Hutchinson, J.
delivered the opinion of the court. It is unnecessary to notice, in a separate view, the several objections urged in support of this demurrer. They may all be comprised in a, general view of the defence exhibited in the plea in bar. The great point of controversy is, whether the defendants, the makers ■of the note, assigned to the plaintiff, can avail themselves of their book account against Foster, the payee of the note, in defence of this suit brought by the plaintiff as indorsee ?
If the note had never been negotiated, but the suit were in the name of Foster, the payee, the right of these, defendants to make use of their book account, as a defence to the note, as far as if should extend, and that in the circuitous manner they have now adopted, is rendered plain by the statute. The Legislature seem to have thought it very unjust, that any man should recover, and. collect of his neighbor, any more than the just balance,- after an adjustment of all their concerns.that sound in-contract.
In the judiciary act of 17.97,. section 92cl. provision is made that [480]*480to any action brought upon bond, bill, note, or other contract, the defendant, after pleading the gencraHssue, or confessing the cause of action, may plead an offset of any sum or sums due to him from the plaintiff as aforesaid: that is, dueto him on bond, bill, note or other contract. Such has been the construction, and the correct one too. But the Legislature recollected that the defendant might ’ have a just demand against the plaintiff, on book, which by its un-liquidated character, could not be pleaded as a direct offset, and might need to be supported by the oath of the parties, and of course, ought to be submitted to auditors. For this they havecreated an express provision, in the 93d section of the statute, being the same provision of which the defendants have now attempted ;to avail themselves. At some period, a decision was made, limiting said 92d section to the pleading in offset of such demands only as were liquidated by the contract of the parties. In conse-quenco of this, a statute of 1818 (see sec. 1, p. 109 Com. L.) enacts, that the said 92d. section shall be extended to all actions and pleas, founded on contract, whether the demand be for a sum liquidated, or subjéct to estimation.
The statute regulating actions before justices of the peace, (sec. 12-, p. 127,J enacts, that to any such action, the defendant may plead in offset any sum due to him from the plaintiff, on bond, bill, note, book, or other contract. The plaintiff, likewise, may reply similar demands in offset to those of the defendant; and the justice shall find the sum due and in arrear from either party. And by the 16th section, when the trial is by jury, they, in like manner, find the balance. A statute of 1811, (see page 104,) enacts that whenever any civil action shall be appcaled 'from a justice of the peace to the county court, the defendant may plead in offset any sura due by bond, bill, note, book or other contract, in like man-' ner as if the action had been originally commenced before the county court; and all those statutes allow the plaintiff, in the county court, to reply.an offset'to the defendant’s offset. The only restriction that remains to mutual offets, upon a connected view of all these statutes, is, that the demands pleaded or replied in offset, must be upon .contract, of some sort, and must be due and payable before the commencement of'the plaintiff’s action. •
[481]*481If, then, the present suit had been «commenced in the name of Foster, the original payee, the defendants] would ' have an undoubted right to come in with their demand in offset, either directly, as an unliquidated demand, under the statute of 1818, or indirectly,tinder the 93d section of the act of 1797, in the form of a declaration on book against said Foster : and in either case, Foster might come in with his demands, if any he had, and the whole be settled at once. - We may suppose any other case of actions on' contract, originally brought before either court. And there is no want of provision, in these several statutes, to enforce the offsets by plea. And even where there are mutual judgment’s in the same' court, the same statutes provide that these be offset, On motion of either party, and execution issue for'the balance only: and for aught drat appears, this extends as well to judgments for torts as those upon contracts. ‘ ' '
. We will now, for a moment, examine the rights of the defendants to defend with offsets this suit in favor of Martin as assignee of Foster. The statute of 1798, (stat. p. 144,) declares in the 1st section, what was considered law in'this state before : “ That the endorsee or endorsees of any. bill of promissory note, for'the payment of money to any person or persons, his or their order, or to the bearer, may maintain an action thereon in his, her, or their own name or names for the recovery of the money.” ' Then follows a proviso, which, probably, comprises the chief object of the statute. - It is as follows, to wit t “Provided alwaySj that, nr all such actions, it shall be lawful for the defendant or defendants to plead in offset all demands proper to be pleaded in offset, . which the defendant or defendants may have against the original payee or payees, before notice of such endorsement, against the endorsee or endorsees ; and may also plead or give in -evidence, on trial of any such action, any matter or thing which'would equitably- discharge the defendant or-defendants in ah action brought in the name of the original payee or payees.”
