IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS ══════════ No. 19-0920 ══════════
MATTHEW M. SPANTON AND ELISHA SPANTON D/B/A HILL COUNTRY KENNELS, PETITIONERS, v.
PAMELA S. BELLAH, RESPONDENT
══════════════════════════════════════════ ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS ══════════════════════════════════════════
PER CURIAM
In this negligence action, the trial court entered a default judgment in favor of plaintiff
Pamela Bellah after defendants Matthew and Elisha Spanton failed to timely file an answer or
otherwise appear. More than thirty days later, the Spantons filed a restricted appeal claiming Bellah
failed to properly serve them with process. The court of appeals disagreed, holding that a
discrepancy between the address at which the trial court authorized substitute service and the
address where the process server actually sent substitute service was minor and did not invalidate
service or the default judgment. Because we disagree, we vacate the default judgment and remand
the case to the trial court.
The Spantons employed Bellah at their business, Hill Country Kennels. Bellah sued the
Spantons for negligence, alleging that one of the dogs housed at the kennel attacked and seriously
injured her. She asserted in her petition that the Spantons resided and could be served at a specific house number on “Heather Hills Dr.” in Dripping Springs, Texas. The clerk issued the citation for
service at that address.
After several unsuccessful attempts to serve the Spantons, Bellah filed a motion for
substitute service and attached affidavits from the process server. The process server stated that he
had attempted service on the Spantons at the specified house number, but on “Heathers Hill Dr.”
instead of “Heather Hills” [Emphasis added.] He explained that, while attempting service on
“Heathers Hill,” an “employee” confirmed that Matthew Spanton “resides at the residence, but he
was not home.” He also stated that, in two different phone conversations, Elisha Spanton refused
to meet with him to accept service, but she sent him an email confirming that he could serve
process at the street number on “Heathers Hill.” Bellah’s motion asked the trial court to authorize
substitute service giving “reasonably effective notice” by attaching the citation and petition “to the
gate surrounding the property,” by personally delivering them to “any person over the age of 16,”
and by sending them by first class and certified mail, all to “defendants’ residence located at” the
same specified house number on “Heathers Hill.” [Emphasis added.]
The trial court granted the motion and authorized substitute service by first-class and
certified mail, return receipt requested, and by attaching a copy of the citation and petition to the
gate, referring to the specified house number on “Heathers Hill.” [Emphasis added.] The process
server later filed a return stating he executed substitute service by posting a copy to the gate and
by sending a copy by certified mail, return receipt requested, at the specified house number on
“Heather Hills Drive.” Bellah then moved for default judgment, certifying that the Spantons’ last-
known address was the specified house number on “Heather Hills.”
2 To summarize, Bellah’s original petition, the citation the clerk issued, the process server’s
return of substitute service, and Bellah’s motion for default judgment all identified the Spantons’
address as the specified house number on “Heather Hills.” But Bellah’s motion for substitute
service, the process server’s supporting affidavits, and the trial court’s order authorizing substitute
service all identified the Spantons’ address as the specified house number on “Heathers Hill.”
The day after Bellah filed her motion for default judgment, the court clerk received the
certified-mail return receipt, which was stamped “RETURN TO SENDER UNCLAIMED
UNABLE TO FORWARD.” Six days later, the clerk received the first-class mailing packet, which
was marked “FORWARD TIME EXP[IRED] R[E]T[UR]N TO SEND[ER].” This stamp also
stated that the Spantons’ correct forwarding address was a different house number on a different
street in Spicewood, Texas. That same day, the trial court entered a final default judgment against
the Spantons, awarding Bellah $950,000, plus court costs and interest. Bellah asked the court to
mail three copies of the abstract of judgment to each of the Spantons. The court mailed the abstracts
to the specified house number on “Heather Hills Drive.”
Nearly three months later, the Spantons filed a notice of restricted appeal. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 26.1(c), 30. The court of appeals held that the face of the record failed to demonstrate error.
