THAYER, Circuit Judge,
after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
The claim of the Arkansas National Bank, the attaching creditor, to the 400 shares of stock in controversy, derives little or no support from the Arkansas statute (section 1342, supra), which declares that stock in a corporation shall be deemed personal property, and shall be transferred only on the books of the corporation in such form as [605]*605the directors shall prescribe, and from the further fact that such a transfer on the hooks of the stock in controversy had not been made when the attachment was levied. In a great number of cases it has been held, and such must be regarded as the prevailing rule, that such a provision, when found either in a special charter or iu a general incorporation act, or in the by-laws of a corporation, is intended to prescribe a method of transfer which shall be deemed effectual, as between the corporation and its stockholders, in all matters relating to the internal government and management of the corporation, rather than to prescribe a method of transfer which must be observed as between a stockholder and third parties. Notwithstanding such a provision in the charter of a corporation, a stockholder thereof may devest himself of all beneficial interest in his stock by a written assignment of the same and a delivery of his stock certificate, or by the indorsement and delivery of his stock certificate, or, as some authorities hold (Cook, Stock & 8. §§ 308, 375), by the delivery of his stock certificate without indorsement, although no transfer is made on the books of the corporation. A transfer of his stock in either of the two ways first above indicated, although such transfer is not registered on the corporate books, estops the stockholder from claiming any further title to the stock so transferred, as against subsequent bona fide purchasers thereof for value. Bank of Commerce v. Bank of Newport, 27 U. S. App. 486-489, 11 C. C. A. 9, and 63 Fed. 898; Horton v. Mercer, 36 U. S. App. 234, 18 C. C. A. 18, and 71 Fed. 153; Johnston v. Laflin, 103 U. S. 800-804; U. S. v. Cutts, 1 Sumn. 133, Fed. Cas. No. 14,912; Continental Nat. Bank v. Eliott Nat. Bank, 7 Fed. 369-372; McNeil v. Bank, 46 N. Y. 325; Lund v. Mill Co., 50 Minn. 36, 52 N. W. 268. See, also, Cook, Stock & S. §§ 378, 379, 465, and the numerous cases there cited; also Mor. Corp. § 197.
In view of the doctrine last stated, and in view of another rule of very general application, namely, that a creditor, by the levy of a writ of attachment or execution, merely succeeds to the rights of his debtor in the attached property, whatever the same may be, it follows that the attaching creditor in the case at bar cannot maintain its right to the stock of the Park Hotel Company as against the appellant, to whom the certificate representing the stock had been indorsed and delivered as collateral security long prior to the attachment, merely because no record of the transfer to her had been made on the books of the corporation when the attachment was levied. The pledge of the stock being valid as between the pledgor and the pledgee, the attaching creditor, under and by virtue of the statute requiring registration on the books of the corporation, and by virtue of its purchase of the stock at the execution sale, could at most only assert a right to redeem the stock, inasmuch as it was duly notified of the pledge prior to the execution sale, and bought with full notice of the fact that the stock was then held by the appellant as collateral security for an unpaid debt.
It is claimed, however, — and this is the principal contention on the part of the attaching creditor,- — that it acquired a valid title to the stock because the general incorporation law of the state of Arkansas also provides (section 1338, supra) for the registration of stock trans[606]*606fers on tlTe books of the county clerk of the county where the corporation transacts its business, and declares, in substance, that no transfers of stock shall be valid, as against any creditor of a stockholder, until a certificate has been deposited with such county clerk. It is insisted that by virtue of this section of the statute the appellant has no lien on the stock in controversy, as against the attaching creditor, because a certificate of the transfer to her was not lodged with the county clerk prior to the attachment. This contention leads us to inquire, in the first instance, whether section 1838 of the general incorporation law was intended to comprehend cases where stock in a corporation is pledged as security for a debt by a simple indorsement and delivery of the stock certificate, as well as those cases where a shareholder in a corporation parts with his entire legal and equitable title by an absolute sale of his stock. This question has never been considered by the supreme court of the state of Arkansas, and is therefore res integra.
