Filed 2/4/14 Marriage of Taylor CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
In re the Marriage of CAROLINE and RONALD TAYLOR. D062286 CAROLINE TAYLOR,
Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. DN159538)
v.
RONALD TAYLOR,
Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Sim Von
Kalinowski, Judge. Affirmed.
Law Offices of Sondra S. Sutherland and Sondra S. Sutherland for Appellant.
Palmer Rodak & Associates and Matthew E. Palmer for Respondent. This appeal concerns an order regarding the division of assets in the dissolution of
the marriage between Ronald Taylor (Ronald) and Caroline Taylor (Caroline).1
Specifically, it involves real property that was Ronald's separate property acquired
through an inheritance. The court found that although that property was Ronald's
separate property, there was a community interest in the amount the property had
increased in value, approximately $333,000, through the joint efforts of Ronald and
Caroline. The court divided the community property portion of the asset in half and
awarded half of the increased value, $166,000, to Caroline.
On appeal, Ronald asserts (1) the court erred by characterizing the increased value
of the property as community property, and (2) his inheritance should not be considered a
form of "deferred compensation." We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The parties' marriage was a long-term one. They married in February 1995 and
separated approximately 15 years later in January 2010. At the time of dissolution,
Ronald and Caroline had no minor children and were 65 and 64 years old respectively.
During the marriage, the parties enjoyed a middle-class standard of living, Ronald
working as a sheet metal worker with an annual salary of $50,000 to $60,000. Although
1 As is customary in family law matters, and in the interest of clarity, we refer to the parties by their first names. (Rubenstein v. Rubenstein (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1131, 1136, fn. 1.) We intend no disrespect. 2 Caroline had limited experience in real estate and some work as an artist, she was
primarily a homemaker during the marriage.
In 2002 Ronald retired from his position as a sheet-metal worker and began a full-
time career managing his mother's real estate. Together with Caroline, Ronald helped
purchase and sell multiple properties. Caroline and Ronald worked to repair and renovate
three apartment houses, with a total of 11 rental units. Ronald hired workers to do some
of the tasks, but did much of the drywall, electrical and plumbing himself. Caroline did
the cleaning, decorating and painting. Ronald and Caroline did not have an ownership
interest in the properties when they performed some of this work. However, they
performed the work under the express agreement with Ronald's mother and brother that
the properties, which were held in their mother's trust, would be divided in a manner that
compensated Ronald for the work. Specifically, Ronald, his mother and his brother
agreed that the brothers would split the father's trust 50-50, and their mother's trusts 75-
25, with Ronald receiving 75 percent as compensation for the work he and Caroline
would do to improve and manage the property.
When Ronald's mother died in 2007, Ronald inherited the above-described
apartment buildings, along with his share of his parents' trusts. Ronald's brother inherited
$1 million, which was 37.5 percent of the trusts' total value, and Ronald inherited $1.666
million, which was 62.5 percent of the trusts' total value. These percentages reflected the
above-described agreement between Ronald, his mother and his brother.
3 B. Relevant Procedural Background
The case was tried on September 22, 2011, October 19, 2011 and January 9, 2012.
At issue was the characterization and division of the parties' assets, including the property
Ronald inherited during the marriage.
Caroline requested that the community receive a credit for the work that the
parties did to manage and improve upon the mother's inherited properties. Specifically,
Caroline requested the court determine an "equitable apportionment, benefitting the
community, of the future profits resulting from the rental properties to reimburse the
community efforts for the very substantial efforts made in renovation and repairs." As
Caroline noted, Ronald was already benefitting from the community's efforts to improve
upon the inherited properties.
At the conclusion of trial, the court found that the apartment buildings were
Ronald's separate property and awarded the properties to Ronald. The court also
determined, however, that there was a community component to Ronald's inheritance
because Ronald and Caroline had used community efforts during the marriage to increase
the value of his inheritance. As the trial court explained, had the brothers been given
equal amounts of inheritance, each brother would have received $1.333 million of the
$2.666 million total. Instead, Ronald received $1.666 million, making the difference
Ronald received as compensation for the work he and Caroline had done on the
properties $333,000. Because this $333,000 was received as a result of the community
efforts Ronald and Caroline had used during the marriage, the trial court found the
$333,000 was community property and divided it in half, awarding each party $166,000.
