April 1 2014
PR 13-0070
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2014 MT 88 _________________
IN THE MATTER OF SOLOMON NEUHARDT, OPINION and an Attorney at Law, ORDER OF DISCIPLINE Respondent.
_________________
¶1 On January 25, 2013, the Office of Disciplinary Counsel (ODC) filed a formal
disciplinary complaint under this cause number against Montana attorney Solomon
Neuhardt. The complaint involves Neuhardt’s concurrent representation of both Tommy
Vasquez and Vasquez’s then-wife Adrian Christenson during a federal investigation of
methamphetamine distribution in the Billings, Montana, area. The disciplinary complaint
and all other documents filed in this matter may be reviewed by any interested persons in
the office of the Clerk of this Court.
¶2 ODC alleged violations of Rules 1.7, 1.9, 8.4(c), 8.4(d), and 8.1(a) of the Montana
Rules of Professional Conduct (MRPC), arising out of Neuhardt’s joint representation of
Vasquez and Christenson. The Commission on Practice held a hearing on the complaint
on July 17, 2013, and on October 17, 2013, at which hearing Neuhardt was present with
counsel and testimony was presented. On December 5, 2013, the Commission submitted
to this Court its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendation for discipline. ¶3 Both parties have filed objections to the Commission’s decision. We restate the
following issues for review:
1. Was the testimony of ODC witness Bryan Norcross properly stricken from the record?
2. Did ODC prove by clear and convincing evidence that Neuhardt violated Rule 1.7, MRPC?
3. Did ODC prove by clear and convincing evidence that Neuhardt violated Rule 1.9, MRPC?
4. What is the appropriate discipline for the established violations?
BACKGROUND
¶4 At the hearing before the Commission on Practice, ODC called as a witness
Yellowstone County Deputy Sheriff Frank Fritz (Fritz), whose testimony established the
following. On the morning of June 22, 2007, in Billings, Neuhardt accompanied his
client, Adrian Christenson (Christenson), to a law enforcement interview conducted by
members of a joint drug and gang task force called Big Sky Safe Streets Task Force
(Task Force). The Task Force included Fritz and comprised local, state, and federal law
enforcement agents. The target of the investigation was Tommy Vasquez (Vasquez).
Vasquez and Christenson, at that time, were husband and wife. Christenson was
considered a confidential witness in the investigation and her identity as a witness was
protected by law enforcement because she was related to Vasquez. Christenson received
her Miranda warnings, signed a Miranda waiver, and Neuhardt signed the waiver as her
attorney. Fritz testified that Christenson told the Task Force during this interview that
Vasquez was dealing methamphetamine. Fritz additionally explained that the
2 information the Task Force received from Christenson was used to further the
investigation into Vasquez’s drug distribution. According to Fritz, Christenson gave the
task force information that helped in the subsequent prosecution of Vasquez. Fritz
indicated that Christenson had “ratted him [Vasquez] out.”
¶5 Later in the evening on June 22, 2007, Neuhardt accompanied Vasquez to an
interview with the Task Force. Vasquez signed a Miranda waiver, which Neuhardt
acknowledged as Vasquez’s counsel. Fritz testified that the Task Force used the
information it received from Christenson to interview Vasquez. During this interview,
Fritz testified that Vasquez incriminated himself in methamphetamine possession and
distribution and that the information Vasquez gave furthered the investigation against
Vasquez. Vasquez’s information previously had been corroborated by Christenson.
Neuhardt was present during both interviews as counsel for Christenson and Vasquez.
¶6 One year later, on August 11, 2008, Neuhardt accompanied Christenson to a
second interview with the Task Force. Fritz testified that Christenson executed a
Miranda waiver which Neuhardt acknowledged as her counsel. During this interview,
the Task Force learned from Christenson that Vasquez was the main supplier of
methamphetamine in Billings and that he possessed firearms. At the conclusion of the
interview, Neuhardt advised the Task Force that he was no longer representing Vasquez.
¶7 ODC presented documentary evidence to the Commission establishing that on
August 12, 2008, the day following Christenson’s second interview with the Task Force,
Neuhardt filed a petition on Christenson’s behalf for dissolution of her marriage to
Vasquez. On September 5, 2008, Neuhardt sent a letter to Vasquez’s real estate agent,
3 with a copy of the dissolution petition and restraining order, indicating that Vasquez was
not allowed to transfer real property.
