Cite as 2020 Ark. 418 SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS No. CR-19-926
Opinion Delivered: December 17, 2020
MARVIN ARRELL STANTON APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE MILLER COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT V. [NO. 46CR-15-503]
STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE KIRK JOHNSON, APPELLEE JUDGE
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
SHAWN A. WOMACK, Associate Justice
Marvin Stanton was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life in prison.
This was his third trial for the murder of Jesse Hamilton. The first conviction was reversed
on direct appeal, then a mistrial occurred on remand. Because of the prosecutor’s improper
campaigning in the courthouse during trial, Stanton’s conviction must once again be
reversed, and this case will return to Miller County for a fourth trial.
I.
A.
On a September evening in 2015, Stanton pulled his motorcycle into a Texarkana gas
station with three other friends. His friends parked their motorcycles in open parking spots,
but Stanton stopped at the gas pump. His preferred parking spot was occupied by Jesse
Hamilton’s truck. Hamilton was with his friends, Lavon Strong and SanMarcus Jacobs. The three men were about to leave the station when Stanton yelled at Hamilton to “move [his]
fucking truck.” As Stanton approached, Hamilton and his friends stepped outside the truck
and an argument ensued. While arguing with Hamilton, Stanton flashed his .45 caliber
pistol. Though he was unarmed, Hamilton responded that he was unafraid of a gun.
The argument became physical after Stanton shoved Hamilton against the truck. The
two men scuffled on the ground for twenty-five seconds before Hamilton got the better of
Stanton. They stood up and separated several feet from each other. But Stanton was not
done. He pulled his gun and trailed the red laser sight down Hamilton’s body until it reached
his abdomen. Stanton pulled the trigger. A hollow point round penetrated Hamilton’s
abdomen, damaging his aorta and intestines, and exited through his back. He was
transported to a local hospital, where doctors attempted life-saving surgery. Their efforts
proved unsuccessful and Hamilton died four hours later.
B.
Stanton has stood trial three times for Hamilton’s death. His first trial resulted in a
conviction of first degree murder and employing a firearm to commit the murder. We
reversed on direct appeal due to improper admission of character evidence. See Stanton v.
State, 2017 Ark. 155, 517 S.W.3d 412. Stanton’s second trial ended in mistrial during the
guilt phase. This appeal centers on the third trial.
Prosecutor Stephanie Barrett prosecuted the case. At the time of the third trial,
Barrett was campaigning for a position in the Arkansas Court of Appeals and seeking
2 signatures for placement on the ballot.1 On the first day of trial, a family member of Barrett’s
campaigned and solicited signatures on Barrett’s behalf in the courthouse. Prospective jurors
were asked to sign election petitions for Barrett and other judicial candidates as they walked
through the courthouse. Campaign materials featuring Barrett’s photograph and her asserted
credentials were placed on the bailiff’s security station throughout the first day and a half of
trial. The venire pool and members of the public mandatorily encountered this table each
time they entered the courtroom and went through security.
Defense counsel learned about the campaigning after the first day of trial. When he
raised the issue the following morning, the deputy prosecutor claimed that a sitting circuit
court judge suggested that Barrett solicit signatures from jury pools entering the courthouse
and personally engaged in that practice. Barrett was instructed to hand over the signed
petition sheets. She obtained the sheets at lunch, discovered that a seated juror had signed
the petition, yet said nothing until after the evening recess. Of the nine signatures collected,
four belonged to prospective jurors, including one juror who was ultimately selected.
The next morning, Stanton moved for mistrial based on an appearance of
impropriety. The circuit court questioned each juror about the campaigning and its impact
on their impartiality. Most jurors were asked to sign petitions, and some had signed petitions
for various judicial candidates. The juror who signed Barrett’s petition could not recall whose
petition she signed. Each juror assured the court that they could remain fair and impartial.
1 Barrett was elected to the court of appeals this year.
3 Satisfied with their answers, the circuit court refused to grant mistrial. Stanton then sought
to remove the juror who signed Barrett’s petition. That too was denied.
The trial concluded later that day. The jury rejected Stanton’s justification defense
and convicted him of first degree murder. He was sentenced to life in prison plus fifteen
years for a firearm enhancement. Following the conviction, Stanton moved for a new trial
and sought to recuse all judges in the Eighth Judicial District South from the case. The circuit
court refused to conduct a hearing and denied the motions in an untimely written order.
This appeal followed.
II.