Spanton v. Bellah, — S.W.3d —, —, 2019 WL 4020270, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Austin 2019); see
Ex parte E.H., 602 S.W.3d 486, 497 (Tex. 2020) (holding that an appellant who establishes the
appellate court’s jurisdiction under rule 30 “must then establish error from the face of the record
to prevail in the restricted appeal”). First, the court held that the process server’s affidavits were
sufficient to show “that leaving the citation and petition at the Spantons’ ‘usual place of abode’
would be reasonably effective to give them notice of Bellah’s suit.” — S.W.3d at —. The court
3 then held that the discrepancy between the trial court’s order granting substitute service on
“Heathers Hill” and the process server’s return stating he had effected substitute service on
“Heather Hills” did not necessitate reversal. Id. at —. Although the court agreed that the record
“must show strict compliance with the rules of service of citation for a default judgment to
withstand a direct attack on restricted appeal,” id. at — (citing Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 884
S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994) (per curiam)), it concluded that “‘strict compliance’ does not require
‘obeisance to the minutest detail,’” id. at — (quoting Cuetara v. DSCH Capital Partners, LLC,
No. 03-16-00078-CV, 2016 WL 3917181, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin July 14, 2016, no pet.) (mem.
op.)).
We have long held that a no-answer default judgment cannot stand when the defendant
“was not served in strict compliance with applicable requirements.” Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d
833, 836 (Tex. 1990). Because no-answer default judgments are disfavored, Holt Atherton Indus.,
Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 86 (Tex. 1992), and because trial courts lack jurisdiction over a
defendant who was not properly served with process, Wilson, 800 S.W.2d at 836, we have
construed “strict compliance” to mean just that. We indulge no presumptions in favor of valid
issuance, service, or return of citation. See Uvalde Country Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 690
S.W.2d 884, 885 (Tex. 1985); McKanna v. Edgar, 388 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tex. 1965). Service of
process that does not strictly comply with the rules’ requirements is “invalid and of no effect.”
Uvalde, 690 S.W.2d at 885 (citing McKanna, 388 S.W.2d at 929).
The court of appeals held that strict compliance did not equate to “obeisance to the minutest
detail,” quoting Cuetara, 2016 WL 3917181, at *2. In Cuetara, the trial court’s order authorized
substitute service at the defendant’s place of business by “leaving such process with the
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS ══════════ No. 19-0920 ══════════
MATTHEW M. SPANTON AND ELISHA SPANTON D/B/A HILL COUNTRY KENNELS, PETITIONERS, v.
PAMELA S. BELLAH, RESPONDENT
══════════════════════════════════════════ ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS ══════════════════════════════════════════
PER CURIAM
In this negligence action, the trial court entered a default judgment in favor of plaintiff
Pamela Bellah after defendants Matthew and Elisha Spanton failed to timely file an answer or
otherwise appear. More than thirty days later, the Spantons filed a restricted appeal claiming Bellah
failed to properly serve them with process. The court of appeals disagreed, holding that a
discrepancy between the address at which the trial court authorized substitute service and the
address where the process server actually sent substitute service was minor and did not invalidate
service or the default judgment. Because we disagree, we vacate the default judgment and remand
the case to the trial court.
The Spantons employed Bellah at their business, Hill Country Kennels. Bellah sued the
Spantons for negligence, alleging that one of the dogs housed at the kennel attacked and seriously
injured her. She asserted in her petition that the Spantons resided and could be served at a specific house number on “Heather Hills Dr.” in Dripping Springs, Texas. The clerk issued the citation for
service at that address.
After several unsuccessful attempts to serve the Spantons, Bellah filed a motion for
substitute service and attached affidavits from the process server. The process server stated that he
had attempted service on the Spantons at the specified house number, but on “Heathers Hill Dr.”
instead of “Heather Hills” [Emphasis added.] He explained that, while attempting service on
“Heathers Hill,” an “employee” confirmed that Matthew Spanton “resides at the residence, but he
was not home.” He also stated that, in two different phone conversations, Elisha Spanton refused
to meet with him to accept service, but she sent him an email confirming that he could serve
process at the street number on “Heathers Hill.” Bellah’s motion asked the trial court to authorize
substitute service giving “reasonably effective notice” by attaching the citation and petition “to the
gate surrounding the property,” by personally delivering them to “any person over the age of 16,”
and by sending them by first class and certified mail, all to “defendants’ residence located at” the
same specified house number on “Heathers Hill.” [Emphasis added.]