¶8 Neuhardt did not obtain an informed waiver of any actual or potential conflict
from Christenson or Vasquez in either of the interviews held on June 22, 2007, or
August 11, 2008.
¶9 On September 17, 2008, an Indictment was filed in United States District Court
charging Vasquez with distribution of methamphetamine and numerous firearms
violations. Count I charged that in January of 2007, and continuing to present, Vasquez
distributed methamphetamine. Counts II through V charged additional drug and firearms
violations, alleged to have occurred on or about April 22, 2008. On May 26, 2009, a
Superseding Indictment was filed adding a forfeiture count and another count charging
distribution on or about September 18, 2008.
¶10 Vasquez pleaded guilty to Count II of the Superseding Indictment, which charged
that on April 22, 2008, he distributed methamphetamines. At the time of Vasquez’s
guilty plea, he was represented by defense counsel Bryan Norcross. Vasquez received a
twenty-year prison sentence, followed by six years of supervised release.
¶11 The Commission also heard testimony from Norcross. Upon objection by
Neuhardt’s counsel, the Commission struck Norcross’s testimony that Christenson’s
statement to law enforcement substantially harmed and compromised Vasquez’s defense.
¶12 Neuhardt acknowledged that Christenson implicated Vasquez in illegal drug
dealing during her 2007 interview, but claimed that the husband and wife both had agreed
to cooperate with the investigation at that time. Neuhardt pointed out in
4 cross-examination of Fritz that Vasquez had “rat[ted] himself out” during the 2007
interview. Neuhardt argued that the only way Vasquez was going to avoid life in prison
was to cooperate and that it was in Vasquez’s and Christenson’s joint interests to provide
full information to law enforcement during the 2007 interview. Neuhardt pointed out
further that Vasquez was never convicted of any offenses described in the 2007
interview.
¶13 Neuhardt testified that Christenson’s interview on August 11, 2008, was in her and
Vasquez’s best interests, given the earlier interviews in 2007. The Commission found
that Neuhardt was evasive in his testimony and claimed to have very little recall of the
events. Although ODC received Vasquez’s complaint against Neuhardt on March 23,
2009, Neuhardt apparently disposed of his files, having no information that the Vasquez
complaint was still under investigation.
¶14 In its findings, conclusions, and recommendations, the Commission concluded that
ODC proved by clear and convincing evidence that Neuhardt violated Rule 1.7, MRPC,
by engaging in a concurrent conflict of interest on June 22, 2007, when he represented
both Vasquez and Christenson, despite Christenson’s potential adversity to Vasquez and
the significant risk that his representation of Christenson would materially prejudice his
representation of Vasquez. The Commission concluded, however, that ODC did not
prove by clear and convincing evidence that Neuhardt’s dual representation of Vasquez
and Christenson prejudiced Vasquez’s defense of subsequent criminal charges or that it
prejudiced either client in connection with events in 2007. The Commission further
concluded that ODC failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that Neuhardt
5 violated Rule 1.9 or Rule 8.4(d), MRPC, by engaging in a conflict of interest with his
then-former client Vasquez on August 11, 2008, when he represented Christenson during
the subsequent law enforcement interview. Finally, the Commission concluded that
Neuhardt’s less-than-candid initial response to ODC regarding Vasquez’s informal
complaint against him violated Rules 8.1(a) and 8.4(c), MRPC.
¶15 The Commission recommends that, as a result of these violations of the Montana
Rules of Professional Conduct, Neuhardt should be publicly admonished by this Court
and be suspended from the practice of law in Montana for 90 days. The Commission also
recommends that Neuhardt be ordered to pay the costs of these proceedings.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶16 This Court possesses “original and exclusive jurisdiction and responsibility” in all
matters involving the disciplining of attorneys in Montana. See Introduction, Montana
Rules for Lawyer Disciplinary Enforcement (MRLDE). As a result, our review of the
Commission’s findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations is de novo. In
re Potts, 2007 MT 81, ¶ 32, 336 Mont. 517, 158 P.3d 418. “Our duty includes weighing
the evidence upon which the Commission’s findings rest.” Potts, ¶ 32. Matters of trial
administration are reviewed for abuse of discretion. Blanton v. Dep’t. of Pub. HHS, 2011
MT 110, ¶ 22, 360 Mont. 396, 255 P.3d 1229. Further, despite our duty to weigh the
evidence, “we remain reluctant to reverse the decision of the Commission when its
findings rest on testimonial evidence. We recognize that the Commission stands in a
better position to evaluate conflicting statements after observing the character of the
witnesses and their statements.” Potts, ¶ 32.