Stanton raises four challenges to his conviction. He first appeals the circuit court’s
decisions related to the prosecutor’s campaigning and solicitation of signatures at the
courthouse. This issue merits reversal and we remand for a new trial. Stanton also challenges
the circuit court’s refusal to provide two jury instructions, the exclusion of evidence regarding
Hamilton’s intoxication, and limitations imposed on the cross-examination of a witness.
When one point warrants reversal, we generally decline to consider the remaining points on
appeal. See Burton v. State, 367 Ark. 109, 115, 238 S.W.3d 111, 116 (2006). But given that
the issue regarding evidence of Hamilton’s intoxication may arise again on remand, we will
address that point at this time.
III.
The primary issue in this case involves Prosecutor Stephanie Barrett’s campaigning in
the courthouse during Stanton’s murder trial. This issue is a novel one, but we believe it is
4 easily resolved by long-standing principles involving the administration of justice.
Prosecutors are “representative[s] not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a
sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern
at all; and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case,
but that justice shall be done.” Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935). As such,
prosecutors have a solemn obligation to protect the integrity of the court and the criminal
justice system. See Ferri v. Ackerman, 444 U.S. 193, 202–03 (1979) (“the prosecutor and the
judge represent the interest of society as a whole”); see also Ark. R. Prof. Conduct 3.8, cmt. 1
(prosecutor is “minister of justice”). When a prosecutor or judge fails in these duties, the
integrity of the entire criminal justice system may be impugned.
Stanton contends that Barrett’s courthouse campaigning to jurors and potential
jurors created an appearance of impropriety that fatally undermined the integrity of his trial.
This argument embraces four subpoints challenging four of the circuit court’s decisions: (1)
the denial of mistrial; (2) the refusal to remove the juror who signed Barrett’s petition; (3)
the refusal to recuse; and (4) the refusal to conduct a hearing on the motion for new trial
and delayed entry of an order denying the motion. We conclude that a mistrial was required
and reverse on the first subpoint. The remaining subpoints do not warrant further
discussion.
Our general standard for mistrial is well established. A mistrial is an extreme and
drastic remedy appropriate only when there has been an error so prejudicial that justice
5 cannot be served by continuing with the trial or when the fundamental fairness of the trial
has been manifestly affected. See McClinton v. State, 2015 Ark. 245, at 2–3, 464 S.W.3d 913,
914. The circuit court’s decision will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion or
manifest prejudice to the moving party. Id.
In determining whether the prosecutor’s actions rose to the level of mistrial, Stanton
urges application of an “appearance of impropriety” standard. He relies on Elmore v. State,
355 Ark. 620, 623, 144 S.W.3d 278, 280 (2004), where we concluded that the judge’s refusal
to remove his spouse from the jury created an appearance of impropriety warranting reversal
of the conviction. The State, on the other hand, contends this issue should be reviewed
under the standard for removing a juror. That standard requires Stanton to prove both bias
and prejudice resulting from the alleged juror misconduct. See Butler v. State, 349 Ark. 252,
261, 82 S.W.3d 152, 157 (2002). The State also points to a court of appeals’ decision
requiring a showing of prejudice and an abuse of discretion when reviewing the denial of
mistrial based on the impact of spectators’ badges featuring a picture of the victim. See Kenyon
v. State, 58 Ark. App. 24, 946 S.W.2d 705 (1997).
We believe the State misses the mark. This case has nothing to do with juror
misconduct or the impact of actions taken by members of the public. To the contrary, this
case centers solely on the actions of the prosecutor and the circuit court’s implicit approval
of such actions. Though Elmore involves only judicial conduct, we agree with Stanton that
the “appearance of impropriety” standard applies here. Like judges, attorneys “must strive to
avoid not only professional impropriety, but also the appearance of impropriety. The duty
6 to avoid the appearance of impropriety . . . is part of the foundation upon which are built
the rules that guide lawyers in their moral and ethical conduct.” Ark. R. Prof. Conduct
pmbl., cmt. 13A. Disturbingly, solicitation of signatures from prospective jurors for political
purposes is apparently a common practice for some sitting judges. Our concerns with
Barrett’s conduct apply with equal force to the same conduct taken by sitting judges.
Claims of an “appearance of impropriety” are assessed under an objective standard
and turn on the perception of a reasonable person. See Huffman v. Ark. Judicial Discipline and
Disability Comm’n, 344 Ark. 274, 285, 42 S.W.3d 386, 394 (2001); see also Caperton v. A.T.
Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868, 886 (2009). We agree with Stanton that this objective
standard is “designed to promote the public’s confidence in the impartiality and integrity of
the judicial process.” United States v. Scrushy, 721 F.3d 1288, 1303 (11th Cir. 2013) (internal
quotation omitted). In short, a mistrial is warranted here only if an appearance of
impropriety occurs that is so prejudicial that justice cannot be served by continuing the trial
or that manifestly affects the fundamental fairness of the trial.
That Barrett campaigned and solicited signatures from jurors and prospective jurors
during the first day and a half of trial is beyond dispute. The State acknowledges this conduct
but does not concede that it was inappropriate, much less that it resulted in an appearance
of impropriety. We hold that Barrett’s actions were, at minimum, inappropriate and gave
rise to an appearance of impropriety. Her actions were also per se improper in the context
of the fair and impartial administration of justice.
7 The prospective jurors entered the courthouse on the first day of Stanton’s trial under
the court’s command. See Ark. Code Ann. § 16-32-106(d) (Supp. 2007). Failure to comply
with this obligation could result in a monetary fine and criminal contempt. Id. When
entering the courthouse, the prospective jurors became a captive audience bombarded with
election petitions from Barrett and at least two other sitting circuit judges. 2 This is an abuse
and exploitation of the judicial system and the fundamental civic responsibility of jury
service.
This abuse was furthered by the presence of Barrett’s campaign materials on the
bailiff’s security table. As prospective jurors and members of the public went through security
to enter the courtroom, they encountered campaign materials featuring Barrett’s photograph
and a list of her asserted credentials. We agree with Stanton that the presence of Barrett’s
campaign materials on the bailiff’s security table created an apparent endorsement by the
circuit court. The bailiff is a member of the court’s security staff and is subject to the court’s
control. Indeed, due to the close relationship between the bailiff and the court, any action
by the bailiff concerning the jury should be closely scrutinized. See Lewis v. Pearson, 262 Ark.
350, 354, 556 S.W.2d 661, 664 (1977).
2 According to Barrett, one sitting circuit judge gathered forty signatures from Stanton’s jury pool during the first day of trial. Though the judges soliciting signatures did not preside over this case, the solicitation was still improper. Moreover, it runs the risk of confusing jurors and tainting trials that the judge is not involved in. Indeed, one of the selected jurors in this case believed she signed a petition for the presiding judge even though he was not running for re-election.
8 Once the prospective jurors entered the courtroom, they were faced with deciding
Stanton’s fate. As prosecutor, Barrett argued for Stanton’s conviction and lifetime
incarceration. Barrett’s campaigning for a judicial position and solicitation of signatures
from the prospective jurors during trial created the appearance of attempting to boost her
credibility with the jury. Such conduct is incompatible with the prosecutor’s role in our
judicial system, which is not to convict or win a case, but to secure justice. See Berger, 295
U.S. at 88.
This kind of conduct has no place in the administration of justice and should not
have been permitted. The circuit court should have dealt promptly with the prosecutor’s
improper campaigning in the courthouse during trial. A mistrial should have immediately
been granted once it was discovered that Barrett was soliciting signatures and support for her
judicial campaign from jurors and potential jurors as they entered the courthouse for the
trial she was prosecuting. However, the circuit court not only declined to grant a mistrial, it
refused to remove the juror whose signature appeared on Barrett’s petition. We find this
decision particularly perplexing given that there were alternate jurors who could have readily
filled the vacancy. That said, substitution of the juror would have been insufficient to remedy
the appearance of impropriety resulting from Barrett’s inappropriate campaigning.
In reaching our decision, we reject the State’s characterization of this case as merely
involving whether a juror votes for a prosecutor or judge. Prosecutors and judges are elected
officials in Arkansas and the jury pool consists of registered voters. It is thus inevitable that
jurors will determine cases involving these elected officials. However, unlike the legitimate
9 political function of candidates and voters voluntarily interacting in appropriate settings, the
case at bar involves improper conduct by officials in positions of authority toward citizens
whose attendance and participation are compelled by law and over whom the officials may
exercise undue influence in a manner inconsistent with the constitutionally protected right
to a fair trial. Contrary to the State’s assertion, our decision does not hold that potential
voters should be excluded based on whether they voted for a specific prosecutor or judge.
Moreover, we do not hold that a juror’s mere knowledge that the prosecutor was seeking a
judicial position is prejudicial. See, e.g., California v. Cook, 157 P.3d 950, 968 (Cal. 2007).