The trial court granted the motion and authorized substitute service by first-class and
certified mail, return receipt requested, and by attaching a copy of the citation and petition to the
gate, referring to the specified house number on “Heathers Hill.” [Emphasis added.] The process
server later filed a return stating he executed substitute service by posting a copy to the gate and
by sending a copy by certified mail, return receipt requested, at the specified house number on
“Heather Hills Drive.” Bellah then moved for default judgment, certifying that the Spantons’ last-
known address was the specified house number on “Heather Hills.”
2 To summarize, Bellah’s original petition, the citation the clerk issued, the process server’s
return of substitute service, and Bellah’s motion for default judgment all identified the Spantons’
address as the specified house number on “Heather Hills.” But Bellah’s motion for substitute
service, the process server’s supporting affidavits, and the trial court’s order authorizing substitute
service all identified the Spantons’ address as the specified house number on “Heathers Hill.”
The day after Bellah filed her motion for default judgment, the court clerk received the
certified-mail return receipt, which was stamped “RETURN TO SENDER UNCLAIMED
UNABLE TO FORWARD.” Six days later, the clerk received the first-class mailing packet, which
was marked “FORWARD TIME EXP[IRED] R[E]T[UR]N TO SEND[ER].” This stamp also
stated that the Spantons’ correct forwarding address was a different house number on a different
street in Spicewood, Texas. That same day, the trial court entered a final default judgment against
the Spantons, awarding Bellah $950,000, plus court costs and interest. Bellah asked the court to
mail three copies of the abstract of judgment to each of the Spantons. The court mailed the abstracts
to the specified house number on “Heather Hills Drive.”
Nearly three months later, the Spantons filed a notice of restricted appeal. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 26.1(c), 30. The court of appeals held that the face of the record failed to demonstrate error.
Spanton v. Bellah, — S.W.3d —, —, 2019 WL 4020270, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Austin 2019); see
Ex parte E.H., 602 S.W.3d 486, 497 (Tex. 2020) (holding that an appellant who establishes the
appellate court’s jurisdiction under rule 30 “must then establish error from the face of the record
to prevail in the restricted appeal”). First, the court held that the process server’s affidavits were
sufficient to show “that leaving the citation and petition at the Spantons’ ‘usual place of abode’
would be reasonably effective to give them notice of Bellah’s suit.” — S.W.3d at —. The court
3 then held that the discrepancy between the trial court’s order granting substitute service on
“Heathers Hill” and the process server’s return stating he had effected substitute service on
“Heather Hills” did not necessitate reversal. Id. at —. Although the court agreed that the record
“must show strict compliance with the rules of service of citation for a default judgment to
withstand a direct attack on restricted appeal,” id. at — (citing Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 884
S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994) (per curiam)), it concluded that “‘strict compliance’ does not require
‘obeisance to the minutest detail,’” id. at — (quoting Cuetara v. DSCH Capital Partners, LLC,
No. 03-16-00078-CV, 2016 WL 3917181, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin July 14, 2016, no pet.) (mem.
op.)).
We have long held that a no-answer default judgment cannot stand when the defendant
“was not served in strict compliance with applicable requirements.” Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d
833, 836 (Tex. 1990). Because no-answer default judgments are disfavored, Holt Atherton Indus.,
Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 86 (Tex. 1992), and because trial courts lack jurisdiction over a
defendant who was not properly served with process, Wilson, 800 S.W.2d at 836, we have
construed “strict compliance” to mean just that. We indulge no presumptions in favor of valid
issuance, service, or return of citation. See Uvalde Country Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 690
S.W.2d 884, 885 (Tex. 1985); McKanna v. Edgar, 388 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tex. 1965). Service of
process that does not strictly comply with the rules’ requirements is “invalid and of no effect.”
Uvalde, 690 S.W.2d at 885 (citing McKanna, 388 S.W.2d at 929).
