the part of the bank to Matthews, because the circumstances under which the certificate was received by the bank and surrendered to Coe indicate clearly that the act of the cashier in signing and transferring the certificate to Coe was performed with the intention of restoring the pledge to Coe in discharge of the duty of the bank as pledgee after the purposes of the pledge were answered, and not with any purpose of a sale of the certificate or the stock supposed to be represented by it. But there is nothing in the case to show any knowledge on the part of Matthews of any such intention on the part of the cashier. The certificate purports to be a certificate that the bank held the shares as collateral, but does not show that they were collateral for a debt of Coe’s to the bank. Such a certificate of stock with the transfer in blank of a responsible bank might, in the ordinary course and usage of dealing in stocks, pass through the hands of many successive purchasers. The possession of the certificate would afford no indication that the holder of it was the person who had originally transferred it to the bank as collateral. If Coe had consented to a sale by the bank of the collateral to pay his debt, or if the bank had in any way acquired the right to sell it, and had sold it, if the assignment had been in blank, the purchaser would have been in the same condition, and Matthews, in dealing with such a purchaser, would have received no better evidence of title against the bank than he received from Coe. Had the bank desired to sell this stock, and placed it in the hands of a broker with a blank transfer in the usual course of business, Matthews, in buying from the broker, would have received no better evidence of title against the bank than in the present case. The mere words “as collateral” in the instrument do not tend to put the purchaser on inquiry, except so far as relates to the authority of the bank to dispose of the collateral as between the bank and its- debtor. If this inquiry had been made, it would only have resulted in the information that the assignment was made in its actual form by ‘the joint act and consent of the debtor and the bank. The name of the pledger was not settled in the certificate, as is required by the statute of Massachusetts (Gen. St. Mass. c. 68, § 13). In fact, if Matthews had gone to the bank to make inquiries, he could only have learned that, Coe having paid his debt to the bank, the certificate had been surrendered to him by the bank with a transfer in blank. There would have been nothing in this information to lead him to doubt the genuineness of a certificate to which the bank had given currency by its signature, and on the faith of which he would have learned the bank had loaned twenty thousand dollars, which had been paid. The bank or the cashier did not then doubt the genuineness of the instrument, and no inquiry at the bank would have inspired doubts in the mind of Matthews, there being no such doubts in the minds of the officers of the bank. Nor is it perceived how the bank can contend with any show of reason that Matthews was negligent in not inquiring at the office of the railway corporation. If the duty of making such an inquiry was incumbent on any one, it was surely incumbent on the bank to ascertain the genuineness of the instrument before they gave currency to it, and lulled suspicion and doubt by the responsibility of their own signature. The answer to all the positions taken by the defendant as to notice to Matthews from the words “as collateral” in the instrument, is that there is nothing to connect Ooe with those words. There is nothing on the face of the papers, and there was nothing in the fact of the possession of the instrument by Coe, to show that he was the person for whose debt the stock was held as collateral. Had not Matthews a right to suppose, upon receiving this certificate authenticated by the signature of the bank, that they had obtained the certificate themselves from the railroad company in the usual way, thus preventing the possibility of fraud or forgery before receiving as collateral for a loan and before authenticating it with their signature? It is difficult to see in what respect Matthews was negligent
The defendant, on the other hand, negligently placed confidence in Coe to obtain a transfer from the railroad company of the two hundred shares on which they loaned the sum of twenty-two thousand dollars, instead of taking their certificate directly from the company. But the negligent act which especially imposes upon them a liability in this case is, that they delivered the forged instrument to Coe, authenticated by their signature in blank to a transfer, thus giving to it a currency and negotiability which it would not have possessed had they made the transfer directly to Coe. Thus the bank put it in the power of Coe to commit the fraud on Matthews on which this suit is founded.
In McNeil v. Tenth Nat. Bank, the language of the opinion is precisely applicable to a case like the present: “Such, then, being the nature and effect of the documents with which the plaintiff intrusted his brokers, what position does he occupy towards per-, sons who in reliance upon those documents have, in good faith, advanced money to the brokers or their assigns on a pledge of the shares? When he asserts his title, and claims as against them that he cannot be deprived of his property without his consent, cannot he be truly answered, that by leaving the certificate in the hands of his brokers, accompanied by an. instrument bearing his own [1120] signature which purported to he executed for a consideration, and to convey the title away from him, and to empower the bearer of it irrevocably to dispose of the stock, he in fact ‘substituted his trust in the honesty of his brokers for the control which the law gave him over his own property,’ and that the consequences of a betrayal of that trust should fall upon him who reposed it, rather than upon innocent strangers from whom the brokers were thereby enabled to obtain their money?” If the bank only intended to revest in Coe whatever it acquired from him, it would have been perfectly easy to have limited the transfer to that extent only. A private understanding that such was the intention between Coe and the cashier could not affect the rights of those who, if misled, were misled by the acts of the bank. If the bank, by giving to Coe the transfer in blank with its signature, exhibited him to the money-dealing public as having the competent right of pledge and disposal, with all the usual evidences of such right, it substituted its trust in the honesty of Coe for the control which the bank should have exercised itself over the transfer of the instrument, and should suffer the loss consequent upon his betrayal of the trust, rather than to suffer it to fall upon an innocent stranger;
If the conditions upon which the apparent right of control which the bank conferred upon Coe were not expressed on the face of the instrument, but remained in confidence between the bank and Coe, the case is not distinguishable in principle from that of an agent who receives secret instructions qualifying or restricting an apparently absolute power. Jarvis v. Rogers, 15 Mass. 389; Pickering v. Busk, 15 East, 38; Patman v. Lobach, 1 Duer, 354; New York & N. H. R. Co. v. Schuyler, 34 N. Y. 31.
One of two innocent parties must suffer in this case by the fraud of Coe. Under similar circumstances, courts have repeatedly held that the party must suffer who has exhibited the greater degree of negligence. The leading case on the indorsement of bills of lading, Lickbarrow v. Mason, 2 Term R. 63, is an authority on this point. See also Lobdell v. Baker, 3 Met [Mass.] 469; Polhill v. Walter, 3 Barn. & Adol. 114.
The bank is precluded from setting up the tfact of the forgery of the instrument, because it would be a wrong on its own part and an injury to others whose conduct has been influenced by the acts and omissions of the bank. Swayne, J., in Merchants’ Bank v. State Bank, 10 Wall. [77 U. S.] 645, says, “Estoppel in pais presupposes an error or a fault, and implies an act in itself invalid. The rule proceeds upon the consideration that the author of the misfortune shall not himself escape the consequences and cast the burden upon another.” Clifford, J., recognizes this principle in his dissenting opinion in that case: “If a bank may be held liable in any case upon a certificate of their cashier that a check is good when they have no funds of the drawer, it is not because the cashier is authorized to make such certificate, but because the bank is bound by his representation, notwithstanding it is false and unauthorized.” An estoppel is a salutary rule which prevents a man from proving that to be false which he has once represented to be true, when others have acted on the faith of his representation.
The fact that Matthews has also a right of action against Coe, who is a convict and a bankrupt, does not preclude him from a remedy against the bank. Gurney v. Womersley, 4 El. & Bl. 133.
Upon the facts as agreed in this case, the plaintiff is entitled to judgment, and, according to the agreement of parties, the case is to be referred to an auditor to assess the damages. Judgment accordingly.