6 DISCUSSION
¶17 Issue 1: Was the testimony of ODC witness Bryan Norcross properly stricken from the record?
¶18 Following the hearing on July 17, 2013, and prior to the second hearing on
October 17, 2013, Neuhardt filed a subpoena duces tecum requesting disclosure of
Norcross’s file pertaining to Vasquez’s representation. In responding to Neuhardt’s
application for the subpoena, ODC disclosed that Norcross was “[e]xpected to testify as
Vasquez’s subsequent counsel concerning the prejudicial effect of the law enforcement
interviews in question and the subsequent procedural history of the defense.” ODC’s
response continued:
Thus, he is expected to lay the foundation for the conviction arising from the law enforcement investigation conducted by Yellowstone County Deputy Sheriff Frank Fritz and the drug task force. He can also address Mr. Vasquez’s conflicted interview with the task force of June 2007 and its prejudicial effect on defense upon indictment.
The Commission, in its September 3, 2013 Order on Respondent’s Motion for Issuance
of a Subpoena Duces Tecum, required that Norcross’s file be produced, except for that
material constituting confidential criminal justice information and material otherwise
privileged. Thereafter, on September 24, 2013, counsel for Neuhardt interviewed
Norcross by telephone. Norcross had not yet been able to locate his Vasquez file.
ODC’s attorney was not present for the interview, but Neuhardt’s counsel recorded the
conversation, transcribed it, and provided a copy to ODC. During the interview,
Norcross stated that without referencing the confidential presentence report, it was hard
to say whether the court considered Vasquez’s June 22, 2007 confession in imposing a
7 sentence. When asked about whether Neuhardt’s actions had a prejudicial effect on
Vasquez, Norcross stated he was unable to give an opinion.
¶19 In response to ODC’s questioning of Norcross during the hearing on October 17,
2013, Neuhardt’s counsel moved to dismiss the complaint on the basis that Norcross was
testifying contrary to his recorded statement; that his change in opinion had not been
disclosed by ODC; and that this surprise had prejudiced Neuhardt’s defense. Neuhardt
argued that ODC was required to disclose any change in Norcross’s opinion, because he
was an expert witness. The Commission found that ODC had failed to disclose to
Neuhardt that Norcross’s testimony would directly contradict his prior statements to
Neuhardt’s counsel. The Commission denied Neuhardt’s motion to dismiss, but found
that the appropriate sanction was to strike Norcross’s testimony.
¶20 Rule 12, MRLDE, provides that “hearings in formal disciplinary proceedings shall
be conducted in accordance with the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure and the Montana
Rules of Evidence.” The duty to supplement or correct discovery is described in
M. R. Civ. P. 26(e), and generally requires that a party “who has responded to an
interrogatory, request for production, or request for admission must supplement or correct
its response . . . .” “Information is ‘incomplete or incorrect’ in ‘some material respect’ if
there is an objectively reasonable likelihood that the additional or corrective information
could substantially affect or alter the opposing party’s discovery plan or trial
preparation.” Wheaton v. Bradford, 2013 MT 121, ¶ 22, 370 Mont. 93, 300 P.3d 1162
(quoting Robbins & Myers, Inc. v. J.M. Huber Corp., 274 F.R.D. 63, 77 (W.D.N.Y.
2011); Sender v. Mann, 225 F.R.D. 645, 653-54 (D. Colo. 2004)).
8 ¶21 The Commission’s determination that Norcross’s testimony should be stricken
was based on the special functions and duties of a prosecutor. As the Commission
observed, ODC bears the special responsibilities of a prosecutor outlined in Rule 3.8,
MRPC. The Commission determined that ODC had an obligation to make timely
disclosure of information it knew would have been contrary to that possessed by
Neuhardt’s counsel.
