TRAXLER, Circuit Judge:
Ronald L. Mason appeals the district court’s order granting summary judgment to his employer, Wyeth, Inc., on his claims of discrimination and retaliation under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C.A. § 12101 et seq. (West 2005) (“ADA”), and for intentional infliction of emotional distress under Virginia law. We affirm.
I.
Mason has been hearing impaired since early childhood, with a total hearing loss of approximately 80 percent. With hearing aids, his ability to hear is improved between 80 and 90 percent, and he can participate in normal conversations. However, in areas where there is substantial background noise, Mason does not wear his hearing aids because the noise causes him to experience dizziness and headaches.
In November 1989, Mason was hired by Wyeth’s predecessor in Richmond, Virginia, as an Offset Operator B in the Print Services Department (the “Department”). Wayne Samford was manager of the Department for the entire duration of Mason’s nearly fifteen years of employment with Wyeth. In 1991, Mason received a promotion to Offset Operator A and, by all accounts, was a successful employee and highly skilled press operator who consistently received good performance evaluations.
Throughout Mason’s employment, the employees in the Department got along very well on a personal level, and there was little turnover. When Mason was hired, there were seven employees in the Department — Mason, Samford, Nick Paravatti (supervisor), Otis Martin, Bill Branch, Allen Blankenship, and Rogers Jones. In the early to mid-1990s, Paravatti resigned, Martin was promoted to supervisor, and Ray Slaughter was transferred into the Department to operate the photocopiers. In January 2003, the employees in the Department consisted of six of the seven original employees (Mason, Samford, Martin, Branch, Blankenship, and Jones), plus Slaughter, who had been there for several years by that time. According to Mason, he considered these men to be his primary support network, he felt well-liked by his coworkers, and he felt that they always treated him as a person with normal hearing.
In approximately 1998 or 1999, the employees, and particularly Samford, began playing pranks on one another. One such prank involved Samford sneaking up behind the other employees to startle them, either by pinching or poking them, making hissing or loud noises, or blowing air on their hands with an air hose. Another involved Samford placing a toy rat in places where the employees would encounter it. It is undisputed that the pranks and tricks were not limited to those played by Samford on Mason. On the contrary, Samford played the same or similar pranks on nearly every employee in the [356]*356Department. Mason also admits participating in the prank-playing environment. For example, Mason admitted that he made everybody laugh by “mooning” traffic on Interstate 95 from the Wyeth parking lot on one occasion. He admitted placing a dead bug on top of a candy bar on Jones’s desk to startle him, and he admitted startling Jones on another occasion by putting a rubber snake in his breakfast bag. According to Mason, Samford witnessed the latter incident, got the snake from Mason, and put it in Jones’s sandwich box to startle him again. On yet another occasion, Mason attempted to pry open the door of a bathroom stall occupied by Jones. Mason testified that he was unsuccessful, but Jones realized that it was “me ... trying to tease him,” “caught me laughing and got me [the] next day.” J.A. 63.
Mason also has a history of mental health problems that preceded his employment with Wyeth. In the 1980s, Mason was diagnosed with severe depression and was hospitalized for depression and suicidal thoughts. He has been treated by a psychiatrist for a Schizoaffective Disorder since 1997. In December 2002, Mason told one of his coworkers that he was considering suicide. When Samford learned about this statement, he discussed the matter with Mason, and relayed his concern to Betty Allen, Samford’s immediate supervisor. Mason was placed in contact with Wyeth’s employee health department, and referred to the Employee Assistance Plan (“EAP”). Pursuant to the EAP, Mason was referred to a clinical psychologist, Nancy MacConnachie. At no time during this process did Mason attribute his depression and suicidal thoughts to his employment with Wyeth, or to the prank-playing environment in the Department.