It is difficult to conceive what language could have been adopted by the legislature, conveying more explicitly than they -have, done, the right of the defendants to have their offsets- allowed in some form or other.
[482]*482We may oppose to this the difficulty of framing pleadings so as to give effect to this statute, the absurdity of an offset against a plaintiff, who is not a parly to the subject matter of it, the difficulty of ascertaining the balance between the defendants and Foster, the payee, without bringing him into court as a party; and no provision is made in terms for that. Such, and perhaps other difficulties, may be urged ; but still the legislature tell us, in language that cannot be misunderstood, that the defendants shall have this right: that they may plead in offset against the plaintiff, whatever they might have pleaded against the payee, Foster; and may plead, or give in evidence whatever would form an equitable defence, if Foster had sued the note in his own name. We must not, we cannot, deprive the defendants of this right. We must not suffer the difficulty of presenting, or meeting their defence,to exclude it altogether. If the statute has given rights unknown to the law before, we can expect no forms exactly suited to the presentation of those rights for adjudication. Yet, so far as we can find a course prescribed in practice, prudence dictates that we preserve that course, as far as it leads, and observe some analogy of legal principles for the remainder of the forms of proceeding.
Now a practice of thirty years has marked the course of proceeding as between the payee and maker of the note, and rendered it as familiar in our courts of justice as any mere collection suits. In actions before a magistrate, if offsets are pleaded, whether book accounts or other matters, the court or jury find the sum due and in arrear from either party, and for that judgment is rendered.
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Hutchinson, J.
delivered the opinion of the court. It is unnecessary to notice, in a separate view, the several objections urged in support of this demurrer. They may all be comprised in a, general view of the defence exhibited in the plea in bar. The great point of controversy is, whether the defendants, the makers ■of the note, assigned to the plaintiff, can avail themselves of their book account against Foster, the payee of the note, in defence of this suit brought by the plaintiff as indorsee ?
If the note had never been negotiated, but the suit were in the name of Foster, the payee, the right of these, defendants to make use of their book account, as a defence to the note, as far as if should extend, and that in the circuitous manner they have now adopted, is rendered plain by the statute. The Legislature seem to have thought it very unjust, that any man should recover, and. collect of his neighbor, any more than the just balance,- after an adjustment of all their concerns.that sound in-contract.
In the judiciary act of 17.97,. section 92cl. provision is made that [480]*480to any action brought upon bond, bill, note, or other contract, the defendant, after pleading the gencraHssue, or confessing the cause of action, may plead an offset of any sum or sums due to him from the plaintiff as aforesaid: that is, dueto him on bond, bill, note or other contract. Such has been the construction, and the correct one too. But the Legislature recollected that the defendant might ’ have a just demand against the plaintiff, on book, which by its un-liquidated character, could not be pleaded as a direct offset, and might need to be supported by the oath of the parties, and of course, ought to be submitted to auditors. For this they havecreated an express provision, in the 93d section of the statute, being the same provision of which the defendants have now attempted ;to avail themselves. At some period, a decision was made, limiting said 92d section to the pleading in offset of such demands only as were liquidated by the contract of the parties. In conse-quenco of this, a statute of 1818 (see sec. 1, p. 109 Com. L.) enacts, that the said 92d. section shall be extended to all actions and pleas, founded on contract, whether the demand be for a sum liquidated, or subjéct to estimation.