¶22 We observe that, prior to the hearing before the Commission, ODC had identified
Norcross as a witness who would testify “concerning the prejudicial effect of the law
enforcement interviews in question.” Though the parties dispute whether Norcross was a
fact witness or an expert witness, that distinction is not dispositive. The Commission
reviewed the transcripts of Norcross’s interview with Neuhardt’s counsel, heard his
subsequent testimony, and determined that ODC improperly withheld new information
from Neuhardt’s counsel. We conclude that, as a matter of trial administration, the
Commission was within its discretion to strike Norcross’s testimony.
¶23 Issue 2: Did Neuhardt violate Rule 1.7, MRPC, by engaging in a concurrent conflict of interest?
¶24 The Commission concluded that Neuhardt violated Rule 1.7, MRPC, by engaging
in dual representation of Vasquez and Christenson, but that ODC failed to prove by clear
and convincing evidence that Neuhardt’s dual representation “prejudiced Vasquez’[s]
defense of the subsequent criminal charges or prejudiced either client in connection with
the events in 2007.” Rule 1.7(a) states in pertinent part, “a lawyer shall not represent a
client if the representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest. A concurrent
9 conflict of interest exists if: (1) the representation of one client will be directly adverse to
another client[.]” A lawyer may be able to represent clients with a concurrent conflict of
interests under specified circumstances, among which is that “each affected client give
informed consent, confirmed in writing.” Rule 1.7(b)(4), MRPC.
¶25 While Montana’s jurisprudence defining the parameters of dual representation is
sparse, the United States Supreme Court has held:
Joint representation of conflicting interests is suspect because of what it tends to prevent the attorney from doing. . . . [A] conflict may . . . prevent an attorney from challenging the admission of evidence prejudicial to one client but perhaps favorable to another, or from arguing at the sentencing hearing the relative involvement and culpability of his clients in order to minimize the culpability of one by emphasizing that of another.
Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 489-90, 98 S. Ct. 1173, 1181 (1978). Thus, waivers
by all affected defendants may not necessarily cure the problems created by multiple
representations, and no “such flat rule can be deduced from the Sixth Amendment
presumption in favor of counsel of choice.” Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 160,
108 S. Ct. 1692, 1697-98 (1988). Accordingly, courts have an “independent interest in
ensuring that criminal trials are conducted within the ethical standards of the profession
and that legal proceedings appear to be fair to all who observe them.” Wheat, 486 U.S. at
160, 108 S. Ct. at 1698. Most importantly, “[n]ot only the interest of a criminal
defendant but the institutional interest in the rendition of just verdicts in criminal cases
may be jeopardized by unregulated multiple representation.” Wheat, 486 U.S. at 160,
108 S. Ct. at 1698 (emphasis added). Indeed, recognition of the problems inherent in
joint representation has prompted courts in criminal proceedings to conduct an inquiry
10 regarding potential conflicts and the defendant’s intent to forego independent
representation. See e.g. United States v. Solomon, 856 F.2d 1572 (11th Cir. 1988).
¶26 This proceeding concerns not a Sixth Amendment violation but evaluation of
compliance with the Rules of Professional Conduct. Before the Commission, Detective
Fritz testified that Neuhardt represented Christenson when she gave incriminating
information against Vasquez, who also was Neuhardt’s client. Simply stated,
Christenson was a materially adverse witness against Vasquez. Fritz’s unrefuted
testimony was that Christenson had “ratted out” Vasquez. Even if Vasquez also
implicated himself, Neuhardt failed to appreciate the conflicting interests between
husband and wife or to explain those conflicts to his clients and pursue the possibility or
effectiveness of any waiver.
¶27 Based on the foregoing, the Commission correctly concluded that Neuhardt
violated Rule 1.7, MRPC, whether or not “actual prejudice” to Vasquez’s defense
occurred as a result of Neuhardt’s joint representation.
¶28 Issue 3: Did ODC prove by clear and convincing evidence that Neuhardt violated Rule 1.9, MRPC?