Dr. MacConnachie first saw Mason on January 13, 2003. By letter dated January 22, 2003, Dr. MacConnachie advised Shirley Hess (Wyeth’s senior manager in Human Resources) that Mason was suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder which Dr. MacConnachie attributed to the pranks that had been played by Samford on Mason. Dr. MacConnachie advised that “[b]ecause of his hearing impairment, Mr. Mason’s startle response has a low threshold and causes him great distress, breaking his concentration on his work” and suggested that “Mason’s coworkers would benefit from education regarding the impact of a hearing impairment on the startle response.” J.A. 9-10. This was the first time that Mason or anyone on his behalf requested that the prank-playing be stopped because of the alleged effect it was having on his emotional condition. It was also the first notice anyone at Wyeth received of Mason’s current claim that he considered Samford’s prank-playing (when directed at him) to be discriminatory conduct based upon his hearing disability and that Samford’s prank-playing was the cause of his escalating mental health problems.1
Upon receiving Dr. MacConnachie’s letter, Hess, Allen, and Ned Netherwood (Senior Director of Administrative Opera[357]*357tions in Wyeth’s Consumer Healthcare Division in Richmond), met with Mason and assured him that the prank-playing would stop. They then met with Samford and Martin, separately, regarding the matter. Both men readily admitted that the Department employees, including Mason, joked and played pranks on one another frequently. However, they stated that they were not aware of any negative or unusual impact the prank-playing was having on Mason, and they denied that the pranks were in any way directed at Mason because of his hearing disability. Both men stated that they had no idea that Mason was upset about the pranks, that Mason was, in fact, a participant in the play, and that they never intended to upset him or otherwise cause him harm. According to Allen, Samford appeared “very surprised” that Mason was claiming that the activity had this effect on him “since it was a situation where they all had participated in that type of activity,” Mason “had not said anything to them that it was bothering him,” and “he too, participated in some of the activity.” J.A. 176. Allen testified that she did not view the prank-playing “as singling Mr. Mason out particularly at that point,” J.A. 178, but instructed Samford to stop the activity in the Department.
It is undisputed that Samford played no further pranks on Mason after that meeting. In September 2003, however, nearly seven months later, Mason told Hess that he was having a nervous breakdown. Although Samford had admittedly played no further pranks on Mason, Mason claimed that Samford had continued to tease other employees which upset him. He also claimed that Martin had startled him on one occasion.2 Soon thereafter, Mason left employment on short-term disability and checked into a hospital for treatment. He never returned to active employment with Wyeth.
Prior to these events, Wyeth had begun the task of analyzing cost-saving strategies, including ways to reduce expenses in its Print Services Departments located throughout the company. Wyeth hired an outside consultant firm, the McKinsey Group, to analyze how costs could be reduced through outsourcing of various print service functions. By early January 2003, Jim Pohlman, the Executive Vice President located in Wyeth’s corporate headquarters in Madison, New Jersey, informed Netherwood that offset printing would likely be discontinued because it could be done cheaper outside of the company. Netherwood immediately informed Samford and Martin of the likelihood that a reduction-in-force (“RIF”) would take place in the Department and they, in turn, informed all employees in the Department, including Mason, of the likely RIF. Mason testified that, although he was informed at this time of the proposed closure, he was not worried about it. On February 14, 2003, Netherwood presented to Pohlman the options available in Richmond under the McKinsey study and his recommendation that the company eliminate all offset press work, equipment and associated personnel.
A final decision to discontinue operation of the offset print presses in Richmond, Virginia and Madison, New Jersey, was made later that year, with the formal announcement occurring on September 23, 2003. The offset presses were removed from the Richmond location shortly thereafter. Because their primary job function was to operate the now-defunct offset [358]*358presses, Mason and Blankenship were included in the RIF. The three remaining employees in the Department (Jones, Slaughter, and Branch) were transferred to a newly-created Copy and Mail Center, where they continued to perform the same job functions. Because this left only three non-management employees, the need for a manager and supervisor of the Department was also eliminated, resulting in the termination of Samford and Martin, effective November 30, 2003.3 On September 24, 2003, Mason was informed that his position was being eliminated. However, because Mason would turn 55 years old in March 2004, Netherwood and Wyeth’s Assistant Vice President of Human Resources recommended that Wyeth postpone the effective date of Mason’s termination for six months, until April 1, 2004, so that he would be eligible to retire and receive enhanced retirement benefits if he returned to active employment before that date. Mason and the others were also offered a separation program, which included severance, outplacement, educational assistance and benefit continuation. Mason never returned to work and continues to receive disability benefits.
Mason filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), alleging discrimination and retaliation under the ADA. He then filed this action, asserting claims for hostile work environment and retaliation under the ADA, and for intentional infliction of emotional distress under Virginia state law. Wyeth moved for summary judgment, which was granted by the district court, and this appeal followed.
II.
We begin with Mason’s claim that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on his hostile work environment claim and in determining that Mason had failed to plead a separate “reasonable accommodation” claim under the ADA.
A.
“The ADA prohibits discrimination only against a ‘qualified individual with a disability,’ and defines such a person as ‘an individual with a disability who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions’ of his job.” Fox v. General Motors Corp., 247 F.3d 169, 177 (4th Cir.2001) (internal citations omitted) (quoting 42 U.S.C.A. § 12112(a) and § 12111(8)).
