Supreme Court of Florida ____________
No. SC2022-0417 ____________
MATTHEW DETTLE, Petitioner,
vs.
STATE OF FLORIDA, Respondent.
October 24, 2024
COURIEL, J.
In Florida, it is a felony to use a computer or other device to
solicit a child, or a person believed to be a child, to engage in
unlawful sexual conduct. See § 847.0135(3), Fla. Stat. (2012). It is
also a felony to travel to meet a minor after such solicitation. See
§ 847.0135(4)(a), Fla. Stat. (2012). And it is a felony to use a two-
way communications device to facilitate or further the commission
of a felony. See § 934.215, Fla. Stat. (2012). In this case, Matthew
Dettle was charged with and convicted of all three of these offenses.
His conviction for the third offense was vacated. Before us he argues that the two remaining convictions transgress the United
States Constitution’s promise that no person shall “be subject for
the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” See
amend. V, U.S. Const. 1
Historically, Florida courts have varied in how they have
determined whether multiple convictions violate that constitutional
guarantee. Some have analyzed the evidentiary record to determine
whether a defendant’s convictions were based on the same or
separate conduct; others have looked only to the charging
1. Dettle also says his solicitation conviction violates our State’s rules of court. See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(a)(1) (grounds for a postconviction motion may include that “the judgment was entered or sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or the State of Florida”). But he does not specifically allege a violation of the Florida Constitution, which shares the United States Constitution’s guarantee against double jeopardy. See art. 1, § 9, Fla. Const. (providing that “[n]o person shall be . . . twice put in jeopardy for the same offense”); see also Trappman v. State, 384 So. 3d 742, 746-47 (Fla. 2024) (explaining that the double jeopardy clause in the Florida Constitution “was intended to mirror [the] intention of those who framed the double jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment” (alteration in original) (quoting Carawan v. State, 515 So. 2d 161, 164 (Fla. 1987))); Valdes v. State, 3 So. 3d 1067, 1069 (Fla. 2009) (“The constitutional protection against double jeopardy is found in both article I, section 9, of the Florida Constitution and the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which contain double jeopardy clauses.”). -2- document, rejecting an alleged offense if it requires the State to
prove the same thing as another one charged. In Lee v. State, 258
So. 3d 1297, 1304 (Fla. 2018), we announced that a court must
review only the charging document to determine whether multiple
convictions violate a defendant’s constitutional right against double
jeopardy.
Today, we consider a certified question of great public
importance concerning the application of that rule: “Does the
holding in [Lee] provide retroactive relief in postconviction
proceedings pursuant to Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850?” Dettle v. State
(Dettle II), 334 So. 3d 346, 347 (Fla. 1st DCA 2021).2
The answer is no: Lee does not apply retroactively to cases
that were already final when it was decided. Because the answer to
the certified question is the same whether we apply the retroactivity
standard we adopted in Witt v. State, 387 So. 2d 922 (Fla. 1980), or
the one set out by the United States Supreme Court in Teague v.
Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989) (plurality opinion), we need not choose
2. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(4), Fla. Const. Because the certified question presents a pure question of law, our review is de novo. See Ruiz v. Tenet Hialeah Healthsystem, Inc., 260 So. 3d 977, 981 (Fla. 2018). -3- between the two to resolve this case, even though the State urges
us to recede from the former and adopt the latter. 3
I
Matthew Dettle was charged in 2012 in a single three-count
information. Two years later, a jury found him guilty of each count.
Dettle appealed, including on double jeopardy grounds.
“The most familiar concept of the term ‘double jeopardy’ is that
the Constitution prohibits subjecting a person to multiple
prosecutions, convictions, and punishments for the same criminal
offense.” Valdes, 3 So. 3d at 1069 (noting, too, that “there is no
constitutional prohibition against multiple punishments for
different offenses arising out of the same criminal transaction as
long as the Legislature intends to authorize separate
punishments”). As we have recently explained, the U.S. Supreme
Court has “recognized three separate guarantees embodied in the
Double Jeopardy Clause”—namely, it “protects against a second
3. For good measure, the State also urges us to recede from Lee, arguing it was wrongly decided on the merits. That issue is not part of the certified question and need not be addressed to resolve this case.
-4- prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, against a second
prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and against
multiple punishments for the same offense.” Trappman v. State,
384 So. 3d 742, 747 (Fla. 2024) (quoting Justs. of Bos. Mun. Ct. v.
Lydon, 466 U.S. 294, 306-07 (1984)). Dettle’s double jeopardy
concerns involve the last of these guarantees.