Having found Barrett’s campaigning per se improper in the context of the fair and
proper administration of justice, we must decide whether it constitutes grounds for reversal.
Despite the circuit court’s voir dire, we find that Barrett’s actions fatally undermined a
fundamental aspect of our criminal justice system and is thus reversible. “An error is
fundamental if it undermines confidence in the integrity of the criminal proceeding.” Young
v. U.S. ex rel. Vuitton et Fils S.A., 481 U.S. 787, 810 (1987). We can only conclude that Stanton
had valid reason to believe that his case was being tried before a jury who had been
conditioned to give credibility to the prosecutor’s argument. Further, in the eyes of the
public, the impartiality of justice was shattered. As a result, there is no need to show actual
prejudice. Because the appearance of impropriety resulting from the prosecutor’s conduct
eroded the very core of our criminal justice system’s integrity, reversal is required without
regard to harmlessness.
10 We are further troubled by the impact such conduct could have on other individuals
entering the courthouse for a trial or hearing. When solicited for signatures by or on behalf
of the prosecutor or presiding judge during or immediately before trial, a defendant, their
family, or other parties before the court may reasonably question whether their willingness
or refusal to sign the petition could impact the outcome of their case. This may cause
irretrievable damage to the public’s perception of justice and cannot be allowed.
IV.
We now consider whether the circuit court improperly excluded evidence of
Hamilton’s intoxication. The autopsy revealed that Hamilton was intoxicated at the time of
death.3 Stanton argued the evidence was relevant to his justification defense because of the
effect intoxication may have had on Hamilton’s behavior. Relying on Cagle v. State, 68 Ark.
App. 248, 6 S.W.3d 801 (1999), the circuit court found that the evidence was not admissible
because there was no evidence that Stanton knew Hamilton had been drinking or that
Hamilton’s behavior supported a reasonable inference of intoxication. On appeal, Stanton
argues that Cagle should be overruled or distinguished. We disagree.
Relevant evidence is that which has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact
that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable
than it would be without the evidence.” Ark. R. Evid. 401. Though all relevant evidence is
admissible, see Ark. R. Evid. 402, it can be excluded if its probative value is outweighed by
3 The report stated that Hamilton’s blood alcohol concentration was 0.116. The legal level of intoxication is .08. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-65-103 (Repl. 2016).
11 the danger of unfair prejudice or confusion of the issues, see Ark. R. Evid. 403. The circuit
court’s evidentiary rulings will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion and a showing
of prejudice. See Collins v. State, 2019 Ark. 110, at 5, 571 S.W.3d 469, 471–72.
The court of appeals has held that evidence of a victim’s intoxication or drug use at
the time of death is generally irrelevant to the defendant’s claim of justification. See Cagle,
68 Ark. App. at 251–52, 6 S.W.3d at 803. The evidence may only be relevant if the defendant
knew the victim was using drugs or alcohol, or if the victim’s behavior was such that the
defendant could have reasonably inferred that the victim was under the influence. Id.
Though we have not previously considered this precise issue, we agree with Cagle’s analysis
and find it applicable to this case.
Cagle is consistent with our decisions excluding similar evidence unknown to the
defendant at the time of the murder. We previously upheld the exclusion of an autopsy
report showing a victim’s cocaine use because there was no evidence showing that cocaine
was linked to the murder. See Jones v. State, 340 Ark. 390, 10 S.W.3d 449 (2000). Though
Jones did not involve a justification defense, we applied similar principles where the defense
was raised. See Halfacre v. State, 277 Ark. 168, 171–72, 639 S.W.2d 734, 736 (1982). When
assessing the reasonableness of the defendant’s justification defense, we held that the
defendant’s knowledge of a victim’s violent characteristics or specific prior violent acts was
critical because it was relevant to the defendant’s state of mind and the reasonableness of his
fear of the victim. Id. Evidence of the victim’s characteristics or specific prior acts unknown
to the defendant at the time of the murder were thus irrelevant and inadmissible. Id.
12 There is no evidence that Stanton knew of Hamilton’s intoxication or that Hamilton
behaved in such a way that intoxication could be inferred. Indeed, it appears Stanton only
learned of Hamilton’s intoxication when he received the autopsy report. Given that Stanton
was entirely unaware of Hamilton’s intoxication, it would not have had any bearing on his
state of mind or belief that self-defense was warranted. Moreover, Stanton was the initial
aggressor with respect to both the verbal and physical altercations. Any evidence of
Hamilton’s intoxication and the general behaviors of an intoxicated person is not relevant
and would be unduly prejudicial. Further, Stanton cannot show prejudice. Strong testified
that Hamilton had been drinking. The jury was aware of Hamilton’s drinking and could
factor that information into its consideration of Stanton’s guilt and his justification defense.
