In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District DIVISION TWO
MARY KAY HAZELTINE, ) No. ED107630 ) Appellant, ) ) vs. ) Appeal from the Labor and ) Industrial Relations Commission STATE OF MISSOURI, SECOND ) INJURY FUND, ) ) Respondent. ) Filed: October 22, 2019
Introduction
Mary Kay Hazeltine (“Claimant”) appeals from the final award of the Labor and
Industrial Commission (“Commission”) denying her claim against the Second Injury Fund
(“Fund”). On appeal, Claimant contends the Commission erred in denying her claim because it
incorrectly found she: (1) did not have preexisting permanent disabilities that were a hindrance
or obstacle to her employment before the work injury she sustained on June 15, 2012, and (2)
failed to prove the nature and extent of her preexisting permanent disabilities and also the
combination of her preexisting permanent disabilities and primary injury resulted in permanent
total disability. We find the Commission’s award concluding the Fund is not liable for
Claimant’s permanent and total disability is not supported by sufficient competent evidence. The
decision of the Commission is reversed and remanded. Factual and Procedural Background1
Claimant filed a claim for compensation on July 17, 2012, claiming she was injured
because of a work accident that occurred on an assembly line while she worked for General
Motors (“Employer”) on June 15, 2012. Claimant also filed a claim against the Fund based upon
preexisting disabilities. Claimant alleged she experienced significant psychiatric trauma as a
victim of physical and sexual abuse and after her daughter’s rape and murder in 1995.
June 15, 2012 Injury
Claimant began working for Employer as a summer worker on June 4, 2012. Claimant
performed a variety of jobs for Employer, most of which involved the assembly of vehicles.
While at work on June 15, 2012, Claimant was working on the assembly line when a tool rack
suspended from the ceiling hit her on the head and left shoulder. Claimant did not recall being
struck in the head, but she recalled being told by a co-worker she was struck. Claimant was
taken to the emergency room. The emergency room doctor diagnosed her with a head injury, a
head laceration, a left shoulder strain, and neck pain.
Claimant returned to work after the accident, but she struggled to keep up with the job
demands. Employer’s plant was very noisy, which caused Claimant to suffer headaches and lose
1 As noted by the Fund, Claimant’s statement of facts does not meet the requirements of Rule 84.04. Rule 84.04(c) provides that “[a]ll statements of facts shall have specific page references to the relevant portion of the record on appeal, i.e., legal file, transcript, or exhibits.” MO. SUP. CT. R. 84.04(c). A statement of facts that does not specifically reference relevant portions of the record violates Rule 84.04(c). Hubbard v. Schaefer Autobody Ctrs., Inc., 561 S.W.3d 458, 461 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018). In several instances, Claimant failed to indicate specific references to the legal file or transcript. In those instances where Claimant indicated specific references to the legal file or transcript, some are incorrect. “Failure to substantially comply with Rule 84.04 is grounds for dismissal.” Rademan v. Al Scheppers Motor Co., 423 S.W.3d 834, 835 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014). However, “we prefer to dispose of a case on the merits whenever possible.” Scott v. Potter Elec. Signal Co., 310 S.W.3d 311, 312 (Mo. App. E.D. 2010). Because the facts as presented in Claimant’s brief are readily understandable, we exercise our discretion to review her non-compliant brief ex gratia. Scott v. King, 510 S.W.3d 887, 892 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017).
2 concentration. Claimant worked light duty for one week and worked one day of full duty before
she was fired.2 She has not returned to work since Employer fired her.
Psychiatric Trauma Preexisting June 15, 2012
Before the accident, Claimant experienced several psychiatric traumas. In high school in
the 1970s, she was walking down the street in her neighborhood when a man pulled her into his
basement and raped her. She was physically abused by a former partner. In 1995, a fellow
student raped and murdered Claimant’s daughter in a high school restroom. Claimant attended
two counseling sessions after her daughter’s murder, but because they did not help, she did not
return. Claimant left her job at Hussmann Corporation, where she worked on the assembly line,
in 1995 because of her daughter’s death. A few years later, Claimant moved out of the area so
she would not be near the school where her daughter was murdered. Claimant’s primary care
physician diagnosed her with mild anxiety and depression with insomnia after her daughter’s
death. He prescribed her Xanax and Ambien. In the years following her daughter’s death,
Claimant was heavily involved in the prosecution of her daughter’s murderer.
Administrative Hearing
Claimant filed a claim for compensation against Employer and the Fund on July 13,
2012. Claimant settled with Employer for permanent partial disability of 4.5% of the body as a
whole referable to the head, 10% of the body as a whole referable to her psychiatric disability,
and 5.5% of the body as a whole referable to the left shoulder. The settlement totaled $30,000
and was approved by an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) on February 9, 2016. The ALJ tried
Claimant’s remaining claim against the Fund for permanent and total disability benefits on
2 In her deposition, Claimant testified she was terminated on July 3, 2012, approximately eighteen days after the accident. At her administrative hearing, Claimant testified she did not remember her deposition testimony and instead testified she worked up to the eighty-ninth day of her employment before she was fired, which was the last day she could be fired without cause.
3 March 6, 2018. Claimant offered the deposition testimony of three medical experts, the
deposition testimony of a vocational rehabilitation expert, and her own deposition and hearing
testimony into evidence. She also offered medical records into evidence that related to her
treatment both before and after the accident. The Fund offered no evidence. The testimony
Claimant presented is summarized as follows.
Claimant’s Testimony
Claimant testified her daughter’s rape and murder in 1995 was the reason she left her
employment at Hussmann and stayed out of the workforce from 1995 until 2012. She testified
she did not seek employment again until 2012 because she was not handling her daughter’s death
well. Shortly after her daughter’s murder, Claimant abused alcohol. Her alcohol abuse resulted
in several driving while intoxicated (“DWI”) convictions. Because of her convictions, Claimant
successfully completed the court-mandated Substance Abuse Traffic Offender Program and
attended Alcoholics Anonymous and counseling sessions. Claimant testified she helped raise her
four grandchildren when the first of them was born in 2004. She testified she would often watch
her grandchildren daily and she had custody of one of her granddaughters for the first eighteen
months of her life. She testified she returned to the workforce in 2012 because her grandchildren
were starting school.
