The Chancellor.
The matter comes before the court on an application for an injunction. A number of objections have been urged against the bill in the shape in which it is presented before the court. And among others, it is objected, that this is not one of the cases in which the complainants may lawfully join in the prosecution of the suit. That their interests, instead of being joint or common, are separate, independent and distinct; and being blended together, the bill is multifarious and therefore bad. This is the first point I propose to consider. The question who are and who are not necessary or proper parties to a bill in equity, and what rights may be brought together in one suit, is one that sometimes occasions perplexity. While care must be taken on the one hand, to bring all proper parties before the court., the same care should be taken on the other, that none are brought there whose rights are not to be in some way bound by the decree that may be made. So too, while the court will, for the sake of avoiding a multiplicity of actions, take cognizance of suits in which many rights, having reference to one subject matter, are united; it must be careful not to admit several plaintiffs to demand by one bill, several matters perfectly distinct and unconnected.
The rules of pleading in a court'of equity, are not so technical and precise as in the courts of law. The generad powers of this court, audits peculiar modes of administering relief, authorize and require a greater degree of liberality than would be expedient in the courts of common law. Still, when principles have by repeated adjudications become settled, and especially when they are founded in justice and the fitness of things, it is quite as important that those principles should be preserved in this as in any other court.
To ascertain and apply the correct rule to this case, it is necessary to see precisely what the case is. The complainants complain of an injury which they have sustained by the acts of the defendant, in excavating their canal through the lands of complainants. They are several owners, having distinct rights in the several tracts of land through which the canal passes. The inju-[36]*36vies sustained by one of them have no necessary or natural connexion with those sustained by another. Admitting the jurisdiction of the court, each of these complainants might sue separately, either in a court of law or equity, without consulting with any other one, and without in the least degree affecting his rights. On the other hand, the suit is brought by all of them against one common defendant. They all complain of injuries similar in their character, and seek a similar relief; and therefore have a common object in view. It is admitted by the bill that all the landholders are not before the court, or have not joined in the suit. But the complainants allege that the suit is brought for the benefit of all who will come in and contribute. Such is the complainants’ case. Let us examine some of the leading authorities for the principles that should govern it. In Bouverie v. Prentice, 1 Bro. C. C. 200, Lord Thurlow held, that when a number of persons claim one right, in one subject, one bill may be sustained, to put an end to suits and litigation. That was the case of a bill filed by the lady of a manor against several tenants for quit-rents due, and this method was adopted to prevent multiplicity of suits. But it was not considered as coming within the principle laid down by the court. The Lord Chancellor remarked, that no one issue could try the cause between any two of the parties ; and he could not conceive upon what principle two different tenants, of distinct estates, should be brought before him together to hear each other’s rights discussed.
In Ward v. The Duke of Northumberland, 2 Anst. 469, the court says, that the cases where unconnected parties may join in a suit, are, where there is one common interest in them all, centering in the point in issue in the cause. In that case a bill was filed against two defendants jointly as executors, and against one of them as heir, for an account under an agreement entered into with the ancestor. It contained matters having no other con-nexion, than that one of the defendants was a party in them all. Separate demurrers were put in and allowed.
Ld. Redesdale, in Whaley v. Dawson, 2 Scho. and Lef. 367, held this principle; that where there was a general right claimed by the bill covering the whole case, the bill would be good, though the defendants had separate and distinct rights: but if the subjects of the suits were in themselves.perfectly distinct, a demurrer [37]*37would be sustained. The same rule is recognized in Saxton v. Davis, 18 Ves. 72, and 1 Vern. 463, Hester v. Weston. In the Mayor of York v. Pilkington, 1 Atk. 282, the bill was filed to quiet the plaintiff in a right of fishery, against the defendants, who claimed several rights in the same fishery, and for a discovery and account of the fish they had taken. The bill was demurred to, and Ld. Hardwick at first allowed the demurrer, but after a re-hearing overruled it, and stated it to be no. objection that the defendants had separate defences: that the plaintiff claimed a general right to the sole fishery, that extended to all the defendants ; and that they might take advantage of their several exceptions or distinct rights. It was held necessary to support the bill, to prevent a multiplicity of suits. In Coop. Eq. Pl. 182, this rule is given: “The court will not permit several plaintiffs to demand by one bill, several matters perfectly distinct and unconnected, against one defendant; nor one plaintiff to demand several matters, of distinct natures, against several defendants.” And to exemplify the rule, the following case is given, from 2 Dick. 677: If an estate was sold in lots to different persons, the purchasers could not join in one bill against the vendor for a specific performance : for each party’s case w'ould be distinct, and would depend upon its own peculiar circumstances ; and there must be a distinct bill upon each contract, or the bill might be demurred to. Nor could such vendor, on the other hand, file one bill for specific performance against all the purchasers. And Ld. Kenyon, in Birkley v. Presgrave, 1 East. R. 227, says, that he has known the attempt sometimes made, where an estate has been contracted to be sold in parcels to many different persons, to file a bill in the names of all of them to compel specific performance, which has been constantly refused. And he adds, that in general a court of equity will not take cognizance of distinct and separate claims, of different persons, in one suit, though standing in the same relative situation. In the case of Brinkerhoof v. Brown, 6 John. C. R. 139, Chancellor Kent reviews the leading authorities, and comes to this conclusion ; that a bill filed against several persons, must relate to matters of the same nature, and having a connexion with each other, and in which all the defendants are more or less concerned, though their rights in respect to the general subject of the case may be distinct.