V.
As required by Rule 4-3(i), we have examined the record for all objections, motions,
and requests made by either party that were decided adversely to Stanton. Our review has
not revealed any other prejudicial error.
VI.
Because of the per se improper political activity of the prosecutor campaigning for a
judicial position in a courthouse full of potential jurors mandated to attend a trial she was
prosecuting, and the complete failure of the trial court to resolve the situation below when
given the opportunity, the integrity of Stanton’s trial and our criminal justice system was
compromised. The resulting appearance of impropriety so infected the integrity of the entire
13 proceeding as to warrant a new trial. Stanton’s conviction must be reversed, and we remand
this case for a fourth trial.
Special Justice ROBERT S. COLEMAN joins in this opinion.
BAKER and WOOD, JJ., concur.
HART, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
KEMP, C.J., not participating.
JOSEPHINE LINKER HART, Justice, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I
concur in the disposition of this case. I write separately because I do not agree with the
majority’s decision to affirm or not consider several of the briefed points that are likely to
arise in Stanton’s retrial. Also, there is a significant issue regarding sentencing-phase evidence
that should be addressed pursuant to Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 4-3(i).
I. Refusal to Give Manslaughter Instructions
In my view, the circuit court abused its discretion in refusing to instruct the jury on
both manslaughter formulations. It is reversible error to refuse to give an instruction on a
lesser-included offense supported by even the slightest evidence. See Armstrong v. State, 2020
Ark. 309, at 9, 607 S.W.3d 491, 498. In McCoy v. State, 347 Ark. 913, 69 S.W.3d 430 (2002),
this court reiterated what is still regarded as the most settled of black-letter law: “No right
has been more zealously protected by this court than the right of an accused to have the jury
instructed on lesser-included offenses.” The evidentiary requirement for giving an
instruction, “the slightest evidence” is perhaps the lowest recognized in the law.
14 Clearly, there was at least the slightest evidence that Stanton committed reckless
manslaughter. Reckless manslaughter is committed when a person recklessly or negligently
forms the belief that deadly physical force is necessary or if the person employs an excessive
degree of physical force. Harshaw v. State, 344 Ark. 129, 39 S.W.3d 753 (2001). In Rainey v.
State, 310 Ark. 419, 837 S.W.2d 453 (1992), this court reversed a first-degree murder
conviction because the circuit court refused to give a manslaughter instruction. Significantly,
the circuit court in Rainey did instruct on second-degree murder. Id. Rainey has not been
overruled, so it is still good law. It should be followed.
The circuit court also abused its discretion by refusing to instruct the jury on extreme-
emotional-disturbance manslaughter. This manslaughter formulation succeeded the archaic
“heat of passion” or “voluntary” manslaughter when the current criminal code was adopted.
Johnson v. State, 2016 Ark. 156, 489 S.W.3d 668. This formulation addressed the situation
in which a person committed a homicide when his or her emotions overcame rational
thought.
I am mindful that caselaw states that the relevant mens rea for this formulation
required that it be “provoked” by physical fighting, a threat, or a brandished weapon.
Bankston v. State, 361 Ark. 123, 129, 205 S.W.3d 138, 143 (2005); Kail v. State, 341 Ark. 89,
94, 14 S.W.3d 878, 880–81 (2000); Rainey v. State, 310 Ark. 419, 837 S.W.2d 453 (1992).
In context, “provoked” means “caused,” as in the extreme emotional disturbance caused by
physical fighting, a threat, or a brandished weapon.
There is at least the slightest evidence that Stanton’s mental state evolved during the
15 course of the altercation. Obviously, it was not his intention to shoot Jesse Hamilton at the
outset; he kept his pistol holstered and revealed that he was armed apparently to prevent
escalation of the incident. After being bested in a fight where weapons were not used, he
found himself physically outmatched by a younger, fitter man who was backed up by two
associates. Disabused of any notion that his physical prowess would carry the day––Stanton
was a Marine who had served in Desert Storm––and informed at the outset by Hamilton
that Hamilton was not intimidated by firearms, Stanton resorted to deadly force. Was this a
situation where Stanton got more than he bargained for? Perhaps. It is also possible that
Stanton’s use of deadly force was motivated by revenge; he did just receive a sound beating.