¶29 The Commission found that “[t]he 2008 charges to which Vasquez pleaded guilty
were not based on the information obtained during the July 2007 interviews, but on
subsequently developed information and facts.” The Commission then concluded that
ODC failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that Neuhardt violated Rules 1.9
and 8.4(d), MRPC, by engaging in a conflict of interest with a former client, Vasquez,
when on August 11, 2008, he represented Christenson during her law enforcement
11 interview. ODC has objected only to the Commission’s conclusion that a violation of
Rule 1.9, MRPC, was not established.
¶30 Rule 1.9, MRPC, sets forth a lawyer’s duties to former clients. It specifies that
“[a] lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not thereafter
represent another person in the same or a substantially related matter in which that
person’s interests are materially adverse to the interests of the former client unless the
former client gives informed consent, confirmed in writing.” Here, ODC’s complaint
alleges that Neuhardt engaged in a conflict of interest with a former client on August 11,
2008, by representing Christenson during her subsequent law enforcement interview
within the same criminal investigation despite Christenson’s materially adverse interests
to Neuhardt’s former client, Vasquez. There is no claim that Vasquez gave his informed
consent.
¶31 At the time of Christenson’s August 11, 2008 interview with the Task Force,
Vasquez was Neuhardt’s former client. As explained above, Fritz’s testimony
established that Christenson’s statement to law enforcement during her August 11, 2008
interview was materially adverse to Vasquez’s interests. Christenson’s statement
provided further information and assistance to the Task Force in its investigation of
Vasquez. During this subsequent interview, the Task Force learned from Christenson
that Vasquez was the main supplier of methamphetamine in the Billings area and that he
possessed firearms.
¶32 Moreover, the Commission’s conclusion that there was not clear and convincing
evidence that Neuhardt violated Rule 1.9, MRPC, cannot be reconciled with its
12 determination that he violated Rule 1.7, MRPC, when he represented a client with a
concurrent conflict of interest. As noted, a concurrent conflict of interest exists if the
representation of one client will be directly adverse to another client, or there is a
significant risk that the representation of one or more clients will be materially limited by
the lawyer’s responsibilities to another client or a former client. Rule 1.7(a)(1-2), MRPC.
The Commission found that Neuhardt violated Rule 1.7 by representing both Vasquez
and Christenson in the June 2007 Task Force interviews, despite the potential adversity
between clients and the significant risk that his representation of Christenson would
materially limit his responsibilities to Vasquez.
¶33 By August 2008, Christenson was preparing to seek dissolution of her marriage to
Vasquez and gave another interview in which she implicated him in drug transactions.
Given the conflict of interest found to have existed pursuant to Rule 1.7, MRPC, we
conclude that clear and convincing evidence also demonstrated a violation of Rule 1.9,
MRPC. Although Neuhardt argues that there was no real evidence as to what was said
during the interview, he does not dispute that by August 2008, Christenson’s and
Vasquez’s interests were adverse and that he represented Christenson in the interview—a
substantially related matter to the 2007 interview—without obtaining Vasquez’s waiver
after informed consent.
¶34 We conclude that Neuhardt violated Rule 1.9, MRPC, on August 11, 2008, when
he represented Christenson, whose position was materially adverse to Neuhardt’s former
client, Vasquez.
13 ¶35 Issue 4: What is the appropriate discipline for the established violations?
¶36 The Commission recommends that the Court impose, as discipline for Neuhardt’s
violations, a public admonition by the Court, suspension from the practice of law for a
period of 90 days, and that Neuhardt be ordered to pay costs of the proceedings. The
recommendation came after a balancing by the Commission of several aggravating and
mitigating factors. The Commission considered the delay in ODC’s prosecution of
Vasquez as mitigating against a harsher sanction.
¶37 We agree that the lengthy delay in this proceeding is troublesome and caused a
hardship to Neuhardt in his ability to prepare a defense to the charges. It also resulted in
a delayed final proceeding that post-dated by many years the conduct for which he is to
be disciplined. Neuhardt already has been disciplined for other conduct that preceded the
Vasquez matter. The Commission appropriately acknowledged the lengthy delay as a
mitigating factor in Neuhardt’s favor.