[38]*38I lay out of view, as altogether inapplicable, all that class of cases which relates to creditors, legatees, &c. where a great many persons are sometimes interested, and the court will permit some to represent the whole, upon the well settled principle, that, i though all the persons interested are not made parlies, yet there is j such a privity
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The Chancellor.
The matter comes before the court on an application for an injunction. A number of objections have been urged against the bill in the shape in which it is presented before the court. And among others, it is objected, that this is not one of the cases in which the complainants may lawfully join in the prosecution of the suit. That their interests, instead of being joint or common, are separate, independent and distinct; and being blended together, the bill is multifarious and therefore bad. This is the first point I propose to consider. The question who are and who are not necessary or proper parties to a bill in equity, and what rights may be brought together in one suit, is one that sometimes occasions perplexity. While care must be taken on the one hand, to bring all proper parties before the court., the same care should be taken on the other, that none are brought there whose rights are not to be in some way bound by the decree that may be made. So too, while the court will, for the sake of avoiding a multiplicity of actions, take cognizance of suits in which many rights, having reference to one subject matter, are united; it must be careful not to admit several plaintiffs to demand by one bill, several matters perfectly distinct and unconnected.
The rules of pleading in a court'of equity, are not so technical and precise as in the courts of law. The generad powers of this court, audits peculiar modes of administering relief, authorize and require a greater degree of liberality than would be expedient in the courts of common law. Still, when principles have by repeated adjudications become settled, and especially when they are founded in justice and the fitness of things, it is quite as important that those principles should be preserved in this as in any other court.
To ascertain and apply the correct rule to this case, it is necessary to see precisely what the case is. The complainants complain of an injury which they have sustained by the acts of the defendant, in excavating their canal through the lands of complainants. They are several owners, having distinct rights in the several tracts of land through which the canal passes. The inju-[36]*36vies sustained by one of them have no necessary or natural connexion with those sustained by another. Admitting the jurisdiction of the court, each of these complainants might sue separately, either in a court of law or equity, without consulting with any other one, and without in the least degree affecting his rights. On the other hand, the suit is brought by all of them against one common defendant. They all complain of injuries similar in their character, and seek a similar relief; and therefore have a common object in view. It is admitted by the bill that all the landholders are not before the court, or have not joined in the suit. But the complainants allege that the suit is brought for the benefit of all who will come in and contribute. Such is the complainants’ case. Let us examine some of the leading authorities for the principles that should govern it. In Bouverie v. Prentice, 1 Bro. C. C. 200, Lord Thurlow held, that when a number of persons claim one right, in one subject, one bill may be sustained, to put an end to suits and litigation. That was the case of a bill filed by the lady of a manor against several tenants for quit-rents due, and this method was adopted to prevent multiplicity of suits. But it was not considered as coming within the principle laid down by the court. The Lord Chancellor remarked, that no one issue could try the cause between any two of the parties ; and he could not conceive upon what principle two different tenants, of distinct estates, should be brought before him together to hear each other’s rights discussed.
In Ward v. The Duke of Northumberland, 2 Anst. 469, the court says, that the cases where unconnected parties may join in a suit, are, where there is one common interest in them all, centering in the point in issue in the cause. In that case a bill was filed against two defendants jointly as executors, and against one of them as heir, for an account under an agreement entered into with the ancestor. It contained matters having no other con-nexion, than that one of the defendants was a party in them all. Separate demurrers were put in and allowed.