The statute regulating actions before justices of the peace, (sec. 12-, p. 127,J enacts, that to any such action, the defendant may plead in offset any sum due to him from the plaintiff, on bond, bill, note, book, or other contract. The plaintiff, likewise, may reply similar demands in offset to those of the defendant; and the justice shall find the sum due and in arrear from either party. And by the 16th section, when the trial is by jury, they, in like manner, find the balance. A statute of 1811, (see page 104,) enacts that whenever any civil action shall be appcaled 'from a justice of the peace to the county court, the defendant may plead in offset any sura due by bond, bill, note, book or other contract, in like man-' ner as if the action had been originally commenced before the county court; and all those statutes allow the plaintiff, in the county court, to reply.an offset'to the defendant’s offset. The only restriction that remains to mutual offets, upon a connected view of all these statutes, is, that the demands pleaded or replied in offset, must be upon .contract, of some sort, and must be due and payable before the commencement of'the plaintiff’s action. •
[481]*481If, then, the present suit had been «commenced in the name of Foster, the original payee, the defendants] would ' have an undoubted right to come in with their demand in offset, either directly, as an unliquidated demand, under the statute of 1818, or indirectly,tinder the 93d section of the act of 1797, in the form of a declaration on book against said Foster : and in either case, Foster might come in with his demands, if any he had, and the whole be settled at once. - We may suppose any other case of actions on' contract, originally brought before either court. And there is no want of provision, in these several statutes, to enforce the offsets by plea. And even where there are mutual judgment’s in the same' court, the same statutes provide that these be offset, On motion of either party, and execution issue for'the balance only: and for aught drat appears, this extends as well to judgments for torts as those upon contracts. ‘ ' '
. We will now, for a moment, examine the rights of the defendants to defend with offsets this suit in favor of Martin as assignee of Foster. The statute of 1798, (stat. p. 144,) declares in the 1st section, what was considered law in'this state before : “ That the endorsee or endorsees of any. bill of promissory note, for'the payment of money to any person or persons, his or their order, or to the bearer, may maintain an action thereon in his, her, or their own name or names for the recovery of the money.” ' Then follows a proviso, which, probably, comprises the chief object of the statute. - It is as follows, to wit t “Provided alwaySj that, nr all such actions, it shall be lawful for the defendant or defendants to plead in offset all demands proper to be pleaded in offset, . which the defendant or defendants may have against the original payee or payees, before notice of such endorsement, against the endorsee or endorsees ; and may also plead or give in -evidence, on trial of any such action, any matter or thing which'would equitably- discharge the defendant or-defendants in ah action brought in the name of the original payee or payees.”
It is difficult to conceive what language could have been adopted by the legislature, conveying more explicitly than they -have, done, the right of the defendants to have their offsets- allowed in some form or other.
[482]*482We may oppose to this the difficulty of framing pleadings so as to give effect to this statute, the absurdity of an offset against a plaintiff, who is not a parly to the subject matter of it, the difficulty of ascertaining the balance between the defendants and Foster, the payee, without bringing him into court as a party; and no provision is made in terms for that. Such, and perhaps other difficulties, may be urged ; but still the legislature tell us, in language that cannot be misunderstood, that the defendants shall have this right: that they may plead in offset against the plaintiff, whatever they might have pleaded against the payee, Foster; and may plead, or give in evidence whatever would form an equitable defence, if Foster had sued the note in his own name. We must not, we cannot, deprive the defendants of this right. We must not suffer the difficulty of presenting, or meeting their defence,to exclude it altogether. If the statute has given rights unknown to the law before, we can expect no forms exactly suited to the presentation of those rights for adjudication. Yet, so far as we can find a course prescribed in practice, prudence dictates that we preserve that course, as far as it leads, and observe some analogy of legal principles for the remainder of the forms of proceeding.
Now a practice of thirty years has marked the course of proceeding as between the payee and maker of the note, and rendered it as familiar in our courts of justice as any mere collection suits. In actions before a magistrate, if offsets are pleaded, whether book accounts or other matters, the court or jury find the sum due and in arrear from either party, and for that judgment is rendered. In the county courts, counts on book go to auditors, to. ascertain the balance. In the mean time, the action on note rests; and when the sum due on all the offsets is ascertained, the party in whose favor it is, recovers the same, whether it be plaintiff or defendant.