The First District Court of Appeal found that, “under the facts
of this case,” Dettle’s simultaneous convictions for traveling to meet
a minor after solicitation, and for unlawful use of a two-way
communications device, violated the prohibition against double
jeopardy. Dettle v. State (Dettle I), 218 So. 3d 910, 910 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2016). So the court vacated the latter conviction. But it
affirmed Dettle’s remaining two convictions “because the illegal acts
solicited [were] separate illegal acts in this case.” Id. at 910
(distinguishing State v. Shelley, 176 So. 3d 914 (Fla. 2015), which
held that dual convictions for solicitation and traveling after
solicitation based on the same conduct violate double jeopardy).
Dettle’s convictions became final in 2017. One year later, this
Court decided Lee v. State, 258 So. 3d 1297 (Fla. 2018). In Lee, as
discussed, we held that, “to determine whether multiple convictions -5- of solicitation of a minor, unlawful use of a two-way
communications device, and traveling after solicitation of a minor
are based upon the same conduct for purposes of double jeopardy,
the reviewing court should consider only the charging document—
not the entire evidentiary record.” Id. at 1304.
Dettle, arguing that Lee should be given retroactive effect, filed
a postconviction motion under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure
3.850. The trial court denied relief, finding that Lee did not apply
retroactively, and further denied Dettle’s subsequent motion for
rehearing. Dettle appealed. The First District affirmed in a per
curiam decision, concluding: “Lee does not apply retroactively to
cases such as [Dettle’s] that were already final when Lee was
decided.” Dettle II, 334 So. 3d at 346-47.
The First District denied Dettle’s subsequent motion for
rehearing and rehearing en banc. But it granted Dettle’s request to
certify the question of great public importance before us.
-6- II
Our holding in Lee does not apply retroactively.
A
We have said that “[n]ew rules of law announced by this Court
or the United States Supreme Court generally apply to all cases that
are pending on direct review or are otherwise not final”—they do
not, normally, apply retroactively. White v. State, 214 So. 3d 541,
549 (Fla. 2017). And for good reason. To give such rules
retroactive effect would bake into each conviction an “absence of
finality [that would] cast[] a cloud of tentativeness over the criminal
justice system, benefiting neither the person convicted nor society
as a whole.” Witt, 387 So. 2d at 925. The orderly administration of
justice and courts’ responsible stewardship of resources depend on
the finality of criminal convictions. See id. at 925 n.* (quoting
United States v. Addonizio, 442 U.S. 178 n.11 (1979)). Thus, we
have said that “[t]he importance of finality in any justice system,
including the criminal justice system, cannot be understated.” Id.
at 925; see also Teague, 489 U.S. at 309 (discussing finality as
“essential to the operation of our criminal justice system”).
-7- There are, however, exceptions. In Witt, we relied on Linkletter
v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618 (1965), to fashion a retroactivity test that
applies “where a change of law is asserted as a ground for collateral
relief under Rule 3.850.” See 387 So. 2d at 929 n.24. The U.S.
Supreme Court subsequently abandoned Linkletter and, in Teague,
set forth a new federal retroactivity standard. Under both tests, we
arrive at the same conclusion: the rule we announced in Lee is not
of the exceptional kind to which we are bound to give retroactive
effect.
B
In Witt, we followed the U.S. Supreme Court’s Linkletter
analysis for determining retroactivity: consider the old rule, by
analyzing the extent to which it has been relied on, and the new
rule, by analyzing its purpose and how applying it retroactively
would affect the administration of justice. See id. at 926. The Witt
analysis starts with the understanding that a change of law does
not apply retroactively “unless the change: (a) emanates from this
Court or the United States Supreme Court, (b) is constitutional in
nature, and (c) constitutes a development of fundamental
significance.” Id. at 931. Because Lee, a decision of this Court, -8- involves the constitutional issue of double jeopardy, the parties
agree that the retroactivity analysis we must undertake here hinges
on the third prong: whether Lee constitutes a development of
fundamental significance.
It does not. We said in Witt that a change in law is of
fundamental significance when it (1) places “beyond the authority of
the state the power to regulate certain conduct or impose certain
penalties,” or (2) is “of sufficient magnitude to necessitate
retroactive application” 4 under the three-factor test in Linkletter. Id.
4. Under Witt, whether a rule qualifies for retroactive application depends in part on whether it falls into the (judicially created) category of rules that are “of fundamental significance,” which in turn depends in part on whether the rule is “of sufficient magnitude to necessitate retroactive application.” Witt, 387 So. 2d at 929, 931. In deciding whether the change is “of sufficient magnitude,” we consider several factors that the U.S. Supreme Court articulated in its Linkletter test. The defining feature (and glitch) of any judicially created multi-factor balancing test is its pliability in practice. For that reason, we have previously explained our “war[iness] of any invocation of multi-factor stare decisis tests or frameworks,” stating: “They are malleable and do not lend themselves to objective, consistent, and predictable application. They can distract us from the merits of a legal question and encourage us to think more like a legislature than a court.” State v. Poole, 297 So. 3d 487, 507 (Fla. 2020). And here, the pliability of the Linkletter factors means that the Witt rule allows a court to give retroactive effect, more or less, to rules it finds meritorious of retroactive effect. -9- at 929. The first of those categories, the parties agree, is not at
issue. We turn, then, to Linkletter’s three-factor test.
Under Linkletter, whether a case is “of sufficient magnitude to
necessitate retroactive application” turns on “(a) the purpose to be
served by the new rule; (b) the extent of reliance on the old rule;
and (c) the effect on the administration of justice of a retroactive
application of the new rule.” Id. at 926 (citing cases). We have said
this retroactivity analysis is supposed to balance the justice
system’s dual goals of fairness and finality. See id. And, we have
said, we use it to determine whether a new rule amounts to a
“jurisprudential upheaval[]” (to which we give retroactive effect), or
whether it is more like an “evolutionary refinement[] in the criminal
law” (to which we do not). Id. at 929; see also Phillips v. State, 299
So. 3d 1013, 1021 (Fla. 2020) (“[O]ur Court in Witt equated new
rules of law that are of ‘sufficient magnitude’ to merit retroactive
application with ‘jurisdictional upheavals.’ ” (quoting Witt, 387 So.
2d at 929)).
Linkletter’s first factor, considering the purpose of the new
rule, counsels against applying Lee retroactively. We have declined
to give retroactive effect to new rules when the “purpose of the new - 10 - rule can be achieved without applying the rule retroactively.”
Williams v. State, 421 So. 2d 512, 515 (Fla. 1982). That is the case
here, as we identified no purpose in Lee that required remedial
application of the new rule to already final cases. Rather, we
answered “how a reviewing court should determine whether
multiple convictions are based upon the same conduct,” Lee, 258
So. 3d at 1299, a fundamentally procedural change in the way a
reviewing court is to consider the defendant’s double jeopardy
rights that does not on its face cast doubt on, or demand remedy of,
the prior rule’s application. See Benyard v. Wainwright, 322 So. 2d
473, 475 (Fla. 1975) (“Substantive law prescribes the duties and
rights under our system of government. . . . Procedural law
concerns the means and method to apply and enforce those duties
and rights.”).
We have reached the opposite conclusion on those rare
occasions in which a new rule announced by this Court or the U.S.
Supreme Court recognized an additional substantive legal
protection ignored by the displaced rule, or so significant a
procedural change that its absence in prior convictions renders
them unfair or unreliable. Perhaps the most frequently cited - 11 - example—indeed, Witt cites it—is the rule of Gideon v. Wainwright,
372 U.S. 335 (1963), that each state must provide counsel to every
indigent defendant charged with a felony at all critical stages of the
proceeding. Witt, 387 So. 2d at 927, 929. That case recognized a
significant additional dimension of protection under the Sixth
Amendment, a purpose that can be distinguished in its substance
and magnitude from the change at issue here.
In Mosley v. State, 209 So. 3d 1248 (Fla. 2016), we concluded
that “the purpose of [two] holdings”—one of the U.S. Supreme
Court, another of this Court—“weigh[ed] heavily in favor of [their]
retroactive application” to postconviction defendants whose
sentences of death became final after the U.S. Supreme Court’s
decision in Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002). See Mosley, 209
So. 3d at 1278. In the first decision, Hurst v. Florida, 577 U.S. 92
(2016), the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that the “Sixth
Amendment requires a jury, not a judge, to find each fact necessary
to impose a sentence of death” and held our capital sentencing
statute unconstitutional. Id. at 94; see also Mosley, 209 So. 3d at
1272. And the second decision, Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40 (Fla.
2016), receded from in part by State v. Poole, 297 So. 3d 487 (Fla. - 12 - 2020), “emphasized the critical importance of a unanimous verdict
within Florida’s independent constitutional right to trial by jury
under article I, section 22, of the Florida Constitution.” Mosley, 209
So. 3d at 1278; see also Asay v. State, 210 So. 3d 1, 18-19 (Fla.
2016) (finding that Witt’s first factor weighed in favor of retroactively
applying Hurst v. Florida and Hurst v. State to capital defendants
whose sentences were final before Ring because “the ultimate
decision of whether a defendant lives or dies rests on these factual
findings, only strengthening the purpose of the new rule” but
denying retroactivity based on Witt’s remaining two factors). While
the purposes of these rules are in some sense procedural—they
speak to what the state must do to prove its case beyond a
reasonable doubt—they are of substantive character, too, for they
speak to the defendant’s right to a unanimous determination of
facts on which turn his or her eligibility for a sentence of death.
We have little trouble distinguishing these cases from Lee.
The rule announced in Lee is about the procedure a reviewing court
should use in weighing a double jeopardy claim. It recognizes no
additional scope to the defendant’s Fifth Amendment double
jeopardy right. See State v. Glenn, 558 So. 2d 4, 8 (Fla. 1990) - 13 - (declining to give retroactive effect to a rule that “attempt[ed] to
harmonize and refine the law as it is applied in determining the
proper method of construing criminal statutes in light of the
constitutional prohibitions against double jeopardy”). And we are
not persuaded that the new rule’s purpose was to “improve the
accuracy of trials or . . . improve the reliability of evidence.”
Chandler v. Crosby, 916 So. 2d 728, 730-31 (Fla. 2005) (declining to
give retroactive effect to a new rule, which did not “present a more
compelling objective that outweighs the importance of finality”).
Nor does the second Linkletter factor, which requires us to
consider the extent of reliance on the old rule allowing review of the
evidentiary record, support Lee’s retroactive application. Again,
Lee’s fundamentally procedural character matters, for reliance
interests generally are “lowest in cases—like this one—‘involving
procedural and evidentiary rules.’ ” Poole, 297 So. 3d at 507
(quoting Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 828 (1991)).
The district courts were split in how they decided whether
multiple convictions were based on the same conduct. See Lee, 258
So. 3d at 1303 (“Before and after this Court’s opinion in Shelley, the
district courts have disagreed on how a reviewing court should - 14 - determine whether multiple convictions are based on the same
conduct.”). Some prohibited trial courts from reviewing the
evidentiary record. See, e.g., id. at 1299 (collecting cases). Others
allowed review of the record. See, e.g., Assanti v. State, 227 So. 3d
679, 681-82 (Fla. 1st DCA 2017) (reviewing both the charging
document and the evidentiary record to hold that the defendant’s
convictions for traveling to meet a minor to engage in sexual
conduct and solicitation of a child for unlawful sexual conduct did
not violate double jeopardy because the “information . . . charged
the two offenses on different dates, and the evidence supports the
State’s contention that the two charges were not based on the same
conduct”); McCarter v. State, 204 So. 3d 529, 530 (Fla. 1st DCA
2016) (reviewing the evidentiary record to conclude that the
“solicitation and traveling convictions arose from different criminal
episodes and acts, which involved different dates, locations, and
criminal goals” and thus did not violate double jeopardy). For these
reasons, the reliance interests here are at best an inconclusive
basis upon which to give Lee retroactive effect. See Asay, 210 So.
3d at 19-20 (concluding the Court’s extensive reliance on the old
rule, “spann[ing] decades’ worth of capital cases,” “weigh[ed] heavily - 15 - against retroactive application” of the new rule); Chandler, 916 So.
2d at 730 (concluding the Witt factors weighed against retroactive
application in part because the old rule “was relied on by trial
courts for over 20 years”); Williams, 421 So. 2d at 515 (“That
significant reliance has been placed on the old rule is an important
factor supporting prospective application of the new rule.”).
The third Linkletter factor considers the effect of applying a
new rule on the administration of justice. “This final consideration
in the retroactivity equation requires a balancing of the justice
system’s goals of fairness and finality . . . .” Ferguson v. State, 789
So. 2d 306, 312 (Fla. 2001). We find the balance tips against giving
retroactive effect to the rule in Lee. Applying Lee retroactively
would require the parties to review charging documents from long-
ago convictions. So too would it require the courts to resentence
defendants—again, following long-ago convictions—whenever
vacating a lesser conviction could materially affect the sentence of
greater conviction. And while Dettle argues that applying Lee
retroactively would not require new trials, that is not dispositive to
our analysis. Even where retroactive application of the law would
require only resentencing, rather than retrial, “there is an important - 16 - consideration regarding the impact a new sentencing proceeding
would have on the victims’ families and their need for finality.”
Asay, 210 So. 3d at 22.
These finality concerns are not to be taken lightly. In fact,
finality is such a “strong concern” that, in practice, “this Court
rarely finds a change in decisional law to require retroactive
application.” Glenn, 558 So. 2d at 7-9 (collecting cases and
ultimately declining to retroactively apply an “evolutionary
refinement of decisional law” and “emphasiz[ing] that the policy
interests of decisional finality weigh heavily”). We said in Witt that
disrupting finality interests to accommodate mere “evolutionary
refinements in the criminal law,” including “for procedural fairness”
or “other like matters,” would “destroy the stability of the law,
render punishments uncertain and therefore ineffectual, and
burden the judicial machinery of our state, fiscally and
intellectually, beyond any tolerable limit.” Witt, 387 So. 2d at 929-
30.
Thus, using the test described in Witt, we conclude that Lee
does not reach the high bar we have set for rules to meet before we
- 17 - say that they, unlike most, require us to upset finality interests by
giving them retroactive effect.
C
Teague, which sets out a retroactivity standard with fewer
moving parts than the one we articulated in Witt, compels the same
result. Initially, under Teague, new rules of constitutional law
could not apply retroactively to postconviction cases unless they
were substantive or announced a “watershed” rule of criminal
procedure that was “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.”
Teague, 489 U.S. at 311 (quoting Mackey v. United States, 401 U.S.
667, 693 (1971)). The standard has evolved. In Edwards v.
Vannoy, the U.S. Supreme Court deemed Teague’s “watershed”
prong “moribund” and imposed a bright-line rule: new procedural
rules—that is, those that “alter ‘only the manner of determining the
defendant’s culpability’ ”—do not apply retroactively on collateral
review. 593 U.S. 255, 274, 276 (2021) (quoting Schriro v.
Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 353 (2004)). Instead, only substantive
rules—those that “alter ‘the range of conduct or the class of persons
that the law punishes’ ”—can apply retroactively. Id. at 276
(quoting Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 353).
- 18 - The inquiry under Teague, as modified in Edwards, is whether
a rule is procedural or substantive. Only the latter can be applied
retroactively. Lee is squarely a procedural rule: it resolved the
question “how a reviewing court should determine whether multiple
convictions are based upon the same conduct” in the context of the
specific convictions before it. Lee, 258 So. 3d at 1299; see also
Welch v. United States, 578 U.S. 120, 131 (2016) (“If a new rule
regulates only the procedures for determining culpability, the
Teague balance generally tips in favor of finality.”). Thus, under
Teague, as under Witt, Lee does not apply retroactively.
D
The State urges us to recede from Lee or, alternatively, to
recede from Witt and adopt Teague. We decline to do so. Our
answer to the certified question remains the same whether we apply
Witt or Teague, and we need not address Lee’s soundness to resolve
this case.
III
We answer the certified question in the negative and affirm the
decision of the First District.
It is so ordered.
- 19 - MUÑIZ, C.J., and LABARGA, GROSSHANS, and FRANCIS, JJ., concur. CANADY, J., concurs specially with an opinion. SASSO, J., concurs specially with an opinion.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED.
CANADY, J., specially concurring.
I agree that under Witt, our decision in Lee should not be
given retroactive effect on postconviction review and that the
decision of the First District therefore should be approved. I am
content to resolve this case under Witt. I agree, generally, with the
majority’s line of analysis,5 but I write to emphasize key aspects of
5. I do not agree with the majority’s analysis of the reliance issue. See majority op. at 14-16. The citation of Poole’s statement concerning reliance interest is inapposite. Under Witt, the relevant reliance interests are those of the government. In its statement of the threefold test that we subsequently adopted in Witt, Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 297 (1967), refers to the second part of that test as “the extent of the reliance by law enforcement authorities on the old standards.” The reliance interests relevant under Witt count against retroactivity. The majority opinion suggests, however, that the reliance interests might be a “basis upon which to give . . . retroactive effect” to a new rule. Majority op. at 15. Under Poole, the relevant potential reliance interests are those of parties arguing that existing law should be maintained. Poole’s point is that ordinarily parties do not justifiably place significant reliance on the continuing validity of procedural and evidentiary rules and that any reliance interests asserted on that basis will be unavailing to entrench a seriously erroneous precedent. The analysis of the
- 20 - our Witt doctrine that provide some clarity that helps reduce the
uncertainty surrounding retroactivity analysis. I also write to
express my sympathy for Justice Sasso’s view that we should in a
future case fully re-examine the appropriateness of our Witt
framework.
Witt’s foundational principle is that retroactive application on
postconviction review should not be given “in the absence of
fundamental and constitutional law changes which cast serious
doubt on the veracity or integrity of the original trial proceeding.”
Witt, 387 So. 2d at 929; see also Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(b)(2)
(requiring allegation of “the fundamental constitutional right
asserted” as a predicate for seeking retroactive application of a new
rule). Here, the rule adopted in Lee does not “cast serious doubt on
reliance interests of the government that militate against retroactive application of a new rule proceeds in an entirely different fashion. This is manifest in Witt’s teaching that the category of “evolutionary refinements”—into which most procedural and evidentiary rule changes will necessarily fall—will not be eligible for retroactive application. The government’s reliance on the old rule in such cases—which by their very nature are frequent—points against retroactive application. So such a new rule that overturned precedent because no reliance interests required the maintenance of that precedent will most likely be denied retroactive application because other reliance interests—i.e., the government’s reliance on the old rule—cut against unsettling final judgments. - 21 - the veracity or integrity” of proceedings conducted before Lee was
decided. Under the pre-Lee law, there is no serious doubt that
Dettle was subjected to multiple punishments only for distinct
instances of criminal conduct in which he engaged.
Another key aspect of our Witt doctrine is the critical
dichotomy drawn by Witt in its discussion of its second broad
category—which the parties here agree is the relevant element of
Witt. In this category of “those changes of law which are of
sufficient magnitude to necessitate retroactive application as
ascertained by the three-fold test of Stovall [v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293
(1967)] and Linkletter,” Witt establishes a critical divide between
“jurisprudential upheavals” and “evolutionary refinements.” 387
So. 2d at 929. This dichotomy establishes a guiding principle for
the weighing process involved in the application of the threefold
Stovall/Linkletter test. As Witt says, and as our cases have repeated
over and over, “evolutionary refinements in the criminal law” do not
justify “an abridgement of the finality of judgments.” Phillips, 299
So. 3d at 1021 (quoting Witt, 387 So. 2d at 929); see, e.g., State v.
Barnum, 921 So. 2d 513, 519 (Fla. 2005); Hughes v. State, 901 So.
2d 837, 844 (Fla. 2005); McCuiston v. State, 534 So. 2d 1144, 1146 - 22 - (Fla. 1988). The modest procedural change adopted by the decision
in Lee is readily identifiable as an “evolutionary refinement.” By no
stretch of the imagination could it be considered a “jurisprudential
upheaval.”
I share the concern that the Stovall/Linkletter threefold test is
subject to judicial manipulation, but that potential for abuse is
curbed—if not eliminated—when proper attention is given to the
principle that “evolutionary refinements” in the law will not be given
retroactive effect along with Witt’s foundational teaching that only
new rules that “cast serious doubt on the veracity or integrity” of
prior proceedings should be applied retroactively.6
In view of the potential for the misapplication of Witt and the
changing landscape of federal law from which Witt was derived, re-
6. Of course, our Court has not always paid attention to these basic features of Witt. For example, in Mosley, which gave limited retroactive effect to Hurst v. Florida and Hurst v. State, our analysis made no mention of Witt’s teaching that retroactive effect should be given only to new rules that “cast serious doubt on the veracity or integrity” of prior proceedings and new rules that constitute “jurisprudential upheavals.” I adhere to my view that Mosley was wrongly decided, and that it is in any event “the ghost of a precedent” given our decision in Poole, which destroyed the underpinnings of Mosley’s analysis. Brown v. State, 304 So. 3d 243, 281 (Fla. 2020) (Canady, C.J., concurring in result). - 23 - examination of Witt in a proper case is called for. We should
undertake such a re-examination, however, only with full briefing
on the issue, including consideration of relevant statutory and rule
provisions, as well as the historical scope of the writ of habeas
corpus.