Claimant testified she had no trouble completing her job duties and working overtime for
Employer before the accident. However, after her accident, Claimant testified her head “always
hurts.” She described her headaches as being “like somebody’s pulling a shade down” over her
eyes. Claimant testified she also experiences buzzing in her ears. When Claimant gets a
headache, she has to go to a quiet place to lie down. Bright lights, loud noises, and crowds
trigger Claimant’s headaches. Claimant avoids driving and leaving the house. Claimant testified
4 she encounters more triggers for her headaches when she is out rather than at home. Claimant
was never treated for headaches before the accident. Claimant testified that, after the accident,
her Xanax prescription was increased from two pills to three pills per day, although her medical
records do not reflect this change.
Claimant also testified that, following her injury, she cannot move her shoulder in certain
positions; she puts her clothes on differently than before the accident. She also testified she
developed dizziness and vertigo after the accident and her sleep habits have changed. Before the
accident, Claimant slept only five to seven hours per day. After the accident, Claimant sleeps
twelve or more hours per day. She testified she never experienced memory problems before the
accident. After the accident, Claimant testified she has memory problems and they continue to
worsen. She also testified she experiences mood swings and panic attacks since the accident.
Expert Testimony
Claimant offered the deposition testimony of Dr. Volarich into evidence. Dr. Volarich
examined Claimant on November 4, 2013, and rated Claimant as having 10% disability of the
body as a whole due to her closed head trauma causing concussion with post-concussive
headaches, tinnitus, and vestibular dysfunction. He also found Claimant had 15% disability of
the left shoulder due to rotator cuff tendinitis. In his deposition, Dr. Volarich testified the
accident was the prevailing factor causing her symptoms, need for treatment, and resulting
disability. Based on her medical records, Dr. Volarich also found Claimant suffered from
anxiety and depression, however, he deferred to a psychiatrist for any psychiatric evaluation and
diagnosis. Dr. Volarich testified that, in his thirty-four years of experience as a medical doctor,
patients with depression have an “altered pain threshold” that makes subsequent injuries they
sustain “worse.” He testified “[t]hey perceive pain differently, more intensely, lasting longer
5 periods of time, needing more medication, [and] more time for therapy to try to resolve or heal
conditions.”
On July 15, 2015, after reviewing Dr. Liss’ and Dr. Sky’s report, Dr. Volarich issued an
addendum to his initial report. In that addendum, he stated he found Claimant’s psychiatric
disabilities identified by Drs. Liss and Sky combined with the physical disabilities he rated on
November 4, 2013, to create a substantially greater disability than the simple sum of the
disabilities. On August 8, 2017, after reviewing Mr. England’s vocational rehabilitation
evaluation, Dr. Volarich issued a second addendum in which he stated he found Claimant
permanently and totally disabled, primarily because of her psychiatric conditions.
Claimant offered the deposition testimony of Dr. Sky into evidence. Based upon
Claimant’s subjective complaints, history, and medical records, Dr. Sky diagnosed Claimant
with single episode major depression, anxiety disorder, post-concussive disorder, and alcohol
abuse disorder in remission on April 1, 2014. Dr. Sky rated Claimant as having 25% permanent
psychiatric disability preexisting the accident. He opined Claimant’s preexisting psychiatric
disability was “exacerbated” another 75% by the accident. Dr. Sky further found Claimant could
not function in the open labor market due to her poor focus, lack of concentration, anxiety, and
anhedonia.3 Dr. Sky found these symptoms were caused by a combination of Claimant’s
preexisting psychiatric disability and the accident’s exacerbation of that psychiatric disability.
On cross-examination, Dr. Sky noted he did not review any “psychiatric” treatment records
predating Claimant’s work accident because several of her primary care physician’s treatment
records from 1995 to 1996 were destroyed in a fire and made unavailable. He noted in his
report, however, that the availability of such records would not have materially changed his
3 “Anhedonia” is defined as “a psychological condition characterized by inability to experience pleasure in normally pleasurable acts.” Anhedonia, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/anhedonia (last visited Sept. 23, 2019).
6 diagnosis or disability rating of Claimant. Dr. Sky indicated Claimant did not specify the
psychiatric symptoms she experienced before the accident, but he recalled Claimant told him she
experienced a generalized feeling of sadness. After the accident, Dr. Sky noted Claimant
experienced several symptoms, including loss of focus, loss of concentration, and headaches.
Claimant offered the deposition testimony of Dr. Liss into evidence. Based on the
responses Claimant provided on written questionnaires and his interview with Claimant, Dr. Liss
diagnosed Claimant with post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) and associated anxiety and
depression because of the accident on June 29, 2015. He also diagnosed Claimant with PTSD
and associated anxiety and depression preexisting the accident. He reported the physiologic
symptoms of her PTSD included “startle, sleeplessness, anxiety, and panic.” Dr. Liss opined the
core of Claimant’s PTSD began with her daughter’s murder but the accident “magnified” her
symptoms. Dr. Liss rated Claimant as having 50% preexisting disability related to her PTSD.
He rated Claimant as having 50% post-accident disability due to the aggravation of her PTSD,
depression, and anxiety. He testified PTSD is neither treatable nor curable.
In his deposition, Dr. Liss opined Claimant’s preexisting PTSD was serious enough to
constitute an obstacle or hindrance to employment or reemployment. Dr. Liss testified Claimant
is totally and permanently disabled due to a combination of her preexisting disability and the
disability resulting from the accident. On cross-examination, Dr. Liss admitted he did not
separately list the PTSD symptoms Claimant experienced before and after her work accident in
his report; instead, he listed all her symptoms related to PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Dr. Liss
testified that, while there is an overlapping in the symptoms Claimant experienced, “new and
exaggerated symptoms have occurred since the injury at work.” He further testified that
Claimant’s preexisting PTSD “feed[s] on” her post-accident PTSD. Dr. Liss testified Claimant
7 had panic attacks with flashbacks about her daughter’s murder before the work accident, but he
did not list these symptoms in his report. Dr. Liss confirmed the only psychiatric treatment
Claimant received for any length of time was medication from her primary care physician. Dr.