In the present case, and, in pursuing the same course as far as the parallel runs, the defendants have correctly filed, as against the plaintiff, Martin, to operate as payment of the note in question, a declaration on book, describing it correctly as a book account against Foster, the payee. Now, while the defendants have this right to. file such a declaration to operate against the [483]*483plaintiff ultimately, the plaintiff necessarily has the right to appear and answer to, and defend against, the same, in the name of Foster. And if Foster is about to support any account he may have against the defendants, that may be brought in to diminish the sum the defendants would recover on theirjbook account, or, the plaintiff' might make any defence, which he can support by evidence, against this declaration on book, in order to defeat it in whole or in part. In the sequel, there are two circumstances in which the parallel fails. 1. If Foster does not come in with his account, and have a hearing upon that and the defendants’ account, he can never be bound by the accounting. 2. Whatever sum the defendants may recover on their declaration, or other offsets against Foster, they can recover no balance against the plaintiff. All the use they can make of their offsets is, to defeat the plaintiff’s action. Hence the various demands of the defendants against Foster, which should be presented in the technical forms as offsets, if pleaded to an action brought in his name upon this note, should be pleaded in the form of a plea in bar, as against the plaintiff’. That is, they should be pleaded according to their legal effect •• and their utmost effect is-tobar the plaintiffin whole, or in part. If the several matters contained in the plea in bar are pleaded, each to a part of the declaration, and, taken together, cover the whole, it is not liable to the .objection of duplicity in pleading. And the plaintiff may reply to each, with the same formality as he would to so many counts in a regular plea inform of offset, and not of plea in bar. Thus, he may say, that he ought not to be barred, because the said Foster did not promise as set forth in the first count in offset in said plea named, and pray inquiry by the country ; and he further says, that diereis no record of said judgment described in said plea in bar, and prays inquiry by inspection of the record : and he further says,that the defendants did not tender to the plaintiff the sum of-, as set forth in said plea in bar, and prays inquiry by the country. These issues being joined, the matter of record should first be decided by the court, that they may know whether to direct the jury to include the amount of the judgment ; then the jury may find that the plaintiff ought to be barred, [484]*484because said Foster did promise' as alleged in said first count,and the said' defendants did tender the said sutn of-, as set forth in said plea.— So when the defendant does not succeed in proving enough of his allegations to bar the plaintiff, and yet supports a part of them, the jury may find that the plaintiff ought not to be wholly barred, because they say,that the said defendant did not tender the said sum of-to the plaintiff as set forth in said plea, but that said Foster did assume and promise as set forth in said first count in offset, &c. &c. and find due and in arrear to the plaintiff, the sum of -. This method of pleading may be adopted, and so varied, as to secure to both parties all the rights given them in the several statutes above referred to. This, also, is analogous to the forms in the second vol. of Chitty’s Pleadings, 480 and 481.
In comparing the defendants’ plea, in this case, with the foregoing principles, we find it not altogether formal: some facts are alleged with an unnecessary circumlocution, but yet are substantially averred. The plea, instead of saying, as in Chitty, that as to such a sum, a part of the plaintiff’s claim, he pleads so and so, and, as to the rest, atender, they allege that sucha sum was due on book, and the difference between that sum and the plaintiff’s claim is less- than thirty-dollars; then pleads a tender of thirty-one dollars for that, and brings the same into court; and then proceeds to state the proceedings to liquidate the sum due on book, and claims that the same be offset, and concludes, urging his bar. This is sufficient on a general demurrer^ In a case decided at Burlington, on the present circuit, brought before a justice, by the endorsee of a nóte against the maker, and a book account pleaded directly in offset, we sanctioned that mode of pleading. The question is now presented, as commenced in the county court,and to such a case, the present plea is adapted.
We have nothingto do with the policy of these statutes,or whether they are calculated to encourage frauds, as objected in argument. The Legisláiure have settled that question by their several statutes on the subject, i. While those statutes aré in force, the endorsee must take the note subject to the rights of the mak[485]*485er against the payee, and rely upon his security upon the endorsement. The judgment of the court is that the plea in bar is sufficient, and the judgment of the county court is affirmed.
Aldis and Davis-, for plaintiff.
Royce and'Hunt, for defendant.