Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-13698 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:19-cv-00330-MSS-PRL
MARSHALL DEWAYNE WILLIAMS,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
WARDEN, FCC COLEMAN,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(February 18, 2020)
Before MARTIN, LAGOA, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 2 of 6
Marshall DeWayne Williams, a pro se federal prisoner, appeals the district
court’s dismissal of his petition for writ of habeas corpus, filed pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2241. After careful review, we affirm.
I.
In 1984, Williams was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) of maliciously
destroying a coin-operated newspaper dispenser with a pipe bomb, resulting in the
death of a person. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. On direct appeal, the
Fifth Circuit held Williams’s life sentence was improper and remanded his case for
resentencing. See United States v. Williams, 775 F.2d 1295, 1299 (5th Cir. 1985).
Williams was resentenced to 99-years imprisonment.
In 2003, Williams filed a motion under Rule 35(a) of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure. As relevant here, he argued his 99-year sentence was illegal
because it was functionally equivalent to a life sentence. The district court denied
him relief, and the Fifth Circuit affirmed. See United States v. Williams, 110 F.
App’x 400, 404 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (unpublished). In rejecting
Williams’s argument that he was functionally serving a life sentence, the Fifth
Circuit explained that Williams was eligible for federal parole, and, “assuming
compliance with [parole statute] conditions, Williams will serve, at most, thirty of
the ninety-nine years to which he was sentenced.” Id.
2 Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 3 of 6
In July 2019, Williams filed the present petition for a writ of habeas corpus
under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. His petition asserted his 99-year sentence exceeded the
statutory maximum sentence and violated his right to due process. The district
court dismissed Williams’s petition for lack of jurisdiction, holding that Williams’s
claims were improperly brought under § 2241. The district court concluded that,
under McCarthan v. Director of Goodwill Industries-Suncoast, Inc., 851 F.3d 1076
(11th Cir. 2017) (en banc), § 2241 is not available to challenge the validity of a
sentence “except on very narrow grounds not present in this case.”
On appeal, Williams argues that the district court erred when it applied
McCarthan, rather than Gilbert v. United States, 640 F.3d 1293 (11th Cir.
2011) (en banc). He asserts that, under Gilbert, he may proceed under § 2241
based on the saving clause exception of 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e), because he has been
in prison five years beyond what he identifies as the statutory maximum of 30
years.
II.
Whether a prisoner may bring a § 2241 habeas petition pursuant to the
saving clause in § 2255(e) is a question of law that we review de novo.
McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1081.
3 Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 4 of 6
III.
A motion to vacate that collaterally attacks the legality of a sentence must be
brought under § 2255, rather than § 2241. McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1081. A
motion to vacate allows a prisoner to contest his sentence “‘upon the ground that
the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United
States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that
the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise
subject to collateral attack.’” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a)).
By contrast, the saving clause exception of § 2255(e) allows a federal
prisoner to raise a collateral challenge to his sentence by filing a § 2241 habeas
petition under certain, very limited circumstances. McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1081,
1092–93. The saving clause exception of § 2255(e) provides:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a prisoner who is authorized to apply for relief by motion pursuant to this section, shall not be entertained if it appears that the applicant has failed to apply for relief, by motion, to the court which sentenced him, or that such court has denied him relief, unless it also appears that the remedy by motion is inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.
28 U.S.C. § 2255(e) (emphasis added). “The petitioner bears the burden of
establishing that the remedy by motion was ‘inadequate or ineffective to test the
legality of his detention.’” McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1081 (quoting Turner v.
Warden Coleman FCI (Medium), 709 F.3d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2013)).
4 Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 5 of 6
In McCarthan, this Court reconsidered its prior precedent regarding the
saving clause and overruled Gilbert. See 851 F.3d at 1083, 1095–1100.