Liss stated that, had he seen Claimant before the accident, he would have thought she was
permanently and totally disabled due to the horrific nature of her daughter’s murder and her
continued involvement in the subsequent prosecution of her daughter’s murderer.
Lastly, Claimant offered the deposition testimony of Mr. England, a vocational expert,
into evidence. On March 16, 2015, Mr. England evaluated Claimant, and he issued his report on
April 6, 2015. Mr. England concluded that, before the accident, she was able to compete for
work in the open labor market because she had applied and been hired at Employer’s plant and
was working regularly. Mr. England concluded there was no physical reason Claimant could not
work. However, based on Dr. Sky’s and Dr. Liss’ reports, Mr. England thought Claimant was
permanently and totally disabled and could not compete for employment from a psychiatric
standpoint after the accident. Mr. England also testified that Claimant’s presentation would
make it difficult for her to be hired; she had a flat affect, she appeared anxious, and she requested
the lights in his office be turned off due to her photo-sensitivity during his evaluation of her.
On cross-examination, Mr. England stated he did not review any medical records that
predated Claimant’s work injury. Mr. England indicated Claimant did not report any specific
psychiatric symptoms she experienced relating to her daughter’s death until after her work
accident. Mr. England also stated Claimant did not indicate she had problems with focus and
concentration before the work accident.
8 Administrative Findings
The ALJ issued her award on May 23, 2018, denying Claimant permanent total disability
benefits from the Fund. The ALJ concluded Claimant did not “meet her burden of proving the
nature and extent of any alleged preexisting psychological disability by a reasonable degree of
certainty.” The ALJ found, “other than testifying very briefly about leaving her job after her
daughter’s death, going to a therapist twice, and receiving Ambien and Xanax from her primary
care doctor, Claimant did not testify about any actual symptoms prior to her work accident.” The
ALJ also found against Claimant because she “failed to offer any specific testimony, either at
hearing or in her deposition, regarding how or whether her alleged preexisting psychiatric
conditions constituted a hindrance or obstacle to employment.”
The ALJ found the expert testimony Claimant offered to support her contention of
permanent and total disability due to the combination of her preexisting and primary disabilities
was “not persuasive.” The ALJ found the experts not persuasive because they had “little or no
specific history of any prior psychiatric symptoms or problems” and only had preexisting
psychiatric treatment records from Claimant’s primary care physician to consult in reaching their
opinions. The ALJ found Dr. Liss’ testimony was not persuasive because he never mentioned
Claimant suffered any specific preexisting psychiatric symptoms or limitations and some of his
answers contradicted each other.4 Similarly, the ALJ found Dr. Sky’s testimony was not
persuasive because he did not recall Claimant reporting any specific preexisting symptoms other
than Claimant drinking excessively after her daughter’s death. The ALJ noted Dr. Volarich
made no assessment of psychiatric diagnosis, and Claimant did not provide Mr. England any
4 The ALJ found Dr. Liss’ response to whether he separated the PTSD symptoms Claimant experienced before the accident from the PTSD symptoms in his report was contradictory. The ALJ noted that Dr. Liss he did not separate the symptoms in his report, but then testified in his deposition Claimant had panic attacks with flashbacks about her daughter’s murder before the accident.
9 history of specific mental or physical problems in the years between her daughter’s death and her
employment with Employer.
Claimant appealed the award to the Commission. A majority of the Commission found
the ALJ’s award was supported by sufficient competent evidence and affirmed the ALJ’s
decision.
Commissioner Curtis E. Chick, Jr. filed a dissenting opinion. He found Claimant proved
the combination of her preexisting disabilities and primary injury caused permanent total
disability, thus entitling her to relief against the Fund. Commissioner Chick concluded the
majority of the Commission used an incorrect analysis in concluding that Claimant was not
entitled to relief against the Fund. Commissioner Chick disagreed that Claimant had to prove her
preexisting disabilities constituted a hindrance or obstacle to employment or reemployment;
instead, Commissioner Chick maintained Claimant was only required to prove her preexisting
disabilities had the “potential to combine with a work-related injury in the future so as to cause a
greater degree of disability than would have resulted in the absence of the condition.” (alteration
in original). Given Claimant’s credible, uncontradicted testimony and the unanimous opinions of
all expert testimony in the record, Commissioner Chick viewed the majority of the
Commission’s award as contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
Claimant appeals the Commission’s decision.
Standard of Review
Our review of the Commission’s decision is governed by article V, section 18 of the
Missouri Constitution and § 287.495.5 Kolar v. First Student, Inc., 470 S.W.3d 770, 774 (Mo.
App. E.D. 2015). In a workers’ compensation case, this Court reviews
5 All references are to RSMo Cum. Supp. (2013) unless otherwise indicated.
10 only questions of law and may modify, reverse, remand for rehearing, or set aside the Commission’s award only upon any of the following grounds and no other:
(1) That the [C]ommission acted in excess of its powers; (2) That the award was procured by fraud; (3) That the facts found by the [C]ommission do not support the award; (4) That there was not sufficient competent evidence in the record to warrant making the award.
§ 287.495.1. It is not necessary for us to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commission’s award. Hampton v. Big Boy Steel Erection, 121 S.W.3d 220, 223 (Mo. banc
2003). Rather, this Court examines the record as a whole to determine “whether there is
‘sufficient competent and substantial evidence to support the award, i.e., whether the award is
contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence.’” Highley v. Von Weise Gear, 247 S.W.3d
52, 55 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008) (quoting Hampton, 121 S.W.3d at 222-23).
The Commission’s factual findings are binding and conclusive to the extent they are
supported by sufficient competent evidence and were reached in the absence of fraud. Archer v.