The court of appeals held that strict compliance did not equate to “obeisance to the minutest
detail,” quoting Cuetara, 2016 WL 3917181, at *2. In Cuetara, the trial court’s order authorized
substitute service at the defendant’s place of business by “leaving such process with the
4 receptionist or such other person over the age of sixteen at the front office at such address.” Id. at
*1. The return confirmed that process was served at the designated address, but it did not specify
that it was left “at the front office.” Id. Concluding that service was properly effected, the court of
appeals noted that the court’s order “did not specify how proof of service should be made or that
it had to include every detail listed in the order for substituted service.” Id. at *2. The court noted
that the scenario before it was not one where, for instance, “service was improper because it was
executed at a different address.” Id.
Cuetara properly distinguishes the types of discrepancies that may invalidate substitute
service from those that are mere “minutest details.” Discrepancies in addresses may be mere details
when the order authorizes substitute service wherever the defendant could be found or when the
defendant is indisputably personally served. See, e.g., Silver B & Laviolette, LLC v. GH
Contracting, Inc., No. 03-10-00091-CV, 2010 WL 4053791, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 12,
2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that defendant’s agent was personally served); Westcliffe, Inc. v.
Bear Creek Const., Ltd., 105 S.W.3d 286, 291 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.) (upholding
service at “Midway” when court authorization said “Medway” because the authorization also
permitted service wherever defendant could be found); Garcia v. Gutierrez, 697 S.W.2d 758, 760
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1985, no writ) (upholding service when “the return affirmatively
states that it was served on the named defendant”).
But otherwise, this Court has repeatedly held that discrepancies in the defendant’s name or
address prevent any implication or presumption of proper substitute service. See Uvalde, 690
S.W.2d at 885 (holding that service was ineffective when the person served was “Henry Bunting,”
but the registered agent was “Henry Bunting, Jr.”); Hendon v. Pugh, 46 Tex. 211, 212 (1876)
5 (reversing default judgment when the return was served on “J.N. Hendon” but the named defendant
was “J.W. Hendon”); Faver v. Robinson, 46 Tex. 204, 205 (1876) (reversing default judgment
when service of citation was served on “John R. Favers” but the named defendant was “John R.
Faver”); see also Creaven v. Creaven, 551 S.W.3d 865, 874 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2018, no pet.) (holding substitute service ineffective when “the Affidavit of Service reflects a
different street name than the street name in the substituted service order, and there is no evidence
in the record that these addresses refer to the same place”); Lytle v. Cunningham, 261 S.W.3d 837,
840 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (holding that substitute service was ineffective and involved
more than a “slight variance” when citation was issued to “Mr. Chris Lytle” but the return said it
was delivered to “Christopher Lytle”).
Such deviances are certainly not trivial when the trial court has authorized substitute
service. “When a trial court orders substituted service pursuant to rule 106, the only authority for
the substituted service is the order itself.” Dolly v. Aethos Commc’ns Sys., Inc., 10 S.W.3d 384,
388 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.); see Vespa v. Nat’l Health Ins. Co., 98 S.W.3d 749, 752
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (same); Becker v. Russell, 765 S.W.2d 899, 900 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1989, no writ); Broussard v. Davila, 352 S.W.2d 753, 754 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1961, no writ) (“Except upon the terms and conditions stated by the judge in his order,
there is no authority for substitute service.”).
In this case, the trial court’s order authorized substitute service at a house number on
“Heathers Hill Drive” in Dripping Springs, and the return stated that service was executed at the
same house number but on “Heather Hills Drive” in Dripping Springs. Substitute service therefore
did not strictly comply with the trial court’s order. See Broussard, 352 S.W.2d at 754 (“If the
6 manner prescribed is not followed, then service is accomplished in a manner not authorized by the
judge . . . .”). Nothing in the record demonstrates that the Spantons actually received substitute
service or that Heather Hills Drive and Heathers Hill Drive are the same street. While one might
reasonably presume or believe that to be true, we cannot entertain such presumptions or beliefs to
uphold a default judgment based on substitute service. The face of the record in this case
establishes that the substitute service did not strictly comply with the order permitting such service.
As a result, the default judgment cannot stand. Without hearing oral argument, T EX. R. APP. P.
59.1, we grant the Spantons’ petition for review, vacate the default judgment, and remand the case
to the trial court for further proceedings.
Opinion delivered: November 20, 2020