However, that question belongs to the jury, not the circuit court, or this court playing
Monday-morning quarterback. Whether to give the jury instruction should focus on the
evidence of Stanton’s mens rea when he committed the homicide and nothing else.
II. Evidence of Hamilton’s Intoxication
The circuit court erred in excluding the toxicology report from Hamilton’s autopsy.
In the first place, it is part of the res gestae. It was Stanton’s right to have the jury apprised
of the true nature of the altercation. Second, and more importantly, evidence of Hamilton’s
intoxication, particularly the level of intoxication, illuminated the interaction between
Stanton and the victim. It is axiomatic that an encounter with a sober person is qualitatively
different than an encounter with an intoxicated one. Impaired judgment, aggression, and
loss of inhibition are all familiar symptoms of alcohol intoxication.
The majority’s adoption and extension of our court of appeals’ decision in Cagle v.
16 State, 68 Ark. App. 248, 6 S.W.3d 801 (1999), is not warranted by the case before us. First,
cocaine does not have the same effect on a person as alcohol. Second, unlike the defendant
in Cagle, Stanton knew that Hamilton had been consuming alcohol. Furthermore, the law
recognizes that a layperson is able to opine about another person’s alcohol intoxication.
David v. State, 286 Ark. 205, 691 S.W.2d 133 (1985). Clearly, it was relevant. Stanton’s
perceptions of Hamilton’s demeanor unquestionably shaped his reactions to him. As such,
it would be an integral part of Stanton’s justification defense.
III. Limitation on Stanton’s Cross-Examination of Lavon Strong
I choose not to unravel the State’s objection to questioning Strong about whether his
testimony was influenced by a “deal” concerning pending charges in the State of Texas. It is
apparent from the record that the State wished to avoid having to explain why a deputy
prosecutor in Arkansas, Kristian Robertson, was representing Strong in Texas under a
different name, Kristian Young. However, there was clear error in limiting cross-examination
concerning the large knife in the backpack.
Stanton has a constitutional right to impeach a witness on cross-examination. Rogers
v. State, 2018 Ark. 309, 558 S.W.3d 833. A prior inconsistent statement is a prime means of
impeaching a witness’s credibility. Ark. R. Evid. 613. In his previous trial, Stanton had been
represented by other trial counsel who had interviewed Strong while he was in jail in Texas
on the previously noted, unrelated charges. They had recorded Strong’s statement. In the
recorded statement, Strong admitted to them that he had seen a big blade on San Marcus
Jacobs. However, at trial, Strong denied seeing such a weapon. Nonetheless, when the police
17 arrived, Jacobs’s possessions included a bag with a large knife. There was a fact question of
whether Jacobs had it at the time of the shooting and had put it in the bag or whether it had
been there all along. Stanton’s position was that this knife was probably the item that he
thought was an outline of a gun. The fact that Strong has previously denied seeing the knife
clearly went to his credibility. Stanton argued that this denial of impeachment violated his
right of confrontation by restricting his ability to show that Strong had lied under oath.
The issue is not whether the large knife was a bayonet or merely looked like a bayonet.
The issue was whether Strong was lying when he stated that he saw a large knife or whether
he was lying when he denied it. The circuit court abused its discretion in limiting Stanton’s
right to confront Strong by full and fair cross-examination.
IV. Error under Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 4-3(i)
In my examination of the record, I have found additional preserved errors that would
warrant reversal of this case. During the sentencing phase of the trial, the State presented
the testimony of Shana Craig who claimed that, without provocation, Stanton hit her in the
face. The State subsequently presented testimony from Mack Hamilton that Stanton had
pulled a gun on him. Notably, this testimony was substantially the same as that presented by
the State during the guilt phase of Stanton’s first trial, and it resulted in his conviction being
overturned. Stanton v. State, 2017 Ark. 155, 517 S.W.3d 412. Inexplicably, despite being
chastened by having the case reversed, the State adduced this testimony again. This testimony
is improper. Id. I am mindful that in the first trial the State introduced the testimony in the
guilt phase, and in the case before us, the testimony was elicited in the penalty phase.
18 However, that is of no moment; it is reversible error to present evidence of uncharged crimes
in the sentencing phase of a trial. Walls v. State, 336 Ark. 490, 986 S.W.2d 397 (1999).
I concur in part and dissent in part.
Jeff Rosenzweig, for appellant.
Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Christopher R. Warthen, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.