City of Cameron, 460 S.W.3d 370, 374 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015) (citing Coday v. Div. of Emp’t
Sec., 423 S.W.3d 775, 778 (Mo. banc 2014)). However, “[w]e review decisions of the
Commission which are clearly interpretations or applications of law for correctness without
deference to the Commission’s judgment.” Motton v. Outsource Intern., 77 S.W.3d 669, 672
(Mo. App. E.D. 2002) (quoting West v. Posten Const. Co., 804 S.W.2d 743, 744 (Mo. banc
1991)). This Court reviews the findings of the Commission, not the ALJ. Lawrence v. Anheuser
Busch Cos. Inc., 310 S.W.3d 248, 250 (Mo. App. E.D. 2010). Where, as here, the Commission
affirms and incorporates the ALJ’s decision in its award, this Court reviews the findings of the
ALJ as adopted by the Commission. Cardwell v. Treasurer of State of Missouri, 249 S.W.3d
902, 906 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008).
11 Discussion
Statutory Framework
“Section 287.220 creates the Fund and imposes liability on the Fund in certain cases of
permanent disability where there is a preexisting disability.” Lewis v. Treasurer of State, 435
S.W.3d 144, 152 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014) (footnote omitted) (citing § 287.220 and Hughey v.
Chrysler Corp., 34 S.W.3d 845, 847 (Mo. App. E.D. 2000)). The purpose of the Fund is “to
encourage the employment of individuals who are already disabled from a pre[]existing injury,
regardless of the type or cause of that injury.” Glasco v. Treasurer of State-Custodian of Second
Injury Fund, 534 S.W.3d 391, 397 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017) (citing Treasurer of State-Custodian
of Second Injury Fund v. Witte, 414 S.W.3d 455, 460 (Mo. banc 2013)). To further that purpose,
§ 287.220 limits the employer’s liability, when a work-related injury occurs, to only that part of
the disability attributable to the work injury. Id. (citing Witte, 414 S.W.3d at 460). “Any
disability attributable to the combination of the work injury with preexisting disabilities is
compensated, if at all, by the Fund.” Id. (footnote omitted) (citing Witte, 414 S.W.3d at 460 and
§ 287.220.2).
For the Fund to be liable, a claimant must have a permanent partial disability existing at
the time of the primary injury and was so serious as to constitute a hindrance or obstacle to
employment or reemployment. Lawrence v. Treasurer of State-Custodian of 2nd Injury Fund,
470 S.W.3d 6, 13 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015) (citing Concepcion v. Lear Corp., 173 S.W.3d 368, 371
(Mo. App. W.D. 2005)); § 287.220.1. The Fund is liable for the portion of disability attributable
to the preexisting condition where a claimant establishes either that: (1) the preexisting partial
disability combined with a disability from a subsequent injury to create a permanent and total
disability or (2) the combination of his present compensable injury and his preexisting permanent
12 partial disabilities create an overall disability greater than the sum of the disabilities
independently.6 Highley, 247 S.W.3d at 55.
In this case, Claimant seeks recovery for permanent total disability benefits under the first
set of circumstances. Section 287.020.6 defines “total disability” as the “inability to return to
any employment and not merely [the] inability to return to the employment in which the
employee was engaged at the time of the accident.” § 287.020.6. “An employee is permanently
and totally disabled if no employer in the usual course of business would reasonably be expected
to employ the employee in his or her present physical condition.” Pennewell v. Hannibal
Regional Hosp., 390 S.W.3d 919, 924-25 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) (citing Clark v. Harts Auto
Repair, 274 S.W.3d 612, 616 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009)). Before the Fund will be liable for
permanent total disability, the claimant must establish first the extent or percentage of the
permanent partial disability resulting from the last injury alone and then the combination of the
last injury and a prior permanent partial disability resulted in permanent and total disability.
Lawrence, 470 S.W.3d at 14. For purposes of calculating permanent total disability benefits,
“[a] claimant’s preexisting disabilities are irrelevant until [the] employer’s liability for the last
injury is determined.” Gleason v. Treasurer of State of Missouri-Custodian of Second Injury
Fund, 455 S.W.3d 494, 498 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015) (quoting Lewis, 435 S.W.3d at 157).
Point I
In her first point relied on, Claimant argues the Commission erred in finding she did not
have preexisting permanent disabilities that were a hindrance or obstacle to her employment.
Claimant primarily argues this conclusion was improperly reached because the Commission
6 For a detailed analysis of the differences in proving a claim for permanent partial disability and proving a claim for permanent and total disability, see Lewis v. Treasurer of State, 435 S.W.3d 144, 156-59 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014).
13 focused on the extent to which her preexisting disabilities caused difficulty in the past and
ignored the potential for her preexisting disabilities to combine with a work injury in the future.7
For the Fund to be liable in a workers’ compensation claim, it is well-established that “a
claimant must have a permanent partial disability that existed at the time of the primary injury
and that was so serious as to constitute a hindrance or obstacle to employment.” Glasco, 534
S.W.3d at 397 (internal quotations omitted); § 287.220.1. When determining whether a claimant
has satisfied the “hindrance or obstacle” requirement,
the proper focus . . . is not on the extent to which the condition has caused difficulty in the past; it is on the potential that the condition may combine with a work related injury in the future so as to cause a greater degree of disability than would have resulted in the absence of the condition.
Wuebbeling v. W. Cty. Drywall, 898 S.W.2d 615, 620 (Mo. App. E.D. 1995) (alteration in
original). If a cautious employer could reasonably foresee that the preexisting injury may
combine with a future work related injury to result in more disability than would have resulted
without such a preexisting condition, then a preexisting injury constitutes “a hindrance or
obstacle to employment or reemployment.” Garibay v. Treasurer of Missouri, 930 S.W.2d 57,
60 (Mo. App. E.D. 1996).
7 As a sub-point in her first point relied, Claimant argues the ALJ erred in failing to follow the correct framework for determining the Fund’s liability because it did not first make a factual finding regarding the degree of disability from the last injury alone before considering any preexisting disability and, therefore, the Commission’s adoption of the ALJ’s findings was in error. See Forshee v. Landmark Excavating & Equip., 165 S.W.3d 533, 537 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005) (internal citations omitted) (“In determining whether the Second Injury Fund has any liability, the first finding is the degree of disability from the last injury considered alone. If the last injury in and of itself renders the employee permanently and totally disabled, then the Second Injury Fund has no liability and the employer is responsible for the entire amount of compensation. Until the degree of disability from the last injury is established, Second Injury Fund liability cannot be determined.). As noted by the Fund, this error is not raised in her point relied on. “Arguments not encompassed by the point relied on are not preserved for review”; thus, Claimant’s argument is waived. DeWalt v. Davidson Serv./Air, Inc., 398 S.W.3d 491, 502 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) (citing Rule 84.04(e) and Gamber v. Mo. Dep’t of Health & Senior Servs., 225 S.W.3d 470, 477 (Mo. App. W.D. 2007)).
14 The Commission found “Claimant offered no specific testimony, either at hearing or in
her deposition, regarding how, or even if, her prior alleged psychiatric conditions constituted a
hindrance or obstacle to employment.” The Commission found Claimant did not testify about
how her preexisting disabilities affected her ability to work before the accident, but she “testified
extensively how the primary injury has impacted her ability to work.” In addition, the
Commission noted the following evidence supported its decision that Claimant did not prove her
preexisting disabilities constituted a hindrance or obstacle to employment: Claimant’s
prescriptions for Xanax and Ambien, which were first prescribed following her daughter’s death,
did not change in dosage after her work accident; Claimant’s alcohol abuse, which began after
her daughter’s murder and which resulted in several DWI convictions, had ended because she
completed the court-mandated Substance Abuse Traffic Offender Program and attended
Alcoholics Anonymous and counseling; and although Claimant initially stopped working due to
her daughter’s death, she remained home to babysit her grandchildren during the time she was
out of the workforce.
Based upon the evidence in the record, the Commission’s finding that Claimant did not
establish her preexisting disabilities constituted a hindrance or obstacle is not supported by
sufficient competent evidence and is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence. In her
deposition and at the hearing before the ALJ, Claimant testified she left employment at
Hussmann because of her daughter’s murder in 1995 and moved away from the area. Claimant
testified her daughter’s murder was the reason she stayed out of the workforce from 1995 until
2012—seventeen years. She testified she did not seek employment again until 2012 because she
was not handling her daughter’s death well. Immediately following her daughter’s murder,
Claimant testified her primary care physician diagnosed her with mild anxiety and depression
15 with insomnia and prescribed her Xanax and Ambien.8 She testified she abused alcohol
following her daughter’s death and sustained DWI convictions. She also testified regarding her
continued involvement in the subsequent prosecution of her daughter’s murderer in the years
following her daughter’s death. This evidence relates to whether Claimant’s preexisting
disabilities constituted a hindrance or obstacle to employment.
Acceptance or rejection of evidence is generally an issue for the Commission to
determine. Houston v. Roadway Express, Inc., 133 S.W.3d 173, 179 (Mo. App. S.D. 2004)
(citing Sullivan v. Masters Jackson Paving Co., 35 S.W.3d 879, 884 (Mo. App. S.D. 2001)).
When the Commission reaches its decision by expressly making credibility findings, the
Commission may disbelieve uncontradicted and unimpeached testimony. Id. (citing Alexander v.
D.L. Sitton Motor Lines, 851 S.W.2d 525, 527 (Mo. banc 1993)). “This is especially true if there
is a substantial basis from all the evidence of a finding that such testimony is untrue.” Raef v.
Stock-Hartis, Inc., 416 S.W.2d 201, 205 (Mo. App. 1967). But where the record is “wholly
silent concerning the Commission’s weighing of credibility” and neither the claimant nor the
experts testifying on his or her behalf are contradicted or impeached, the Commission “may not
arbitrarily disregard and ignore competent, substantial and undisputed evidence.” Houston, 133
S.W.3d at 179-80 (quoting Merriman v. Ben Gutman Truck Serv., Inc., 392 S.W.2d 292 (Mo.
1965)). In such circumstances, we may find the award was not based upon disbelief of the
claimant’s testimony. Copeland v. Thurman Stout, Inc., 204 S.W.3d 737, 743 (Mo. App. S.D.
2006).
The Commission did not conclude it disbelieved Claimant’s testimony. The
Commissioners found “Claimant was a very sympathetic witness at hearing” who had “certainly
8 Claimant’s prescriptions for Xanax and Ambien are confirmed in the record within her primary care physician’s medical records.
16 faced tragedy in her life.” Because Claimant’s testimony was not expressly disbelieved,
contradicted, or impeached, we find the Commission erred in disregarding it. Further, we find
no merit in the Commission’s suggestion that Claimant’s leaving the workforce because of her
daughter’s death was not evidence that her preexisting condition constituted an obstacle or
hindrance because she remained home to babysit her grandchildren. The record shows Claimant
did not watch her grandchildren until the first of them was born in 2004, almost ten years after
she left the workforce. We also find the Commission’s criticism that Claimant did not testify as
to how her preexisting disabilities “impacted her ability to work” before the work accident is
misplaced. The focus of the “hindrance or obstacle” analysis is “not on the extent to which the
condition caused difficulty in the past but on the potential that it could combine with a work
injury to cause a greater degree of disability than would have resulted without it.” Patterson v.
Cent. Freight Lines, 452 S.W.3d 759, 765 (Mo. App. E.D. 2015) (citing Knisley v. Charleswood
Corp., 211 S.W.3d 629, 637 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007)). The fact Claimant was able to perform job
duties without difficulty before the work accident does not indicate that her preexisting
disabilities were not a hindrance or obstacle to her employment or reemployment. Dierks v.
Kraft Foods, 471 S.W.3d 726, 740 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015).
The Commission also ignored Dr. Liss’ expert testimony in concluding that Claimant
“offered no specific testimony” on whether her preexisting disabilities constituted a hindrance or
obstacle to employment. Dr. Liss testified:
Q: In your medical opinion, within a reasonable degree of medical certainty, the PTSD which [Claimant] had prior to her work injury, was it serious enough to constitute an obstacle or hindrance to employment or reemployment?
A: Yes, sir.
.....
17 Q: If you had seen Ms. Hazeltine before the 2012 injury, would you still – I think you diagnosed fifty percent [permanent partial disability] due to her [PTSD] prior to June 15, 2012. Correct?
A: Correct.
The Commission’s conclusion that no specific testimony was introduced on whether Claimant’s
preexisting disabilities constituted a hindrance or obstacle to her employment is contrary to and
not supported by the evidence as found in Dr. Liss’ testimony. The Commission may not
arbitrarily disregard or ignore competent, substantial, and undisputed evidence of witnesses not
impeached or base its finding on conjecture or its own opinion unsupported by sufficient
evidence. Bond v. Site Line Surveying, 322 S.W.3d 165, 171 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). Therefore,
the Commission’s finding that Claimant did not prove her preexisting disabilities constituted a
hindrance or obstacle to employment is in error.
Point II
In her second point relied on, Claimant advances several procedural and substantive
arguments regarding the Commission’s determinations she failed to prove both the nature and
extent of her preexisting disabilities and the combination of her preexisting disabilities and
primary injury resulted in permanent total disability. Procedurally, she argues the Commission
incorrectly found she needed to prove the nature and extent of her preexisting disabilities. To
support her argument, Claimant cites to Knisley, 211 S.W.3d 629. Claimant argues this Court
held in Knisley that, in a permanent total disability claim against the Fund, proof of the nature
and extent of preexisting disabilities is not a prerequisite for compensation. However, she also
argues that if the nature and extent of her permanent preexisting disabilities must be proven, the
Commission incorrectly found she needed to prove the nature and extent of those preexisting
disabilities by “a reasonable degree of certainty” standard. Instead, she argues the “more likely
18 to be true than not true,” or preponderance, standard set forth in § 287.808 applies.9
Substantively, Claimant argues the Commission erred in finding she did not prove (1) the nature
of her preexisting disabilities by a preponderance of the evidence and (2) her preexisting
disabilities combined with her primary injury, resulting in permanent total disability. We will
address these multifarious claims in turn.10
Procedural Arguments
Claimant’s argument she does not have to prove the nature and extent of her preexisting
disabilities before recovering permanent total disability benefits misconstrues the holding of
Knisley. Claimant correctly cites the rule for establishing permanent total disability, as recited in
Knisley: to recover permanent total disability, “a [c]laimant must establish the extent, or
percentage, of the permanent partial disability resulting from the last injury only, and prove that
the combination of the last injury and the pre[]existing disabilities resulted in permanent total
disability.” Knisley, 211 S.W.3d at 635. However, Claimant’s suggestion that Knisley holds a
claimant does not have to prove the nature and extent of his or her preexisting disabilities is
flawed.
9 Section 287.808 states the following:
The burden of establishing any affirmative defense is on the employer. The burden of proving an entitlement to compensation under this chapter is on the employee or dependent. In asserting any claim or defense based on a factual proposition, the party asserting such claim or defense must establish that such proposition is more likely to be true than not. 10 We note Claimant’s second point relied on violates Rule 84.04. “A statement of a point relied on . . . violates Rule 84.04 when it groups together contentions not related to a single issue. As such, it is multifarious.” In re Marriage of Cochran, 340 S.W.3d 638, 647 (Mo. App. S.D. 2011) (internal citation omitted). “Improper points relied on, including those that are multifarious, preserve nothing for appellate review.” Id. However, “[a]s a matter of policy, the court prefers to decide cases on their merits whenever possible.” Comp & Soft, Inc. v. AT&T Corp., 252 S.W.3d 189, 194 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008). Because the deficiencies in Claimant’s point relied on do not impede our ability to discern her arguments or our disposition on the merits, we review this point ex gratia. O’Gorman & Sandroni, P.C. v. Dodson, 478 S.W.3d 539, 543 n.1 (Mo. App. E.D. 2015).
19 “When a claim is made against the Fund for permanent disability compensation, statutory
language and case law make it mandatory that a claimant must provide evidence to support a
finding, among other elements, that he [or she] had a preexisting permanent disability.”
Portwood v. Treasurer of State of Missouri-Custodian of the Second Injury Fund, 219 S.W.3d
289, 292 (Mo. App. W.D. 2007) (quoting Messex v. Sachs Elec. Co., 989 S.W.2d 206, 214 (Mo.
App. E.D. 1999)). Knisley did not alter this requirement. At issue in Knisley was whether a
claimant with several preexisting permanent disabilities needed to distinguish among and assign
separate percentages for each before she could prevail on a claim for permanent total disability.
Knisley, 211 S.W.3d at 634-36. The court held § 287.220.1 contained no such requirement;
therefore, a “[c]laimant only needed to establish that she had preexisting permanent disabilities
that when combined with her [primary] injury rendered her permanently and totally disabled. Id.
at 635 (emphasis added). A close reading of Knisley reveals the requirement that a claimant
seeking benefits from the Fund must prove the nature and extent of her preexisting permanent
disabilities remains constant.
Claimant’s argument that the Commission improperly concluded she needed to prove the
nature and extent of her preexisting permanent disabilities by a reasonable degree of certainty
because that is the incorrect standard of proof also misses the mark. Under § 287.808, the
claimant must prove an entitlement to compensation and must establish an asserted factual
proposition is more likely to be true than not true. § 287.808. However, “[a] broader standard of
review is applicable where . . . the permanency of an employee’s disability is at issue.” Matzker
v. St. Joseph Minerals Corp., 740 S.W.2d 362, 363 (Mo. App. E.D. 1987), overruled on other
grounds by Hampton, 121 S.W.3d 220.
20 “Missouri courts have routinely required that the permanent nature of an injury be shown
to a reasonable certainty.” Sanders v. St. Clair Corp., 943 S.W.2d 12, 16 (Mo. App. S.D. 1997)
(citing Griggs v. A.B. Chance Co., 503 S.W.2d 697, 703 (Mo. App. W.D. 1973), overruled on
other grounds by Hampton, 121 S.W.3d 220. A close reading of our case law reveals the
quantum of proof required when a claimant seeks to prove permanency of injury differs from
when a claimant seeks to prove temporary injury or causation of injury. See Downing v.
Willamette Indus., Inc., 895 S.W.2d 650, 655 (Mo. App. W.D. 1995) (internal citations omitted)
(“For an award of temporary disability and medical aid, proof of cause of injury is sufficiently
made on reasonable probability, while proof of permanency of injury requires reasonable
certainty.”) and Griggs, 503 S.W.2d at 703 (internal citations omitted) (“While proof of a cause
of injury is sufficiently made on reasonable probability, proof of permanency of injury requires
reasonable certainty.”). The requirement that the permanent nature of an injury be shown to a
reasonable degree of certainty aligns with § 287.190.6(2), which defines “permanent partial
disability” and provides that “[m]edical opinions addressing compensability and disability shall
be stated within a reasonable degree of medical certainty.” § 287.190.6(2).
Because Claimant alleges she has preexisting permanent partial disabilities, we find the
Commission correctly found Claimant had to prove the nature and extent of those disabilities by
a reasonable degree of certainty. The Commission did not err in stating Claimant’s burden of
proof.
Nature and Extent of Claimant’s Preexisting Permanent Psychiatric Disability
While we find the Commission did not err in stating Claimant needed to prove the nature
and extent of her preexisting permanent disabilities by a reasonable degree of certainty, we find
the Commission erred in finding Claimant failed to meet her burden. The Commission reasoned
21 Claimant failed to meet her burden because “other than testifying very briefly about leaving her
job after her daughter’s death, going to a therapist twice, and receiving Ambien and Xanax from
her primary care doctor, Claimant did not testify about any actual symptoms prior to her work
accident.”
The Commission’s finding is not supported by sufficient competent evidence and is
against the overwhelming weight of the evidence. The requirement of reasonable certainty does
not mean absolute certainty, but rather something more than mere likelihood, conjecture, or
probability. Matzker, 740 S.W.2d at 363 (citing Garrison v. U.S. Cartridge Co., 197 S.W.2d
675, 677 (Mo. App. 1946), overruled on other grounds by Hampton, 121 S.W.3d 220.
Permanency can be inferred from the whole evidence; evidence of permanency “need not
necessarily be in express terms.” Davis v. Brezner, 380 S.W.2d 523, 528 (Mo. App. 1964). As
this Court has acknowledged, “[t]here is nothing talismanic about the phrase ‘reasonable
certainty.’ The words a medical expert uses when testifying are important, not in themselves, but
as a reflection of any doubts [he or] she may have about the permanence of the injury.” P.M. v.
Metromedia Steakhouses Co., Inc., 931 S.W.2d 846, 849 (Mo. App. E.D. 1996).
Here, both psychiatric experts testified, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty,
regarding their diagnoses of Claimant with preexisting permanent disabilities. Based upon his
evaluation of Claimant and her medical records, Dr. Sky diagnosed Claimant with single episode
major depression, anxiety disorder, post-concussive disorder, and alcohol abuse disorder in
remission. Dr. Sky rated Claimant as having 25% permanent psychiatric disability that
preexisted the accident and was “exacerbated” another 75% by the accident. Dr. Liss similarly
diagnosed Claimant with PTSD and associated anxiety and depression that preexisted the
accident. Dr. Liss opined the core of Claimant’s PTSD, which included physiologic symptoms
22 of “startle, sleeplessness, anxiety, and panic,” began with her daughter’s murder and was
“magnified” by the accident. Dr. Liss rated Claimant as having a 50% permanent psychiatric
disability that preexisted the accident. Dr. Liss testified PTSD is neither treatable nor curable.
Except for Dr. Sky’s note that Claimant’s alcohol abuse disorder is in remission, nowhere in
their testimonies do Drs. Liss and Sky doubt the permanency of Claimant’s preexisting
disabilities.
The Commission was not free to arbitrarily disregard and ignore Dr. Liss’ and Dr. Sky’s
testimony regarding Claimant’s preexisting disabilities and base its finding “upon conjecture or
its own mere personal opinion unsupported by sufficient competent evidence.” Lawrence, 470
S.W.3d at 16 (citing Lewis v. Kansas Univ. Med. Ctr., 356 S.W.3d 796, 800 (Mo. App. W.D.
2011)). Claimant’s expert psychiatric testimony sufficiently establishes the nature and extent of
her preexisting permanent psychiatric disabilities. The Commission’s conclusion to the contrary
appears to reflect its personal opinion that something other than the preexisting disabilities
caused Claimant’s decision to leave the workforce, attend therapy, and take prescription
medications.
Combination of Preexisting Disability and Primary Injury Resulting in Permanent Total Disability
We also find the Commission erred in finding Claimant failed to prove the combination
of her preexisting disabilities and primary injury rendered her permanently and totally disabled.
The Commission found Claimant failed to meet her burden because of its perceived deficiencies
in the expert testimony she presented. The Commission found Dr. Liss’ and Dr. Sky’s testimony
was “not persuasive” because they did not (1) review any prior “psychiatric” treatment records or
(2) separate the symptoms Claimant experienced before the accident from the symptoms
Claimant experienced after the accident.
23 The Missouri Constitution and § 287.495.1 do not authorize us to substitute our own
judgment on the evidence for that of the Commission. Michler v. Krey Packing Co., 253 S.W.2d
136, 717 (Mo. banc 1952). However, they do authorize us “to decide whether the Commission
could have reasonably made its findings, and reached its result, upon consideration of all the
evidence before it; and to set aside decisions clearly contrary to the overwhelming weight of the
evidence.” Id. (internal citations omitted). See also Porter v. RPCS, Inc., 402 S.W.3d 161, 171
(Mo. App. S.D. 2013). Although the Commissioners found the experts’ testimonies were “not
persuasive,” there is no substantial basis in the evidence to support their finding.