Sections 1337 and 1338, above quoted in the statement, originally formed section 12 of an act entitled “An act to provide for the creation and regulation of incorporated companies” (Laws Ark. 1868-69, pp. 179-183, c. 92), which was approved on April 12, 1869. The section as originally enacted is quoted below in a footnote.1 .The division of the original section into' two sections, as they now appear in Sandels & Hill’s Digest of the Laws of Arkansas, was the work of the compilers. Looking at the two sections in the form in which they were originally enacted, the inference is a reasonable one that the legislature had in mind transfers whereby a shareholder parted with his entire legal and equitable title to the stock transferred, when it declared, in the concluding clause of the section, that whenever a stockholder transferred his stock a certificate of such transfer should be deposited with the county clerk. While the act does not in terms prescribe by whom the certificate of transfer shall be° filed, whether by the corporation or by the person receiving a transfer of stock, nor what the certificate shall contain, yet it is fair to presume that the lawmaker intended to say that a person purchasing stock should obtain a certificate from the proper corporate officer to the effect that he had acquired certain shares of stock from a certain person or per[607]*607sons, and cause the same to be deposited with the county clerk as one of his muniments of title. The object of the legislature in requiring the county clerk to receive and record semiannual reports „ from the officers of corporations, showing their financial condition and who were their shareholders, and to register transfers of stock made in the meantime in a book kept for that purpose, would seem to have been to provide a convenient record which might be consulted for the purpose of taxation, or for the purpose of ascertaining who had control of a corporation and were responsible for its management, or who might be proceeded against as shareholders to enforce a stock liability in case a corporation became insolvent. All of these objects will be substantially subserved by holding that the section of the act now in question has reference to absolute sales of stock, and that it does not comprehend transfers which are effected by a simple indorsement and delivery of stock certificates as collateral security, inasmuch as creditors who thus hold stock in pledge which has not been transferred on the books of the corporation are not entitled to vote the stock, or take part in the management of the corporation, and ordinarily cannot be proceeded against as stockholders to enforce a stock liability.
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THAYER, Circuit Judge,
after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
The claim of the Arkansas National Bank, the attaching creditor, to the 400 shares of stock in controversy, derives little or no support from the Arkansas statute (section 1342, supra), which declares that stock in a corporation shall be deemed personal property, and shall be transferred only on the books of the corporation in such form as [605]*605the directors shall prescribe, and from the further fact that such a transfer on the hooks of the stock in controversy had not been made when the attachment was levied. In a great number of cases it has been held, and such must be regarded as the prevailing rule, that such a provision, when found either in a special charter or iu a general incorporation act, or in the by-laws of a corporation, is intended to prescribe a method of transfer which shall be deemed effectual, as between the corporation and its stockholders, in all matters relating to the internal government and management of the corporation, rather than to prescribe a method of transfer which must be observed as between a stockholder and third parties. Notwithstanding such a provision in the charter of a corporation, a stockholder thereof may devest himself of all beneficial interest in his stock by a written assignment of the same and a delivery of his stock certificate, or by the indorsement and delivery of his stock certificate, or, as some authorities hold (Cook, Stock & 8. §§ 308, 375), by the delivery of his stock certificate without indorsement, although no transfer is made on the books of the corporation. A transfer of his stock in either of the two ways first above indicated, although such transfer is not registered on the corporate books, estops the stockholder from claiming any further title to the stock so transferred, as against subsequent bona fide purchasers thereof for value. Bank of Commerce v. Bank of Newport, 27 U. S. App. 486-489, 11 C. C. A. 9, and 63 Fed. 898; Horton v. Mercer, 36 U. S. App. 234, 18 C. C. A. 18, and 71 Fed. 153; Johnston v. Laflin, 103 U. S. 800-804; U. S. v. Cutts, 1 Sumn. 133, Fed. Cas. No. 14,912; Continental Nat. Bank v. Eliott Nat. Bank, 7 Fed. 369-372; McNeil v. Bank, 46 N. Y. 325; Lund v. Mill Co., 50 Minn. 36, 52 N. W. 268. See, also, Cook, Stock & S. §§ 378, 379, 465, and the numerous cases there cited; also Mor. Corp. § 197.