McCarthan held that, to determine whether a prisoner satisfies the saving clause
and qualifies to proceed under § 2241, the question is “whether the prisoner would
have been permitted to bring [his] claim in a motion to vacate.” Id. at 1086–87. If
a prisoner could bring his claim in a motion to vacate, the prisoner had a
“meaningful opportunity to test his claim” and cannot proceed under § 2241. See
id. at 1087. McCarthan gave three examples of when a motion to vacate would be
an inadequate mechanism to test a prisoner’s claim: (1) if a federal prisoner
challenges the execution of his sentence, e.g., the deprivation of good-time credits
or parole determinations; (2) if the sentencing court is unavailable or has been
dissolved; or (3) if practical considerations, such as multiple sentencing courts,
prevent a petitioner from filing a motion to vacate. Id. at 1092–93. If a prisoner’s
claim falls into these categories, he may file a § 2241 habeas petition under the
saving clause in § 2255(e). See id. However, if a prisoner’s claim merely
challenges “the validity of his sentence,” he cannot proceed under § 2241 because
he could raise this claim in a § 2255 motion. Id. at 1089.
Williams has not met his burden of establishing that his remedy by § 2255
motion is inadequate or effective to test the legality of his detention. See id. at
1081.
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Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-13698 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:19-cv-00330-MSS-PRL
MARSHALL DEWAYNE WILLIAMS,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
WARDEN, FCC COLEMAN,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(February 18, 2020)
Before MARTIN, LAGOA, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 2 of 6
Marshall DeWayne Williams, a pro se federal prisoner, appeals the district
court’s dismissal of his petition for writ of habeas corpus, filed pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2241. After careful review, we affirm.
I.
In 1984, Williams was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) of maliciously
destroying a coin-operated newspaper dispenser with a pipe bomb, resulting in the
death of a person. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. On direct appeal, the
Fifth Circuit held Williams’s life sentence was improper and remanded his case for
resentencing. See United States v. Williams, 775 F.2d 1295, 1299 (5th Cir. 1985).
Williams was resentenced to 99-years imprisonment.
In 2003, Williams filed a motion under Rule 35(a) of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure. As relevant here, he argued his 99-year sentence was illegal
because it was functionally equivalent to a life sentence. The district court denied
him relief, and the Fifth Circuit affirmed. See United States v. Williams, 110 F.
App’x 400, 404 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (unpublished). In rejecting
Williams’s argument that he was functionally serving a life sentence, the Fifth
Circuit explained that Williams was eligible for federal parole, and, “assuming
compliance with [parole statute] conditions, Williams will serve, at most, thirty of
the ninety-nine years to which he was sentenced.” Id.
2 Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 3 of 6
In July 2019, Williams filed the present petition for a writ of habeas corpus
under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. His petition asserted his 99-year sentence exceeded the
statutory maximum sentence and violated his right to due process. The district
court dismissed Williams’s petition for lack of jurisdiction, holding that Williams’s
claims were improperly brought under § 2241. The district court concluded that,
under McCarthan v. Director of Goodwill Industries-Suncoast, Inc., 851 F.3d 1076
(11th Cir. 2017) (en banc), § 2241 is not available to challenge the validity of a
sentence “except on very narrow grounds not present in this case.”
On appeal, Williams argues that the district court erred when it applied
McCarthan, rather than Gilbert v. United States, 640 F.3d 1293 (11th Cir.
2011) (en banc). He asserts that, under Gilbert, he may proceed under § 2241
based on the saving clause exception of 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e), because he has been
in prison five years beyond what he identifies as the statutory maximum of 30
years.
II.
Whether a prisoner may bring a § 2241 habeas petition pursuant to the
saving clause in § 2255(e) is a question of law that we review de novo.
McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1081.
3 Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 4 of 6
III.
A motion to vacate that collaterally attacks the legality of a sentence must be
brought under § 2255, rather than § 2241. McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1081. A
motion to vacate allows a prisoner to contest his sentence “‘upon the ground that
the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United
States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that
the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise
subject to collateral attack.’” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a)).