Ld. Redesdale, in Whaley v. Dawson, 2 Scho. and Lef. 367, held this principle; that where there was a general right claimed by the bill covering the whole case, the bill would be good, though the defendants had separate and distinct rights: but if the subjects of the suits were in themselves.perfectly distinct, a demurrer [37]*37would be sustained. The same rule is recognized in Saxton v. Davis, 18 Ves. 72, and 1 Vern. 463, Hester v. Weston. In the Mayor of York v. Pilkington, 1 Atk. 282, the bill was filed to quiet the plaintiff in a right of fishery, against the defendants, who claimed several rights in the same fishery, and for a discovery and account of the fish they had taken. The bill was demurred to, and Ld. Hardwick at first allowed the demurrer, but after a re-hearing overruled it, and stated it to be no. objection that the defendants had separate defences: that the plaintiff claimed a general right to the sole fishery, that extended to all the defendants ; and that they might take advantage of their several exceptions or distinct rights. It was held necessary to support the bill, to prevent a multiplicity of suits. In Coop. Eq. Pl. 182, this rule is given: “The court will not permit several plaintiffs to demand by one bill, several matters perfectly distinct and unconnected, against one defendant; nor one plaintiff to demand several matters, of distinct natures, against several defendants.” And to exemplify the rule, the following case is given, from 2 Dick. 677: If an estate was sold in lots to different persons, the purchasers could not join in one bill against the vendor for a specific performance : for each party’s case w'ould be distinct, and would depend upon its own peculiar circumstances ; and there must be a distinct bill upon each contract, or the bill might be demurred to. Nor could such vendor, on the other hand, file one bill for specific performance against all the purchasers. And Ld. Kenyon, in Birkley v. Presgrave, 1 East. R. 227, says, that he has known the attempt sometimes made, where an estate has been contracted to be sold in parcels to many different persons, to file a bill in the names of all of them to compel specific performance, which has been constantly refused. And he adds, that in general a court of equity will not take cognizance of distinct and separate claims, of different persons, in one suit, though standing in the same relative situation. In the case of Brinkerhoof v. Brown, 6 John. C. R. 139, Chancellor Kent reviews the leading authorities, and comes to this conclusion ; that a bill filed against several persons, must relate to matters of the same nature, and having a connexion with each other, and in which all the defendants are more or less concerned, though their rights in respect to the general subject of the case may be distinct.
[38]*38I lay out of view, as altogether inapplicable, all that class of cases which relates to creditors, legatees, &c. where a great many persons are sometimes interested, and the court will permit some to represent the whole, upon the well settled principle, that, i though all the persons interested are not made parlies, yet there is j such a privity between them that a complete decree may be' made. And in Coop. Eq. P. 41, the cases of lords and tenants, in regard to questions of common ; of parsons and parishioners, in relation to a modus, and others of a similar nature, are brought into the same class,on the ground of privity. These last may with more propriety, perhaps, be classed under that branch of equity that relates to bills of peace. These bills have no affinity with the one now before the court. Tt is true the legitimate object of them was, to avoid multiplicity of suits; and the ancient and correct practice of the court was, not to interfere until the legal right had first been tried at law, in an individual case: after which, the court would interpose to quiet that right, by injunction: Jeremy on Eq. Ju. 344. This is not a bill of peace: and I believe that it has not been contended that a landholder in the county of Morris or Warren, not coining in and making himself a party to this suit, would be in any wise affected by it. I think the principle laid down in Cooper is the correct one; that it is fairly deducible from the cases and must govern this, viz : that the court will not permit several plaintiffs to demand by one bill, several matters perfectly distinct and unconnected, against one defendant; nor one plaintiff to demand several malters of distinct natures, against several defendants. And according to this principle I feel constrained to say, that the bill cannot be sustained. There is no kind of privity between these complainants ; there is no general right to be established as against this defendant, except the general light., that a wrong doer is liable to answer for his misdeeds to the injured party: which surely does not require to be established by such a proceeding as this. The utmost- that can be said, is, that the defendant stands in the same relative position to all these complainants. There is no common interest in them all, centering in the point in issue in the cause; which is the rule in 2 Anst. 469. Nor is there any general right claimed by the bill, covering the whole case; which is the principle adopted by Lord Redesdalc, vide ante. Chancellor Kent’s rule is quite as [39]*39broad as any authority will warrant; but it is not broad enough for the case now before the court. It requires that a bill against several persons must relate to matters of the same nature, and having a connexion with each other, and in 'which all the defendants are more or less concerned, &c. The case that was then before that learned judge, is the best exposition of his rule, and shows how utterly inapplicable it is to the present one. The plaintiffs were judgment creditors, having claims against an incorporated company, established by law, and not the subject of litigation. The general right claimed by the bill, was a due application of the capital of that company to the payment of their judgments; and that upon the ground of fraud charged in the creation, management and disposition of the capital, in which all the defendants were implicated, though in different degrees. In the case before the court there are no rights established ; and what in my view is more important, there is no demand made, that the funds or capital of the company shall be applied to the payment of the complainants’ claims after they shall have been adjusted. The claim is one not in rern, but in personam merely.
Tt was admitted by one of the complainants’ counsel, that the company liad a right to take the land under the charter, paying for it a fair compensation. And it was urged that this charter privilege was in the nature of a contract; that under this contract the defendants entered ; and that the case presented is one of a contract for the sale of lands, with a part performance on one side. This view of the matter does not obviate the difficulty. The bill is obnoxious to the same objection, whether the demand made by it be considered as arising ex contractu or ex delicto. It is well settled that a bill by several to compel the specific performance of a contract for the sale of real estate, in which the complainants hold distinct rights, cannot be sustained. This conclusion renders it unnecessary, and perhaps improper, for me to look into any other parts of the case. On the ground that the bill is multifarious,
The injunction is refused.