Supreme Court of Florida ____________
No. SC19-84 ____________
MARVIN CANNON, Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF FLORIDA, Appellee.
____________
No. SC19-727 ____________
MARVIN CANNON, Petitioner,
MARK S. INCH, etc., Respondent.
February 13, 2020
PER CURIAM.
Marvin Cannon appeals an order of the circuit court denying in part his
initial postconviction motion filed pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure
3.851. He also petitions this Court for a writ of habeas corpus. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), (9), Fla. Const. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm the partial denial of Cannon’s postconviction motion and deny the petition
for writ of habeas corpus.
BACKGROUND
Cannon murdered Zechariah Morgan after luring Morgan and another man
to a remote piece of farmland under the pretense of selling them deer corn.
Cannon v. State, 180 So. 3d 1023 (Fla. 2015). Cannon had arranged to drive to the
property in Morgan’s truck with Morgan, Sam Neel (another victim), and Anton
McMillian (Cannon’s alleged accomplice). As the truck pulled up to an abandoned
house on the property, Cannon stabbed Neel twice in the neck. Neel fled to find
help. Officers later found Morgan near his truck, deceased from stab wounds. The
truck was on fire. McMillian was apprehended soon thereafter.
Cannon fled on foot, and officers tracked him. Along his path they found
Morgan’s wallet. At a nearby convenience store, an officer viewed a surveillance
video and recognized Cannon in the footage. Two days later, officers apprehended
Cannon. Morgan’s blood was found on Cannon’s shirt.
The jury convicted Cannon of the first-degree murder of Morgan under
theories of both premeditation and felony murder. It also found him guilty of
robbery with a deadly weapon of Morgan, attempted first-degree premeditated
murder and attempted armed robbery of Neel, and arson of the truck. Id. at 1031.
-2- The trial court sentenced Cannon to death. Id. On direct appeal, this Court
vacated the conviction for the attempted robbery of Neel due to insufficient
evidence. Id. at 1039 n.16. In all other respects, this Court affirmed. Id. at 1039-
41.
Cannon subsequently filed an initial motion for postconviction relief
pursuant to rule 3.851 to vacate his convictions and sentence. 1 One claim asserted
that Cannon was entitled to resentencing under Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40 (Fla.
2016), because the jury’s recommendation of death was not unanimous (the vote
was 9 to 3). The court agreed and vacated Cannon’s death sentence, causing the
remaining penalty-phase claims to become moot.
The trial court denied two claims following an evidentiary hearing: that
counsel failed to object and move for mistrial when an officer identified Cannon
1. Cannon’s postconviction motion raised the following claims: (1) counsel was ineffective during the guilt phase by (a) allowing allegedly biased jurors to serve, (b) failing to object and move for mistrial when an officer identified Cannon in a surveillance video, and (c) failing to object and move for mistrial when the State allegedly shifted the burden of proof during closing argument; (2) counsel allowed pervasive religious themes during both the guilt and penalty phases; (3) Cannon was intellectually disabled, and thus execution was constitutionally prohibited; (4) counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present mitigation evidence during the penalty phase; (5) Cannon was entitled to resentencing pursuant to Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40 (Fla. 2016); (6) Cannon was illegally sentenced for count V, arson of a vehicle, to 30 years in prison as a prison releasee reoffender (PRR); and (7) Cannon remained sentenced to 15 years in prison for count IV, attempted robbery with a deadly weapon, although that conviction was vacated by this Court on direct appeal.
-3- from a surveillance video and when the prosecutor allegedly shifted the burden of
proof during closing argument. The court denied three other claims without a
hearing: that counsel permitted allegedly biased jurors to serve; that counsel
permitted religious themes of retribution to pervade during trial; and that the
Department of Corrections’ website incorrectly reflected that Cannon was still
serving a sentence for attempted robbery with a deadly weapon, even though this
Court had vacated that conviction and sentence on direct appeal. 2
Cannon appeals the denial of these claims. He also petitions this Court for a
writ of habeas corpus, alleging that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to
challenge the trial court’s ruling that the State gave race-neutral reasons for using
peremptory challenges to strike three African-American jurors. We address these
claims below.