In view of the doctrine last stated, and in view of another rule of very general application, namely, that a creditor, by the levy of a writ of attachment or execution, merely succeeds to the rights of his debtor in the attached property, whatever the same may be, it follows that the attaching creditor in the case at bar cannot maintain its right to the stock of the Park Hotel Company as against the appellant, to whom the certificate representing the stock had been indorsed and delivered as collateral security long prior to the attachment, merely because no record of the transfer to her had been made on the books of the corporation when the attachment was levied. The pledge of the stock being valid as between the pledgor and the pledgee, the attaching creditor, under and by virtue of the statute requiring registration on the books of the corporation, and by virtue of its purchase of the stock at the execution sale, could at most only assert a right to redeem the stock, inasmuch as it was duly notified of the pledge prior to the execution sale, and bought with full notice of the fact that the stock was then held by the appellant as collateral security for an unpaid debt.
It is claimed, however, — and this is the principal contention on the part of the attaching creditor,- — that it acquired a valid title to the stock because the general incorporation law of the state of Arkansas also provides (section 1338, supra) for the registration of stock trans[606]*606fers on tlTe books of the county clerk of the county where the corporation transacts its business, and declares, in substance, that no transfers of stock shall be valid, as against any creditor of a stockholder, until a certificate has been deposited with such county clerk. It is insisted that by virtue of this section of the statute the appellant has no lien on the stock in controversy, as against the attaching creditor, because a certificate of the transfer to her was not lodged with the county clerk prior to the attachment. This contention leads us to inquire, in the first instance, whether section 1838 of the general incorporation law was intended to comprehend cases where stock in a corporation is pledged as security for a debt by a simple indorsement and delivery of the stock certificate, as well as those cases where a shareholder in a corporation parts with his entire legal and equitable title by an absolute sale of his stock. This question has never been considered by the supreme court of the state of Arkansas, and is therefore res integra.
Sections 1337 and 1338, above quoted in the statement, originally formed section 12 of an act entitled “An act to provide for the creation and regulation of incorporated companies” (Laws Ark. 1868-69, pp. 179-183, c. 92), which was approved on April 12, 1869. The section as originally enacted is quoted below in a footnote.1 .The division of the original section into' two sections, as they now appear in Sandels & Hill’s Digest of the Laws of Arkansas, was the work of the compilers. Looking at the two sections in the form in which they were originally enacted, the inference is a reasonable one that the legislature had in mind transfers whereby a shareholder parted with his entire legal and equitable title to the stock transferred, when it declared, in the concluding clause of the section, that whenever a stockholder transferred his stock a certificate of such transfer should be deposited with the county clerk. While the act does not in terms prescribe by whom the certificate of transfer shall be° filed, whether by the corporation or by the person receiving a transfer of stock, nor what the certificate shall contain, yet it is fair to presume that the lawmaker intended to say that a person purchasing stock should obtain a certificate from the proper corporate officer to the effect that he had acquired certain shares of stock from a certain person or per[607]*607sons, and cause the same to be deposited with the county clerk as one of his muniments of title. The object of the legislature in requiring the county clerk to receive and record semiannual reports „ from the officers of corporations, showing their financial condition and who were their shareholders, and to register transfers of stock made in the meantime in a book kept for that purpose, would seem to have been to provide a convenient record which might be consulted for the purpose of taxation, or for the purpose of ascertaining who had control of a corporation and were responsible for its management, or who might be proceeded against as shareholders to enforce a stock liability in case a corporation became insolvent. All of these objects will be substantially subserved by holding that the section of the act now in question has reference to absolute sales of stock, and that it does not comprehend transfers which are effected by a simple indorsement and delivery of stock certificates as collateral security, inasmuch as creditors who thus hold stock in pledge which has not been transferred on the books of the corporation are not entitled to vote the stock, or take part in the management of the corporation, and ordinarily cannot be proceeded against as stockholders to enforce a stock liability. Bank v. Allen, 33 C. C. A. 369, 90 Fed. 545-552; Vowell v. Thompson, 3 Cranch, C. C. 438, Fed. Cas. No. 17,023; Brewster v. Hartley, 37 Cal. 15-25; Cook, Stock & S. § 468, and cases there cited.