In his amended complaint, Mason set forth three specifically enumerated counts: Count One, labeled “Americans with Disabilities Act (Hostile Work Environment)”; Count Two, labeled “Americans with Disabilities Act (Retaliation)”; and Count Three, labeled “Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress.” J.A. 134-136. Wyeth moved for summary judgment as to all three counts.
During the summary judgment proceedings before the district court, a controversy arose regarding whether Mason had stated a “reasonable accommodation” claim under § 12112(a), separate and apart from his claim of a “hostile work environment.” Specifically, Mason argued that he had and, in particular, claimed that Wyeth had violated the ADA by failing to provide him with a TTY-adapted telephone and by failing to provide either sign language interpreters or written summaries of semiannual meetings to ensure that he was aware of new information. The district court ruled that Mason had failed to plead [359]*359a separate “reasonable accommodation” claim in his amended complaint, and granted summary judgment as to Mason’s “hostile work environment” claim. We agree.
As an initial premise, we note that Mason clearly failed to set forth a separately stated count for an alleged failure to provide reasonable accommodations for his hearing disability. He does not claim otherwise on appeal. Rather, he asserts that he should be allowed to pursue such a claim because it was sufficiently stated in the paragraphs leading up to the enumerated counts, which, in turn, were incorporated by reference into his first count for hostile work environment. In these paragraphs, Mason set forth factual allegations regarding the prank-playing environment, followed by allegations that “[ojther acts ... contributed to the hostile environment/harassment,” J.A. 130, including Wyeth’s failure to provide “reasonable accommodation in the form of an interpreter” or “written summaries of the department meetings, so he could learn what topics had been discussed,” J.A. 131. Mason also alleged that Wyeth had “further discriminated against Mason when it gave him a lower performance evaluation because of his difficulties in answering the telephone at work. The telephone at the printing department was not a TTY-adapted telephone, and Defendant continuously ignored Mason’s requests for accommodation in this and other regards.” J.A. 131.
We disagree with Mason’s view that these background allegations were sufficient to state a separate count for reasonable accommodation. Mason structured his amended complaint to allege, via clearly delineated headings, three specific, enumerated counts. At best, a fair reading of the amended complaint should have placed Wyeth on notice that Mason considered these supposed failures to be a part of his claim that the work environment was hostile to him because of his hearing disability, and therefore something to be considered in conjunction with Samford’s prank-playing. But it did not fairly place Wyeth on notice that Mason was claiming that such accommodations would have allowed him to “perform the essential functions” of his job, 42 U.S.C.A. § 12111(8), and that he intended to pursue a separate count for failure to accommodate.
Even if the amended complaint had sufficiently placed Wyeth on notice of a reasonable accommodation claim, however, it would not affect Wyeth’s entitlement to summary judgment on the ADA count. Prior to the filing of the motion for summary judgment, the parties conducted discovery and Mason was given ample opportunity to produce evidence in support of any such claim. Yet, Mason has failed to support his allegations that he requested and was denied the specified accommodations with sufficient evidence, and has failed to demonstrate that he was unable to perform the essential functions of his job without them.
With regard to Mason’s alleged request for a sign-language interpreter, Mason testified that, within a year or two of coming to work, he realized that he was having trouble hearing in the semi-annual meetings and he “hint[edj ... to Otis and Wayne” that he needed an interpreter. J.A. 92. According to Mason, he was encouraged to sit in the front of the meetings and turn his hearing aids up. Mason testified that he heeded this advice, but still encountered too much background noise to hear well. Mason admits that he only “hinted” of the need for an interpreter on this one occasion, and he apparently told no one that the suggested resolution was unsatisfactory. Rather, Mason testified that he did not believe he needed to say anything else, that Wyeth should have “immediately” provided an interpreter in re[360]*360sponse to his hint, and that he “just gave up.” J.A. 94.4 Such evidence is plainly insufficient to support a finding that Wyeth failed to make a reasonable accommodation under the ADA.
Mason’s testimony regarding his difficulties with the telephone and its alleged impact on his job is a similarly insufficient basis upon which to ground a reasonable accommodation claim. Mason testified that Samford informed him on one occasion that Mason was not taking telephone messages accurately, prompting him to request “something like a sound booster” for the telephone. J.A. 96.5 Mason testified that the only accommodation he requested was this “volume enhancer or amplifier on the telephone” and admitted that this “was done and that [it] helped” him. J.A. 97. He later testified, without elaboration, that he also “asked [Betty Allen] about TTY, and they never provided it.” J.A. 98. However, because Mason has also failed to come forward with any evidence that a TTY-adapted telephone was required for him to perform his essential job functions, we need not resolve any conflict in Mason’s testimony in this regard. To the extent any evidence on the matter was produced, it indicates that Mason was performing his job duties, including answering the telephone, satisfactorily with the accommodation provided.