ANALYSIS
I. Motion for Postconviction Relief
A court may summarily deny a postconviction claim without an evidentiary
hearing when the claim is legally insufficient, procedurally barred, or refuted by
the record. Salazar v. State, 188 So. 3d 799, 808 (Fla. 2016) (citing Troy v. State,
57 So. 3d 828, 834 (Fla. 2011)). “Because a court’s decision whether to grant an
2. The court also corrected Cannon’s sentence for count V, arson of a vehicle. -4- evidentiary hearing on a rule 3.851 motion is ultimately based on written materials
before the court, its ruling constitutes a pure question of law, subject to de novo
review.” Id. (citing Reynolds v. State, 99 So. 3d 459, 471 (Fla. 2012)). “[T]his
Court accepts the movant’s factual allegations as true to the extent that they are not
refuted by the record.” Troy, 57 So. 3d at 834. “Where the postconviction court
has conducted an evidentiary hearing, this Court will defer to the factual findings
of the postconviction court so long as those findings are ‘supported by competent,
substantial evidence, but will review the application of the law to the facts de
novo.’ ” Mungin v. State, 141 So. 3d 138, 142 (Fla. 2013) (quoting Hurst v. State,
18 So. 3d 975, 988 (Fla. 2009)).
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
A defendant who raises a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must
show: “(1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient—i.e., unreasonable under
prevailing professional norms; and (2) that the deficiency prejudiced the defense—
i.e., that there is ‘a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Jones v. State,
998 So. 2d 573, 582 (Fla. 2008) (quoting Valle v. State, 778 So. 2d 960, 965-66
(Fla. 2001)); see also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984). “A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Jones, 998 So. 2d at 582 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). In
-5- determining prejudice, this Court must consider the totality of the evidence. “[A]
verdict or conclusion only weakly supported by the record is more likely to have
been affected by errors than one with overwhelming record support.” Williamson
v. State, 123 So. 3d 1060, 1066 (Fla. 2013) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696).
Because Strickland requires the defendant to establish both deficient performance
and prejudice, when a defendant fails to make a showing as to one prong, it is not
necessary to determine whether the defendant has established the other prong.
Whitfield v. State, 923 So. 2d 375, 384 (Fla. 2005).
Cannon argues that the postconviction court erred in denying his claims that
counsel was ineffective during the guilt phase for (1) failing to strike several biased
jurors; (2) failing to object and move for mistrial when an officer identified
Cannon in a surveillance video; and (3) failing to object when the prosecutor
shifted the burden of proof during closing argument. We disagree and therefore
affirm the postconviction court’s denial of these claims.
1. Jurors Biased Towards Death Penalty
Cannon argues counsel was ineffective for failing to strike several jurors
who allegedly demonstrated a bias in favor of the death penalty. The
postconviction court summarily denied Cannon’s claim, finding the record did not
demonstrate bias.
-6- Cannon’s brief in this appeal failed to explain how any alleged juror bias in
favor of the death penalty prejudiced Cannon during the guilt phase of the trial. At
oral argument, counsel declined an invitation from the Court to explain why this
claim was not moot in light of the postconviction court’s vacatur of Cannon’s
death sentence. Because Cannon failed even to argue (much less establish)
prejudice, we affirm the denial of this claim.
2. Identification of Cannon in Surveillance Video
Cannon claims that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object and
move for mistrial when an officer identified Cannon in a surveillance video. The
trial court denied this claim following an evidentiary hearing.
During trial, an officer who assisted in the search for Cannon testified that
he went to a gas station, where an attendant showed him a surveillance video. The
video was entered into evidence and played for the jury. The officer identified
Cannon in the video, testifying, “That’s Marvin Cannon. I recognize him. He has
been personally familiar to me for a number of years.”
In his postconviction motion, Cannon argued that the officer’s statement
gave rise to a reasonable implication that the officer knew Cannon from the latter’s
prior involvement in criminal activity. Cannon reasoned that this implication
constituted improper collateral crimes evidence, also referred to as Williams 3 Rule
3. Williams v. State, 110 So. 2d 654 (Fla. 1959). -7- evidence. Cannon argued that counsel was ineffective for failing to object and
move for mistrial.
During the postconviction evidentiary hearing, trial counsel testified that he
did not believe it was objectionable for the officer to testify that he knew Cannon
“personally.” Counsel stated that trial took place in a small community where
people knew each other. He did not interpret the statement to mean that the officer
knew Cannon from prior criminal incidents. The postconviction court denied the
claim, finding that the statement did not suggest prior law enforcement contact
with Cannon or prior bad acts. Alternatively, the court found there was no
prejudice because the statement was brief, the source of the officer’s knowledge
was not disclosed, and Cannon’s identity in the surveillance footage was not
contested.
We agree with the postconviction court that Cannon failed to establish that
counsel’s performance was deficient. On its face and in context, the officer’s
testimony did not imply that Cannon had a criminal background. Under these
circumstances, an objection to the officer’s testimony would not have been
sustained, and “counsel cannot be deemed deficient for failing to make a meritless
objection.” Raleigh v. State, 932 So. 2d 1054, 1064 (Fla. 2006).