This Court recognizes the Commission can properly find against a claimant on the
ground the claimant did not meet his or her burden of proof regarding causation in a workers’
compensation case. This Court further recognizes this is so even where the Fund presents no
evidence at a hearing before an ALJ to contradict the claimant’s evidence. Seifner v. Treasurer
of State-Custodian of Second Injury Fund, 362 S.W.3d 59 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) is one such
case. In Seifner, the claimant injured his thoracic spine while working on his employer’s
production line. Id. at 61-62. He filed a claim against his employer and settled it before trial.
Id. He also filed a claim against the Fund based on alleged preexisting disabilities he claimed
resulted from the repetitive nature of his work on the production line. Id. At a hearing before an
ALJ, the claimant offered the deposition testimony of one medical expert concluding the
claimant’s return to work after sustaining prior injuries was a substantial contributing factor in
causing the pain he suffered. Id. The Fund offered no evidence. Id.
The ALJ denied the claimant’s Fund claim, finding the medical expert’s opinion
regarding causation was not credible because he did not know several details related to the
claimant’s work, including how many days or hours per day the claimant worked on the
24 production line or how the claimant performed his production line duties. Id. at 63. The
Commission affirmed and adopted the ALJ’s findings. Id. The Western District affirmed. Id. at
67. Even though no contradictory medical evidence was introduced by the Fund, the Western
District found the Commission identified a reasonable basis for concluding the claimant’s
medical expert lacked credibility regarding the causation of the claimant’s injuries. Id. at 67.
Because the Commission had impeached the factual basis of the claimant’s medical expert’s
testimony, the court held the Commission did not err in denying the claimant’s claim against the
Fund. Id.
The present case is distinguishable from Seifner because the Commission identified no
reasonable basis for discrediting Claimant’s expert medical and vocational opinions and
concluding their opinions lack credibility. The Commission disregarded Claimant’s expert
opinions in part because it found they reviewed no prior psychiatric treatment records in reaching
their opinions. However, in its award, the Commission concedes the experts did review records
from Claimant’s primary care physician. Claimant also introduced her primary care physician’s
records into evidence. These records confirm Claimant suffered depression and anxiety, treated
with medications, before the accident.
The Commission’s award suggests Claimant needed to introduce records from medical
specialists to meet her burden, however, we can find no case or statute that imposes such a
requirement. See § 287.190.6(2) (requiring only that “permanent total disability shall be
demonstrated and certified by a physician.”). Because the Commission conceded Claimant’s
experts did review prior psychiatric treatment records from Claimant’s primary care physician in
reaching their opinions, we find the Commission’s disregard of the experts on this ground cannot
be credited. Thus, the Commission’s finding that Claimant failed to prove her preexisting
25 disabilities combined with her primary injury to cause permanent total disability because her
experts reviewed no prior treatment records is not supported by sufficient competent evidence
and is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
In addition, the Commission disregarded Claimant’s expert opinions because they did not
separate the symptoms Claimant experienced before the accident from the symptoms Claimant
experienced after the accident. The Commission’s criticism of Claimant’s experts in this regard
reflects a narrow view of their testimonies. Dr. Sky testified the psychiatric symptoms of
depression and anxiety Claimant experienced before and after the accident were similar but the
accident “exacerbated” or “significantly worsened” those symptoms to the point she could no
longer work after the accident. Similarly, Dr. Liss testified Claimant experienced symptoms of
PTSD before the accident, the core of which began with her daughter’s murder, but the accident
“magnified” her symptoms. Dr. Liss testified that while there is an overlapping in the symptoms
Claimant experienced, “new and exaggerated symptoms have occurred since the injury at work.”
He further testified that Claimant’s preexisting PTSD “feed[s] on” her post-accident PTSD. Dr.
Volarich testified that, in his thirty-four years of experience as a medical doctor, patients with
depression have an “altered pain threshold.” He testified “[t]hey perceive pain differently, more
intensely, lasting longer periods of time, needing more medication, [and] more time for therapy
to try to resolve or heal conditions.” Dr. Volarich concluded Claimant experienced more pain
than she otherwise would have upon sustaining her primary injury because of her preexisting
The foregoing testimony in the record establishes Claimant experienced symptoms before
and after the accident that differed not in kind but rather in degree. Because Claimant’s experts
testified regarding the differences in symptoms Claimant experienced before and after the
26 accident, we find the Commission’s disregard of the experts on this ground cannot be credited.
Therefore, the Commission’s finding that Claimant failed to prove her preexisting disabilities
combined with her primary injury to cause permanent total disability because her experts did not
parse her preexisting symptoms from her post-accident symptoms is not supported by sufficient
competent evidence and is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
Without a reasonable basis for discrediting Claimant’s experts’ opinions, the Commission
failed to impeach their unanimous testimony that Claimant’s preexisting disabilities combined
with her primary injury to render her permanently and totally disabled on the record before us.
Because we find the Commission arbitrarily disregarded and ignored the substantial and
undisputed evidence offered by Claimant, its denial of Claimant’s claim against the Fund is in
error.
Conclusion
Viewing the award objectively and examining the evidence in the whole record, we
conclude Claimant has met her burden under § 287.220 of establishing (1) that her preexisting
permanent disabilities were serious enough to constitute a hindrance or obstacle to her
employment or reemployment; (2) the nature and extent of her preexisting permanent disabilities
by a reasonable degree of certainty; and (3) that she is permanently and totally disabled due to a
combination of her preexisting permanent disabilities and her primary injury. We find the Fund
is liable for her permanent total disability. The Commission’s decision to the contrary is not
supported by sufficient competent evidence and is against the overwhelming weight of the
evidence.
27 We reverse the Commission’s decision that the Fund is not liable for Claimant’s
permanent and total disability, and we remand with instructions for the Commission to enter an
award consistent with the findings in this opinion.
_______________________________ Philip M. Hess, Presiding Judge
Kurt S. Odenwald, J. and Lisa P. Page, J. concur.