By contrast, the saving clause exception of § 2255(e) allows a federal
prisoner to raise a collateral challenge to his sentence by filing a § 2241 habeas
petition under certain, very limited circumstances. McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1081,
1092–93. The saving clause exception of § 2255(e) provides:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a prisoner who is authorized to apply for relief by motion pursuant to this section, shall not be entertained if it appears that the applicant has failed to apply for relief, by motion, to the court which sentenced him, or that such court has denied him relief, unless it also appears that the remedy by motion is inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.
28 U.S.C. § 2255(e) (emphasis added). “The petitioner bears the burden of
establishing that the remedy by motion was ‘inadequate or ineffective to test the
legality of his detention.’” McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1081 (quoting Turner v.
Warden Coleman FCI (Medium), 709 F.3d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2013)).
4 Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 5 of 6
In McCarthan, this Court reconsidered its prior precedent regarding the
saving clause and overruled Gilbert. See 851 F.3d at 1083, 1095–1100.
McCarthan held that, to determine whether a prisoner satisfies the saving clause
and qualifies to proceed under § 2241, the question is “whether the prisoner would
have been permitted to bring [his] claim in a motion to vacate.” Id. at 1086–87. If
a prisoner could bring his claim in a motion to vacate, the prisoner had a
“meaningful opportunity to test his claim” and cannot proceed under § 2241. See
id. at 1087. McCarthan gave three examples of when a motion to vacate would be
an inadequate mechanism to test a prisoner’s claim: (1) if a federal prisoner
challenges the execution of his sentence, e.g., the deprivation of good-time credits
or parole determinations; (2) if the sentencing court is unavailable or has been
dissolved; or (3) if practical considerations, such as multiple sentencing courts,
prevent a petitioner from filing a motion to vacate. Id. at 1092–93. If a prisoner’s
claim falls into these categories, he may file a § 2241 habeas petition under the
saving clause in § 2255(e). See id. However, if a prisoner’s claim merely
challenges “the validity of his sentence,” he cannot proceed under § 2241 because
he could raise this claim in a § 2255 motion. Id. at 1089.
Williams has not met his burden of establishing that his remedy by § 2255
motion is inadequate or effective to test the legality of his detention. See id. at
1081. Williams’s § 2241 petition submits that “a 99 year sentence . . . violates [the]
5 Case: 19-13698 Date Filed: 02/18/2020 Page: 6 of 6
Fifth Amendment right to due process” and requests that his sentence “be fully
vacated.” Williams also indicated on his petition that he was challenging the
“validity of [his] sentence as imposed” because his “99 year sentence . . . exceeds
the statutory maximum.” 1 Williams’s petition clarifies that “there is no need to go
beyond the actual sentence” because he is not challenging “what the [Bureau of
Prisons] ‘might do’ or what the defunct parole board ‘might do,’” nor is he
challenging how his sentence is being carried out, calculated, or credited by prison
or parole authorities.
From these assertions, it is clear that Williams is challenging the validity of
his sentence, not the execution of his sentence. As McCarthan observed, Williams
could bring this type of claim in a § 2255 motion. See 851 F.3d at 1089 (“A
motion to vacate covers . . . challenges to the validity of a sentence.”). Thus, this is
not the kind of claim for which § 2255 is inadequate or ineffective to test the
legality of a prisoner’s detention, and Williams cannot use the saving clause to
make this claim in a § 2241 petition. We affirm the district court’s dismissal of
Williams’s § 2241 petition.
AFFIRMED.
1 While Williams argues his sentence exceeds the statutory maximum, the 30-year sentence envisioned by the Fifth Circuit was not a statutory limit on Williams’s sentence, but an estimate of his prison term, assuming that he complied with parole eligibility requirements. See Williams, 110 F. App’x at 404. Williams could contest his good time credits or parole determinations in a § 2241 petition, see McCarthan, 851 F.3d at 1092–93, but he has not done so here. 6