-8- 3. Burden Shifting During Closing Argument
As we mentioned earlier, the prosecution maintained that Cannon lured the
victims to a remote property under the pretense of selling them deer corn there.
The State argued that the absence of deer corn at the property was additional
evidence of Cannon’s intent. To prove that there was no deer corn at the property,
the prosecution presented the testimony of two responding officers. The first
officer arrived during the daylight and searched the property but found no corn.
The second officer arrived at twilight when visibility was limited, but he returned
several days later during the daylight to take photographs. He also saw no corn.
The defense presented the testimony of Cannon’s father, who stated the property
was unsecured and could have been accessed by anyone. However, the father was
not asked if he stored deer corn on the property.
Cannon argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to object and move
for mistrial during closing argument when the State pointed out that Cannon’s
father never testified that he stored deer corn on the property where the incident
occurred. Cannon asserts that the State was required to prove the absence of deer
corn on the property in order to prove Cannon’s intent, but it failed to do so. 4
Cannon maintains that the State instead improperly urged the jury to convict if it
4. We address Cannon’s argument without accepting the premise that it mattered whether the State proved that there was no corn on the property. -9- found Cannon failed to prove the presence of deer corn on the property, thereby
shifting to Cannon the burden of proof. The postconviction court summarily
denied this claim, finding that the State’s comment was a proper comment on the
evidence and that Cannon failed to demonstrate prejudice.
“[I]t is error for a prosecutor to make statements that shift the burden of
proof and invite the jury to convict the defendant for some reason other than that
the State has proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt.” Gore v. State, 719 So.
2d 1197, 1200 (Fla. 1998). However, a prosecutor’s comments are not improper if
they are an invited response to an argument made by the defendant. Scott v. State,
66 So. 3d 923, 930 (Fla. 2011). The State is permitted to point out a lack of
evidence to support an alternative theory of the case put forth by the defense. Id.
Here defense counsel suggested in closing argument that the deer corn could
have been on the property at the time of the incident and that the responding
officers could have overlooked it because visibility was limited after dark.
Counsel acknowledged that the second officer returned to the property in the
daylight several days later. However, the defense theorized that an unknown
individual could have come onto the unsecured property and taken the deer corn
prior to the second officer’s return.
In rebuttal, the State challenged that theory of events, reminding the jury that
the first officer arrived during the daylight hours and did not find corn. The State
- 10 - further asserted, “[I]t was very interesting that the defense presented [Cannon’s
father]. Did you hear [him] testify, oh yeah, there was corn out there; they just
didn’t see it. That’s where I put corn. Did [he] say anything like that, that I store
corn at this location?” This argument simply pointed out the lack of evidence to
support the alternative theory put forth by the defense, which was permissible. See
Scott, 66 So. 3d at 930.
Under these circumstances, the trial court would not have sustained an
objection to the State’s argument, and counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for
failing to raise a meritless objection. Raleigh, 932 So. 2d at 1064. We therefore
affirm the denial of this claim.
4. Religious Themes During Guilt and Penalty Phases
Cannon argues that counsel was ineffective for allowing pervasive themes of
religious retribution throughout the trial. He complains that jurors made references
to religion during voir dire, that the prosecutor referenced a religious principle
during closing argument of the guilt phase, and that a defense witness invoked
religious authority during the penalty phase.
The postconviction court summarily denied this claim, finding that counsel did
nothing more than permit the prospective jurors to express their religious views
during voir dire, that the prosecutor’s allusion to religion during closing argument
was de minimis, and that the comment made during the penalty phase was moot
- 11 - because Cannon’s sentence had been vacated. We agree that Cannon cannot show
prejudice as to his penalty phase claim because his sentence has been vacated. We
also agree that Cannon cannot show deficiency or prejudice from the religion-
oriented statements made during voir dire and in closing argument.
Voir Dire. Cannon asserts that counsel was ineffective for engaging the
prospective jurors in religious discussions during voir dire. He complains that
defense counsel should not have encouraged the prospective jurors to discuss
religious philosophy. In an apparent contradiction, he also argues counsel should
have engaged the prospective jurors in further discussions about religion to ensure
they could set aside their religious beliefs and follow the law. Many of the
prospective jurors who discussed religion were not ultimately selected to serve on
the jury, and Cannon does not allege under this claim that the jurors who served
had actual bias due to their religious beliefs. Regardless, Cannon argues that these
discussions invoked religious authority, which diminished the jurors’ sense of
responsibility for their verdict.