¶38 After a thorough review of the record of the Commission’s proceedings, we
generally agree with the Commission’s recommendation. Even if the conflict
substantiated by the evidence would not, standing alone and with no finding of prejudice,
justify a lengthy suspension, Neuhardt has not addressed in substance the Commission’s
finding that he violated Rules 8.1(a) and 8.4(c), MRPC, in his response to ODC regarding
the complaint, except to cite the Latin phrase meaning, “the law does not care for, or take
notice of, very small or trifling matters.” The Commission’s finding of clear and
convincing evidence suggests more than a trifling matter. The rules governing candor
and maintaining the integrity of the legal profession impose serious obligations critical to
14 the operation of a self-governing profession. See Preamble, § (12), MRPC. The record
before the Court evidences a troubling lack of respect for the disciplinary process. Too,
as noted, this is not the first matter in which Neuhardt has been disciplined in recent
years. The Court is concerned by Neuhardt’s display, even at the hearing before the
Commission, of an inability to appreciate the existence of even a potential for conflict in
his representation of both Christenson and Vasquez, in what suggests a pattern of his lack
of understanding of the rules governing a lawyer’s conduct.
¶39 Finally, we observe that, although the Commission has recommended that this
Court deliver a public admonition to Neuhardt, the applicable form of discipline to be
administered by this Court under Rule 9, MRLDE, is a public censure.
¶40 Based upon the foregoing,
¶41 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that, with the exceptions discussed above, the
Commission on Practice’s Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Recommendation
are ACCEPTED and ADOPTED.
¶42 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Solomon Neuhardt is suspended from the
practice of law in Montana for 90 days, from June 2, 2014, through August 31, 2014.
Neuhardt is directed to give notice of his suspension to all clients he represents in
pending matters, any co-counsel in pending matters, all opposing counsel and
self-represented opposing parties in pending matters, and all courts in which he appears
as counsel of record in pending matters, as required by Rule 30, MRLDE.
15 ¶43 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Neuhardt shall appear before this Court in our
courtroom in Helena, Montana, at 1:00 p.m. on April 29, 2014, to receive a public
censure by this Court.
¶44 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Neuhardt shall pay the costs of these
proceedings subject to the provisions of Rule 9(A)(8), MRLDE, which allow him to file
objections to the statement of costs.
Dated this 1st day of April, 2014.
/S/ BETH BAKER
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH /S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT /S/ PATRICIA COTTER /S/ LAURIE McKINNON /S/ JIM RICE
Justice Laurie McKinnon, concurring.
¶45 I agree with the Court’s analysis and conclusion regarding Neuhardt’s disciplinary
proceeding. I write separately to highlight the danger in what I view as the structural
conflict inherent in engaging in dual representation.
¶46 In my view, rare are the situations in which actual conflicts are apparent prior to
trial. Without the wisdom of hindsight, it is difficult—if not impossible—to determine
actual prejudice resulting from an attorney’s dual representation. Thus, whether or not a
defendant was subject to “actual prejudice” is secondary to considering how joint
representation threatens the integrity of our criminal justice system. In the instant case,
had Vasquez gone to trial, the trial court would have been confronted with a dilemma—a
16 denial of Vasquez’s motion to suppress would surely lead to an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim; however, granting Vasquez’s suppression motion would likely result in
the Government losing their case. Even more offensive, however, to our goal of
obtaining just verdicts in criminal cases is the possibility that the Prosecutor offered
Vasquez a lenient deal in order to avoid the consequences imposed by the conflict. A
guilty plea would normally waive a subsequent collateral challenge.
¶47 While such a scenario is indeed hypothetical, I believe it is instructive in
explaining our caution regarding joint representation. Additionally, the Rules of
Professional Conduct exist to prevent these dilemmas. Although defendants have a Sixth
Amendment right to counsel of their choice, they do not have the right to build in a
structural conflict such that the integrity of the proceeding may be collaterally attacked
on appeal. The necessity of proving actual prejudice to obtain reversal of a conviction
based upon a Sixth Amendment violation is not required when evaluating a violation of
the Rules of Professional Conduct. Indeed, recognition of a structural conflict such as
present in the instant matter underlies a trial court’s obligation to conduct an inquiry
regarding potential conflicts and the defendant’s intent to forego independent
representation. U.S. v. Garcia, 528 F.2d 580, 587-88 (5th Cir. 1976); U.S. v. Solomon,
856 F.2d 1572, 1581-82 (11th Cir. 1988).
¶48 I would have included this further explanation in our Opinion. In all other
respects, I concur.
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON