Stikess, J.
The first exception is overruled, for the reason that nothing is brought before us in the record or report of testimony to which the request refused would be applicable. The other exceptions involve tbe meaning of the words in Gen. Stat. R. I. cap. 151, § 5: “If tbe busband of any such woman shall afterwards come into this State and claim his marital rights.”
At common law the general rule is, that no suit can be maintained against a married woman alone; upon plea of coverture, such suit must abate. The exceptions to tbis'rule are those cases
in which the husband is
eiviliter
mortuus, or an alien always bring abroad. 1 Chitty Plead. *58 ; 2 Kent Comm. *154.
In this country it has been held that a husband who has never lived with his wife in the State where the suit is brought is to be treated as an alien.
Abbot
v. Bayley, 6 Pick. 89 ;
Roland
v. Logan, 18 Ala. 307.
Our own statute recognizes this doctrine, with the limitation, that the wife must be here one year before she can be treated as a
feme
sole, and combines with it the provision that the return of the husband claiming his marital rights shall have no other effect upon any pending contract, nor upon any suit except to abate it, than as if they had been first married at the time of his arrival here. In other words, the wife’s contracts, made before the arrival of the husband, are to be treated like her contracts
dwm sola ;
but the arrival of the husband, together with a claim of his marital rights, shall abate a suit to which he is not a party.
There is no specified period during which the husband must remain here, in order to work an abatement of the suit: on the contrary, the term used in the statute is “ arrival,” which seems to exclude the requirement of being or remaining here for a definite time. Nor does the statute require the husband to do more than to “ claim ” his marital rights ; it does not say “ he must actually resume them. Of course it must appear that his “ claim ” is
bond fide,
with the intention on his part to assert his marital rights and assume the corresponding duties.
The instructions given to the jury were, therefore, more favorable to the plaintiff than the words of the statute.
The plaintiff, however, contends that it would be unreasonable to give to these words their apparent import, and that, for example, to say that if a husband should come into this State and stay “ but one night,” a suit must abate ; and hence he argues that the court should construe the statute to mean that, at least, he must be here a reasonable time.
To do this would introduce an element into the statute which the legislature has not put there; and upon this point the English and American rules are uniform.
“ We are bound,” says Mr. Justice Buller in a early case in the King’s Bench, “ to take the act of parliament as they have
made it; a
casus omissus
can in no case be supplied by a court of law; for that would be to make laws.”
Jones
v. Smart, 1 Term. Rep. 44.
In the United States Supreme Court, in
McIver
v. Ragan, 2 Wheat. 25, Chief Justice Marshall says : “ Whenever the situation of a party was such as in the opinion of the legislature to furnish a motive for excepting him from the operation of the law, the legislature has made the exception. It would be going far for this court to add to those exceptions.”
So in
Commonwealth
v. Kimball, 24 Pick. 366, 370, Chief Justice Shaw says : “ The decisive answer is that the legislature has made no such exception. If the law is more restricted in its present form than the legislature intended, it must be regulated by legislative action.” Sedgwick Statut.
&
Constit. Law, 263.
The plaintiff also contends that the coming of the husband into this State should be so open, notorious, and public, and continued for such a length of time, as to raise a presumption that the plaintiff knew, or by the use of reasonable diligence might have known it; and refers us, by way of analogy, to the rule under the statute of limitations.
There is, however, a wide difference between the two cases, and they rest upon very dissimilar principles.
The plea of the statute of limitations is in bar of the remedy; of coverture, in abatement simply.
The principle upon which the statute of limitations rests is a presumption of payment in long-deferred claims.
But it is a presumption that may be rebutted ; as by a new promise, or inability to sue, where the debtor is without the jurisdiction, &c. His return to the jurisdiction, therefore, in such a manner that the creditor does not know, and cannot be presumed to know of it, is not inconsistent with the creditor’s inability to sue, and does not refute that answer to the presumption of payment.
The doctrine of coverture is founded upon the Scriptural and social theory that the husband and wife are one, and that he has the right to her society and the power to direct her. Her lack of independence is compensated by freedom from responsibility to the extent that she can only be held liable, either civilly
or criminally, when she is free from the presumed direction, restraint, and control of the husband. The cases which establish the right of the wife to act independently of the husband proceed upon this principle.
Gregory
v.
Paul,
15 Mass. 31;
Love et al.
v.
Moynehan,
16 Ill. 277;
Marshall
v.
Rutton,
8 Term Rep. 545
; Robinson
v.
Reynolds et ux.
1 Aik. 174.
When, therefore, the husband appears to claim his marital rights, the wife is no longer free from his direction and control, the reason for the exception no longer exists, and the general rule applies, except so far as it is modified by the statute. What, then, would be the marital rights and duties of the husband if they were then first married ? Evidently to be joined in an action upon any contract made by her; to assume and direct the defence of the same, and to protect his wife by satisfying, if possible, any judgment that may be obtained. He would not be bound to notify the creditors of his wife, nor to contract the marriage in such a manner to bring it to their attention.
Hence, it is clear that the return of a debtor under the statute of limitation must be such as to confirm the presumption of payment; the return of a husband must be such a return as to bring the wife under his legal direction and control. In the former case the return must be such as to affect the creditor; in the latter, such as to affect the wife. The first requires a return so open and public as to be brought or presumed to be brought to the knowledge of the creditor; the latter is accomplished immediately by the act of the husband.
This statute, then, operates as soon as the husband comes within this State in such a way as to bring the wife under his legal direction and control;
i. e.
by claiming his marital rights.
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Stikess, J.
The first exception is overruled, for the reason that nothing is brought before us in the record or report of testimony to which the request refused would be applicable. The other exceptions involve tbe meaning of the words in Gen. Stat. R. I. cap. 151, § 5: “If tbe busband of any such woman shall afterwards come into this State and claim his marital rights.”
At common law the general rule is, that no suit can be maintained against a married woman alone; upon plea of coverture, such suit must abate. The exceptions to tbis'rule are those cases
in which the husband is
eiviliter
mortuus, or an alien always bring abroad. 1 Chitty Plead. *58 ; 2 Kent Comm. *154.
In this country it has been held that a husband who has never lived with his wife in the State where the suit is brought is to be treated as an alien.
Abbot
v. Bayley, 6 Pick. 89 ;
Roland
v. Logan, 18 Ala. 307.
Our own statute recognizes this doctrine, with the limitation, that the wife must be here one year before she can be treated as a
feme
sole, and combines with it the provision that the return of the husband claiming his marital rights shall have no other effect upon any pending contract, nor upon any suit except to abate it, than as if they had been first married at the time of his arrival here. In other words, the wife’s contracts, made before the arrival of the husband, are to be treated like her contracts
dwm sola ;
but the arrival of the husband, together with a claim of his marital rights, shall abate a suit to which he is not a party.
There is no specified period during which the husband must remain here, in order to work an abatement of the suit: on the contrary, the term used in the statute is “ arrival,” which seems to exclude the requirement of being or remaining here for a definite time. Nor does the statute require the husband to do more than to “ claim ” his marital rights ; it does not say “ he must actually resume them. Of course it must appear that his “ claim ” is
bond fide,
with the intention on his part to assert his marital rights and assume the corresponding duties.
The instructions given to the jury were, therefore, more favorable to the plaintiff than the words of the statute.
The plaintiff, however, contends that it would be unreasonable to give to these words their apparent import, and that, for example, to say that if a husband should come into this State and stay “ but one night,” a suit must abate ; and hence he argues that the court should construe the statute to mean that, at least, he must be here a reasonable time.
To do this would introduce an element into the statute which the legislature has not put there; and upon this point the English and American rules are uniform.
“ We are bound,” says Mr. Justice Buller in a early case in the King’s Bench, “ to take the act of parliament as they have
made it; a
casus omissus
can in no case be supplied by a court of law; for that would be to make laws.”
Jones
v. Smart, 1 Term. Rep. 44.
In the United States Supreme Court, in
McIver
v. Ragan, 2 Wheat. 25, Chief Justice Marshall says : “ Whenever the situation of a party was such as in the opinion of the legislature to furnish a motive for excepting him from the operation of the law, the legislature has made the exception. It would be going far for this court to add to those exceptions.”