During voir dire, one prospective juror brought up the biblical concept of
“an eye for an eye.” When asked to explain her view of the death penalty, she
stated: “Since men made laws the death penalty has been imposed an eye for an
eye, a tooth for a tooth.” However, she stated she did not always agree with how
the death penalty was imposed and believed that was a decision for jurors to make
- 12 - after they had been given all the facts. A second prospective juror agreed, stating,
“like she said, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”
Defense counsel then asked for “a church person” to explain their
understanding of this doctrine. Three prospective jurors responded. One
individual was uncertain whether this doctrine appeared in the Bible and was
unable to explain what it meant. Another individual stated the doctrine was not
intended to be “vindictive” or to bring “retribution” but to ensure justice was
measured out equally between the rich and the poor. A third prospective juror
stated this doctrine did not literally mean “an eye for an eye” but instead was a
measure for repaying debts, such as “a pound of flour for a pound of flour.”
Several other jurors mentioned religion during voir dire. Two individuals
stated they could not put aside their religious convictions and follow the law. They
were stricken. Two prospective jurors mentioned that they were ministers.
Another prospective juror stated she went to church with Cannon’s mother but that
it would not affect her ability to be impartial.
Closing Argument. Cannon further argues that counsel was ineffective for
failing to object and move for mistrial when the prosecutor made a biblical allusion
during closing argument. The prosecutor summarized the evidence and then
stated: “Basically, it’s a situation, folks, where this man [Cannon] reaps what he
sowed on that particular day. And what he sowed are the charges he is facing.”
- 13 - Cannon argues that the jurors would have recognized this comment as a biblical
reference indicating that it was God’s will that they convict Cannon and sentence
him to death.
We conclude that Cannon cannot demonstrate deficiency or prejudice based
on the discussion and comments that he has identified. It was not improper for
counsel during voir dire to probe whether any potential jurors held religious beliefs
that would preclude them from following the trial court’s instructions on the law.
See Ellerbee v. State, 232 So. 3d 909, 924 (Fla. 2017) (prosecutor’s discussion of
religion with a prospective juror was appropriate to ascertain the juror’s ability to
follow the law). And there is no reasonable probability that the prosecution’s
fleeting biblical allusion at closing affected the jury’s verdict. Specifically, we see
no danger that any religion-oriented comments diminished the jury’s sense of
responsibility for its verdict or caused the jury to base its decisions on religious
authority rather than on the trial court’s instructions. See id. at 923 (observing that
“not every statement referencing God or the Bible is prejudicial”). Accordingly,
we affirm the postconviction court’s denial of this claim.
B. Department of Corrections Website
Cannon argues that the Department of Corrections’ website reflects he is still
serving a 15-year sentence for the attempted robbery of Neel, even though this
Court vacated that conviction on direct appeal. In his postconviction motion,
- 14 - Cannon asked the court to enter an order vacating his conviction and sentence for
that count and ordering the Department to release him as to that count. The
postconviction court denied the claim, finding Cannon failed to present any
authority that would authorize the court again to vacate an already-vacated
judgment and sentence solely as a means of correcting an error on a website. We
agree.
The State notes that the website includes a disclaimer stating that the
Department does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information on
its website. It instructs any person who believes that the information is inaccurate
to contact the Department directly. Cannon has not indicated that he attempted to
resolve the issue with the Department directly or that he confirmed whether this
error is merely one of the Department’s website rather than its official records. We
affirm the denial of this claim without prejudice to Cannon seeking relief through
appropriate means if he is unable to resolve it with the Department directly.
II. Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus
Cannon petitioned this Court for a writ of habeas corpus alleging ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel. He argued that counsel should have raised an issue
on direct appeal challenging the trial court’s determination that the State gave
genuine, race-neutral reasons for exercising three peremptory challenges against
African-American jurors. We find that appellate counsel was not ineffective for
- 15 - failing to raise this claim because trial counsel failed to renew an objection to these
strikes prior to the jury being sworn. This issue would have been procedurally
barred on appeal.
More than one objection is required to preserve a claim that a peremptory
challenge is racially motivated. After the initial objection, “the issue is not
preserved for appellate review if the party objecting to the challenge fails to renew
the objection before the jury is sworn.” Zack v. State, 911 So. 2d 1190, 1204 (Fla.
2005) (citing Franqui v. State, 699 So. 2d 1332, 1334 (Fla. 1997); Joiner v. State,
618 So. 2d 174 (Fla. 1993)). “By not renewing the objection prior to the jury being
sworn, it is presumed that the objecting party abandoned any prior objection he or
she may have had and was satisfied with the selected jury.” Id. (citing Joiner, 618
So. 2d at 176).
A challenge to the granting or denying of a peremptory strike is procedurally
barred from being raised on direct appeal if counsel failed to renew the objection
prior to the jury being sworn. Philmore v. State, 820 So. 2d 919, 930 (Fla. 2002)
(finding claim that the trial court erred in permitting the State to exercise a
peremptory strike was “waived” and thus “procedurally barred” on direct appeal
because the defendant “failed to renew his objection prior to the jury being
sworn”); Franqui, 699 So. 2d at 1334 (finding claim that the trial court erred in
granting a peremptory strike was “procedurally barred” on direct appeal because
- 16 - “defense counsel failed to properly renew his objection . . . before accepting the
jury and allowing it to be sworn”). “Appellate counsel cannot be ineffective for
the failure to assert an argument that would have been procedurally barred because
it was not presented during trial.” Doorbal v. State, 983 So. 2d 464, 492 (Fla.
2008); see also Mansfield v. State, 911 So. 2d 1160, 1178 (Fla. 2005) (“Appellate
counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to raise a claim which ‘would in
all probability’ have been without merit or would have been procedurally barred on
direct appeal.” (quoting Rutherford v. Moore, 774 So. 2d 637, 643 (Fla. 2000))).
Here, defense counsel raised a contemporaneous objection when the State
sought to exercise three peremptory challenges on African-American jurors. The
trial court initially granted the first two peremptory strikes but denied the third. On
the morning of trial, before the jury was sworn, the State renewed its peremptory
challenge to the third juror. Defense counsel objected. The trial court granted the
peremptory strike. Defense counsel then moved to reopen jury selection with new
prospective jurors. The court denied the motion.
Prior to swearing in the jury, the trial court handled several administrative
matters including speaking with a juror about a scheduling issue concerning a
federal jury summons, clarifying evidentiary rulings, making arrangements with
counsel for the presentation of demonstrative aids, and issuing a warning about the
rules of courtroom decorum. The trial court then asked if there was “[a]nything
- 17 - else before we bring the jury in?” Defense counsel responded, “No.” The court
swore in the jury without objection.
Cannon asserts that he renewed his objection to the third juror on the
morning of trial when he responded to the State’s renewed motion to strike that
juror. However, the preservation requirement contemplates a party renewing its
objection after the trial court issues an adverse ruling. Carratelli v. State, 961 So.
2d 312, 318 (Fla. 2007). The trial court initially denied the State’s motion to strike
the third juror. Thus, on the morning of trial, Cannon did not “renew” his
objection to striking the third juror. He simply continued making his initial
objection.
Cannon further reasons that he effectively renewed his objection to the first
two peremptory strikes when he asked the trial court to reopen voir dire, which he
believes should have indicated to the court that he was unhappy with the racial
makeup of the jury. However, counsel did not “renew[] his objection or accept[]
the jury subject to his earlier . . . objection,” which “would have apprised the trial
judge that [he] still believed reversible error had occurred.” Joiner, 618 So. 2d at
176.
The requirement that an objection must be renewed “is not a mere
technicality.” Carratelli, 961 So. 2d at 318. “[R]enewing an objection before the
jury is sworn gives the trial court one last chance to correct a potential error and
- 18 - avoid a possible reversal on appeal,” and it “allows counsel to reconsider the prior
objection.” Id. at 319.
Because trial counsel failed to renew the objections prior to the jury being
sworn, this claim would have been procedurally barred on direct appeal. Philmore,
820 So. 2d at 930. Appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise a
procedurally barred claim. Doorbal, 983 So. 2d at 492. We deny the petition for
writ of habeas corpus.
III. Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the postconviction court’s denial of relief
for a new guilt phase, and we deny the petition for writ of habeas corpus.
It is so ordered.
CANADY, C.J., and POLSTON, LABARGA, LAWSON, and MUÑIZ, JJ., concur.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Gadsden County, Jonathan Eric Sjostrom, Judge - Case No. 202010CF000663BXXXMX And an Original Proceeding – Habeas Corpus
Eric C. Pinkard, Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, David Dixon Hendry, Rachel Paige Roebuck, Jami Leigh Chalgren, and Kara Ottervanger, Assistant Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, Middle Region, Temple Terrace, Florida,
for Appellant/Petitioner
Ashley Moody, Attorney General, and Lisa A. Hopkins, Assistant Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, - 19 - for Appellee/Respondent
- 20 -