In sum, we agree that Mason’s amended complaint failed to allege a separate claim for “failure to accommodate” under the ADA and, therefore, affirm the district court’s ruling. We also hold that, even if Mason had sufficiently stated such a claim, Wyeth remained entitled to summary judgment because Mason’s evidence is plainly insufficient to support his claim that the accommodations were requested and denied, or that they were necessary for him to perform his essential job functions.
B.
We next turn to Mason’s claim that Samford’s prank-playing amounted to a hostile work environment in violation of the ADA. The ADA prohibits employers from “discriminating] against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to [the] terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C.A. § 12112(a) (emphasis added). In order to establish such a claim for discrimination based upon a work environment that is hostile to one’s disability, the plaintiff must prove that “(1) he is a qualified individual with a disability; (2) he was subjected to unwelcome harass[361]*361ment; (3) the harassment was based on his disability; (4) the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter a term, condition, or privilege of employment; and (5) some factual basis exists to impute liability for the harassment to the employer.” Fox, 247 F.3d at 177.
We agree with the district court’s determination that Mason failed to create a genuine issue of material fact which could satisfy the third element, i.e., that Samford discriminated against Mason “because of’ Mason’s hearing disability.6
The critical issue for consideration in the “because of’ inquiry is whether a disabled plaintiff has been “exposed to disadvantageous terms or conditions of employment to which [non-disabled employees] are not exposed.” Ocheltree v. Scollon Productions, Inc., 335 F.3d 325, 331 (4th Cir.2003) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted) (addressing the “because of’ inquiry in the context of a Title VII sex discrimination case). Here, it is undisputed that the employees in the Department had worked together for a long period of time and were close friends as well as coworkers. While Samford may have led the pack in the prank-playing shenanigans that developed among the men, it is undisputed that Samford was not the only participant, nor was Mason his sole target. Samford played these exact pranks on most, if not all, of Mason’s coworkers, and all of the employees participated in the prank-playing in some fashion and degree. Mason admits this and, while he attempts to downplay the extent and degree of his involvement, he admits that he engaged in similar horseplay. And, like Samford, Mason viewed his antics as innocent and, for the most part, welcomed by his targets. In short, the work environment in the Department was permeated with the perhaps sophomoric and juvenile behavior of its employees.
Unable to show that Samford singled him out from his coworkers for the pranks, Mason instead claims that it was sufficient to produce evidence that he was the primary target of Samford’s prank-playing antics. According to Mason, he felt like he was Samford’s primary target, and he believes this is because he was easy to sneak up on and has a low-threshold startle response. Because these characteristics resulted from his hearing impairment, Mason asserts that one may infer that Samford’s prank-playing, when directed at him, amounted to discrimination against him because of the hearing disability in violation of the ADA.
We are unpersuaded. First, Mason has produced insufficient admissible evidence from which one could conclude that he was even the “primary” target of Samford’s prank-playing, as opposed to only one of several “favorites” in the Department.7 [362]*362Second, while Mason presented lay testimony regarding his supposed “exaggerated” or “low threshold” startle response, he has not designated and produced expert testimony to support a causal connection between the degree of his startle response and his hearing disability, or evidence that his startle response was really all that different from that of Samford’s other primary targets.
In the end, however, we hold that Mason cannot prevail on his hostile work environment claim under the ADA based upon such a multi-layer approach of imputing a discriminatory motive to Samford. In order to establish a claim under the ADA, Mason was required to present evidence upon which a jury could rest a determination that Samford discriminated against Mason because of his hearing disability. That is what the ADA and other such anti-discrimination laws are intended to prevent — discrimination against an employee because of the protected trait at issue. They do not intended to guarantee “refinement and sophistication in the workplace.” Cf. Hartsell v. Duplex Prods., Inc., 123 F.3d 766, 773 (4th Cir.1997). Nor are they intended to subject an employer to liability because the mutual prank-playing of friends and coworkers in the workplace gets out of hand and inadvertently offends or harms one who happens to a disability.