Moreover, if the section of the act now under consideration is construed so as to embrace a pledge of stock certificates, as well as absolute sales of stock, such a construction will needlessly embarrass and restrict the circulation of such securities, and prevent their use for legitimate business purposes. It is a well-known fact that stock certificates frequently circulate in places far remote from the home of the corporation by which they were issued, that in all commercial centers they are commonly transferred from hand to hand like negotiable paper, and that they are hypothecated for temporary loans by a simple indorsement and delivery thereof, the latter being perhaps the most common use to which such securities are put. In the great majority of cases, when stock is merely pledged for a loan, no record of the transfer is made on the books of the corporation, and in the judgment of laymen the making of such a record seems to be a needless formality. The trend of modern decisions has been to encourage the free circulation of stock certificates in the mode last indicated, on the theory that they are a valuable aid to commercial transactions, and that the public interest is best subserved by removing all restrictions against their circulation, and by placing them as nearly as possible on the plane of commercial paper. In the state of Massachusetts, where a different rule once obtained and was for a long time adhered to, — Fisher v. Bank, 5 Gray, 373; Newell v. Williston, 138 Mass. 240,— a law has recently been enacted which makes the delivery of a stock certificate, with a written assignment indorsed thereon, effectual to convey a title to the stock as against all parties, thereby conforming the law of that state to the law as it has been established by the great weight of judicial opinion in most of the other states. In view of the premises, we are of opinion that section 1338 [608]*608does not require transfers of stock to be registered witb tbe county clerk when, as in tbe case at bar, tbe transfer consists in a pledge of stock certificates by a simple indorsement and delivery of tbe same to tbe pledgee. Tbe statute on wbicb tbe attaching creditor relies will accomplish tbe objects wbicb tbe legislature probably bad in view by confining it to cases where stock is sold. It does not in express terms require transfers of stock by way of pledge to be registered witb tbe county clerk, and, in view of tbe extent to wbicb such a construction of the statute would prevent tbe use of stock certificates for legitimate business purposes, it ought not to be so construed, without a clear expression that such was tbe legislative intent.
In conclusion it may be said that it has been very forcibly argued in behalf of tbe appellant that, even if section 1338 does embrace transfers of stock by way of pledge, and require such transfers to be registered witb tbe county clerk, nevertheless, a holding to that effect would - not enable tbe attaching creditor to appropriate tbe stock in controversy, inasmuch as actual notice of tbe pledge of tbe stock to tbe appellant was given to tbe attaching creditor prior to bis purchase of tbe stock at tbe execution sale. Counsel urge witb great force that actual notice to an attaching creditor of a prior pledge or transfer, before tbe stock is actually sold, should be held tantamount to registration witb tbe county clerk, and a decision by tbe supreme court of Arkansas (Byers v. Engles, 16 Ark. 560), construing an analogous statute, is cited in support of such contention. However, as we have reached tbe conclusion that tbe case at bar is not within tbe provisions of section 1338, we have not deemed it necessary to consider tbe latter contention, or to express any opinion thereon. Tbe decree of tbe circuit court is accordingly reversed, and tbe case is remanded for a retrial.