So in
Commonwealth
v. Kimball, 24 Pick. 366, 370, Chief Justice Shaw says : “ The decisive answer is that the legislature has made no such exception. If the law is more restricted in its present form than the legislature intended, it must be regulated by legislative action.” Sedgwick Statut.
&
Constit. Law, 263.
The plaintiff also contends that the coming of the husband into this State should be so open, notorious, and public, and continued for such a length of time, as to raise a presumption that the plaintiff knew, or by the use of reasonable diligence might have known it; and refers us, by way of analogy, to the rule under the statute of limitations.
There is, however, a wide difference between the two cases, and they rest upon very dissimilar principles.
The plea of the statute of limitations is in bar of the remedy; of coverture, in abatement simply.
The principle upon which the statute of limitations rests is a presumption of payment in long-deferred claims.
But it is a presumption that may be rebutted ; as by a new promise, or inability to sue, where the debtor is without the jurisdiction, &c. His return to the jurisdiction, therefore, in such a manner that the creditor does not know, and cannot be presumed to know of it, is not inconsistent with the creditor’s inability to sue, and does not refute that answer to the presumption of payment.
The doctrine of coverture is founded upon the Scriptural and social theory that the husband and wife are one, and that he has the right to her society and the power to direct her. Her lack of independence is compensated by freedom from responsibility to the extent that she can only be held liable, either civilly
or criminally, when she is free from the presumed direction, restraint, and control of the husband. The cases which establish the right of the wife to act independently of the husband proceed upon this principle.
Gregory
v.
Paul,
15 Mass. 31;
Love et al.
v.
Moynehan,
16 Ill. 277;
Marshall
v.
Rutton,
8 Term Rep. 545
; Robinson
v.
Reynolds et ux.
1 Aik. 174.
When, therefore, the husband appears to claim his marital rights, the wife is no longer free from his direction and control, the reason for the exception no longer exists, and the general rule applies, except so far as it is modified by the statute. What, then, would be the marital rights and duties of the husband if they were then first married ? Evidently to be joined in an action upon any contract made by her; to assume and direct the defence of the same, and to protect his wife by satisfying, if possible, any judgment that may be obtained. He would not be bound to notify the creditors of his wife, nor to contract the marriage in such a manner to bring it to their attention.
Hence, it is clear that the return of a debtor under the statute of limitation must be such as to confirm the presumption of payment; the return of a husband must be such a return as to bring the wife under his legal direction and control. In the former case the return must be such as to affect the creditor; in the latter, such as to affect the wife. The first requires a return so open and public as to be brought or presumed to be brought to the knowledge of the creditor; the latter is accomplished immediately by the act of the husband.
This statute, then, operates as soon as the husband comes within this State in such a way as to bring the wife under his legal direction and control;
i. e.
by claiming his marital rights. Having done this, the control of the husband is presumed to continue until a different state of facts appear, sufficient to bring the wife within the exceptions to the general rule as to married women, and to enable her to act as a
feme sole.
Nor is this any more unreasonable than the well settled rule with reference to actions upon the wife’s contracts made before marriage.
Suppose a man and woman are married and live together “ but a single night,” could it be claimed that she could not plead cov-erture, if she should be sued alone; even though the creditor did not know, and could not be presumed to know, of the marriage?
Dexter B.
Potter, for plaintiff.
Nicholas Van Slycle,
for defendant.
While this construction of tbe statute is in barmony with well settled doctrine, it carries with it no hardship to tbe plaintiff; for by tbe statute he still has a remedy in another action in which the husband and wife shall be joined, and without it he would have no other, if any, remedy.
But still the plaintiff urges that the husband, under this construction, may appear long enough to abate this suit, and then depart so as to evade service in another.
Perhaps it might be better if the act should require a specified residence of the husband within this State, or provide that he may be summoned in to defend the pending suit; but our province is to interpret the law and not to make it. If the law is plain, we have simply to administer it; and in this case we think both the policy and language of the statute are too clear to admit of the construction for which the plaintiff contends.
-
Petition dismissed.