In this case, there is no evidence that Samford was ever motivated to discriminate against Mason because Mason was hearing impaired. Mason does not claim that he alone was singled out. He readily acknowledged that Samford “d[id] it all the time. I’m not the only person.... He does it to all the others.” J.A. 49. He also admitted that Samford never said anything that caused him to believe that he was being teased “because [he was] hearing impaired,” J.A. 69, and testified that Samford “never made fun of [his] hearing,” J.A. 70. He, and the others in the Department, viewed Samford’s pranks as “just ... a joke.” J.A. 47, 50. When specifically asked to identify the people at work who he believed were motivated to tease him or play tricks on him because of his hearing impairment, Mason denied that he was teased because of his hearing impairment. Rather, he believed that he was teased because he was a “good all around role model and offset pressman.” J.A. 66. According to Mason, “[t]hey just like[d] to pick on me” because “I was [a] swell of a guy.” J.A. 66.
Indeed, Mason testified that he did not consider the prank-playing to be harassment based upon his hearing disability until his medical providers told him otherwise. Mason testified that he “didn’t look at it that way because of [his] hearing disability, but [his] doctor look[ed] at it that way and told [him].” J.A. 55. He was also told in “the group meetings when [he] was in the hospital ... that [it] is harassment, that [he] didn’t know. And [he] just held it as a joke, and no one told me it was harassment....” J.A. 47. As a result, Mason came to believe that Sam-ford’s pranks were “harassment,” not because he believed Samford held any discriminatory animus towards him or his disability, but because his medical provid[363]*363ers told him that Samford was so motivated.8
In sum, Mason makes no claim that Samford was directly motivated by a discriminatory animus towards him. Sam-ford denies any such animus or motivation, and there is no other testimony or evidence that would allow such an inference. Mason cannot prevail because he failed to present sufficient evidence to establish that Samford subjected him to a discriminatory, hostile work environment because of his hearing disability.
C. Retaliation
Mason’s next claim is that he was terminated by Wyeth in retaliation for his complaints about Samford’s prank-playing, also in violation of the ADA. See 42 U.S.C.A. § 12208 (providing that “[n]o person shall discriminate against any individual because such individual has opposed any act or practice made unlawful by this chapter or because such individual made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this chapter”).
To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Mason was required to present evidence that (1) he “engaged in conduct protected by the ADA;” (2) he “suffered an adverse action subsequent to engaging in the protected conduct;” and (3) “there was a causal link between the protected activity and the adverse action.” Freilich v. Upper Chesapeake Health, Inc., 313 F.3d 205, 216 (4th Cir.2002). Athough Mason was not required to establish that the opposed conduct was actually an ADA violation, he must at a minimum establish a reasonable, good faith belief that the opposed conduct violated the ADA. See id.
Mason cannot prevail on his retaliation claim because he failed to create a genuine issue of material fact that he was terminated as a result of his complaints, rather than as part of the scheduled RIF. As noted earlier, Wyeth began studying ways to reduce expenses in its Print Services Departments in early 2002 and, by early January 2003, its consultant had completed its study in this regard. The Richmond and Madison print departments were targeted for closure, and a RIF and reorganization were formally announced in September. The offset presses were removed and, Mason and Blankenship, whose primary job functions were to operate those offset presses, were terminated, along with a number of additional employees.
In light of this undisputed evidence, the district court held that Mason had failed to create a genuine issue of material fact that Wyeth’s stated reason for terminating Mason was pretextual, or that the termination was otherwise imposed as retaliation for Mason’s complaints of Samford’s prank-playing antics. We agree, and affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim for the same reason.
III.
Lastly, we turn to Mason’s claim that he presented sufficient evidence that Sam-ford’s pranks amounted to intentional infliction of emotional distress under Virginia law. We disagree.
[364]*364The tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress requires that the plaintiff prove (1) that “the wrongdoer’s conduct was intentional or reckless;” (2) that “the conduct was outrageous and intolerable;” (3) that “there was a causal connection between the wrongdoer’s conduct and the emotional distress;” and (4) that “the emotional distress was severe.” See Harris v. Kreutzer, 271 Va. 188, 624 S.E.2d 24, 33 (2006). “Because of the risks inherent in torts where injury to the mind or emotions is claimed, ... such torts [are] not favored in the law.” Ruth v. Fletcher, 237 Va. 366, 377 S.E.2d 412, 415 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, in establishing the requisite “outrageousness” of the conduct, it is not enough to show that the defendant “acted with an intent which is tortious or even criminal.” Harris, 624 S.E.2d at 33 (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather, liability may be “found only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Mason claims that Samford’s pranks rose to this level, in large part because he was an especially susceptible and vulnerable target. Like the district court, we are unpersuaded. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Mason, the conduct at issue, while perhaps inappropriate for the work environment, amounted to little more than sophomoric pranks between good friends and coworkers. As such, it falls far short of the requisite outrageous and atrocious behavior necessary to pursue a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to this count as well.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in its entirety.
AFFIRMED.