In the meantime, Witt requires approval of the decision now on
review.
SASSO, J., specially concurring.
I agree with the majority’s conclusion that Lee does not apply
retroactively, regardless of whether we apply the retroactivity test
found in Witt or Teague. However, I also agree with the State’s
contention that we should reconsider Witt and write to explain why
we should do so in a future case.
As the State highlights, Witt’s foundation has eroded. In Witt,
we adopted the Linkletter retroactivity test simply because it was
the then-prevailing federal standard. See Witt, 387 So. 2d at 926
(noting “the essential considerations in determining whether a new
rule of law should be applied retroactively” were the three factors
emanating from United States Supreme Court cases and Florida
state court decisions applying United States Supreme Court - 24 - standards); Johnson v. State, 904 So. 2d 400, 414 (Fla. 2005)
(Cantero, J., concurring) (“[I]n Witt we did not consciously decide to
forge our own ‘very different standard’ of retroactivity. To the
contrary, we adopted the then-existing federal standard.”). But the
United States Supreme Court abandoned the Linkletter test, and for
good reason. See majority op. at 9 n.4 (noting pliability of multi-
factor tests). In addition, the United States Supreme Court has
since clarified that, absent a contrary pronouncement, we have no
obligation to adopt and apply a federal standard applicable to
federal habeas proceedings to state postconviction proceedings.
See, e.g., Edwards, 593 U.S. at 271 n.6 (noting states remain free to
retroactively apply a jury-unanimity rule as a matter of state law in
state postconviction proceedings); Danforth v. Minnesota, 552 U.S.
264 (2008). But see Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190 (2016).
So, while I agree we are justified in reconsidering Witt, I do not
think our next step is to simply adopt the now-prevailing federal
standard nor do I fully agree with the State’s reasoning for why we
should adopt Teague. Instead, it seems our primary endeavor
should be to evaluate which retroactivity standard best gives effect
to Florida’s postconviction scheme. See, e.g., Mary C. Hutton, - 25 - Retroactivity in the States: The Impact of Teague v. Lane on State
Postconviction Remedies, 44 Ala. L. Rev. 421, 433 n.87 (1993) (citing
2 Steven A. Childress & Martha S. Davis, Federal Standards of
Review 13-15 (2d ed. 1992)).
With that consideration in mind, both section 924.066, Florida
Statutes (2024), and Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850
provide that individuals may claim relief from a judgment of
conviction or sentence that was imposed in violation of the
Constitution or law of the United States or the State of Florida. A
retroactivity rule that best gives effect to these provisions may be
one that generally prohibits retroactive application of judicial
decisions unless those decisions are substantive in nature. In other
words, courts would give retroactive effect only to those decisions
that “alter ‘the range of conduct or the class of persons that the law
punishes.’ ” Edwards, 593 U.S. at 276 (quoting Summerlin, 542
U.S. at 353). By contrast, decisional changes related to procedural
rules would not be applied retroactively because those rules are
only “designed to enhance the accuracy of a conviction or sentence
by regulating ‘the manner of determining the defendant’s
- 26 - culpability.’ ” Montgomery, 577 U.S. at 201 (quoting Summerlin,
542 U.S. at 353).
I recognize that if this Court ultimately adopts such a
standard, the test would essentially mirror Teague (without a
watershed exception). Even so, I believe that it is necessary that we
both critically evaluate retroactivity through a Florida-specific lens
and clarify the independent grounds on which any future
retroactivity test is based. That issue does not affect the outcome in
this case, though, so I concur with the majority opinion.
Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal Certified Great Public Importance & Direct Conflict of Decisions
First District - Case No. 1D2020-2651
(Alachua County)
Dimitrios A. Peteves and Bryan S. Gowdy of Creed & Gowdy, P.A., Jacksonville, Florida,
for Petitioner
Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Henry C. Whitaker, Solicitor General, Jeffrey Paul DeSousa, Chief Deputy Solicitor General, and Allen L. Huang, Deputy Solicitor General, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Respondent
Diana L. Johnson, Assistant Public Defender, Fourth Judicial Circuit, Jacksonville, Florida, and Justin F. Karpf and Barbara J. - 27 - Busharis, Assistant Public Defenders, Second Judicial Circuit, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Amicus Curiae The Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
- 28 -