4 DISCUSSION
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
"Appellate review of a trial court's finding that a particular item is separate or
community property is limited to a determination of whether any substantial evidence
supports the finding. [Citations.] We apply the substantial evidence test . . . to the issue
whether equitable apportionment should be applied to this case." (In re Marriage of
Dekker (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 842, 849 (Dekker).)
Ronald is challenging the trial court's characterization of the increased value of his
separate property as community property and the manner in which the trial court divided
the community property portion of this asset. Accordingly, we apply the substantial
evidence standard of review to this matter.
II. THE TRIAL COURT'S DETERMINATION THAT THE INCREASED VALUE WAS COMMUNITY PROPERTY
In California, inheritance is considered separate property. (Cal. Const., art. 1,
§ 21; Fam. Code, § 770, subd. (a)(2).) Moreover, ordinarily the rents, issues and profits
of separate property remain separate property. (Fam. Code, § 770, subd. (a)(3).)
However, the value of the community's efforts, time and labor are community
property. (Dekker, supra, 17 Cal.App.4th at p. 850.) "Where community efforts increase
the value of a separate property business, it becomes necessary to quantify the
contributions of the separate capital and community effort to the increase." (Id. at p.
851.) Courts "must apportion profits derived from community effort to the
community .
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Filed 2/4/14 Marriage of Taylor CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
In re the Marriage of CAROLINE and RONALD TAYLOR. D062286 CAROLINE TAYLOR,
Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. DN159538)
v.
RONALD TAYLOR,
Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Sim Von
Kalinowski, Judge. Affirmed.
Law Offices of Sondra S. Sutherland and Sondra S. Sutherland for Appellant.
Palmer Rodak & Associates and Matthew E. Palmer for Respondent. This appeal concerns an order regarding the division of assets in the dissolution of
the marriage between Ronald Taylor (Ronald) and Caroline Taylor (Caroline).1
Specifically, it involves real property that was Ronald's separate property acquired
through an inheritance. The court found that although that property was Ronald's
separate property, there was a community interest in the amount the property had
increased in value, approximately $333,000, through the joint efforts of Ronald and
Caroline. The court divided the community property portion of the asset in half and
awarded half of the increased value, $166,000, to Caroline.
On appeal, Ronald asserts (1) the court erred by characterizing the increased value
of the property as community property, and (2) his inheritance should not be considered a
form of "deferred compensation." We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The parties' marriage was a long-term one. They married in February 1995 and
separated approximately 15 years later in January 2010. At the time of dissolution,
Ronald and Caroline had no minor children and were 65 and 64 years old respectively.
During the marriage, the parties enjoyed a middle-class standard of living, Ronald
working as a sheet metal worker with an annual salary of $50,000 to $60,000. Although
1 As is customary in family law matters, and in the interest of clarity, we refer to the parties by their first names. (Rubenstein v. Rubenstein (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1131, 1136, fn. 1.) We intend no disrespect. 2 Caroline had limited experience in real estate and some work as an artist, she was
primarily a homemaker during the marriage.
In 2002 Ronald retired from his position as a sheet-metal worker and began a full-
time career managing his mother's real estate. Together with Caroline, Ronald helped
purchase and sell multiple properties. Caroline and Ronald worked to repair and renovate
three apartment houses, with a total of 11 rental units. Ronald hired workers to do some
of the tasks, but did much of the drywall, electrical and plumbing himself. Caroline did
the cleaning, decorating and painting. Ronald and Caroline did not have an ownership
interest in the properties when they performed some of this work. However, they
performed the work under the express agreement with Ronald's mother and brother that
the properties, which were held in their mother's trust, would be divided in a manner that
compensated Ronald for the work. Specifically, Ronald, his mother and his brother
agreed that the brothers would split the father's trust 50-50, and their mother's trusts 75-
25, with Ronald receiving 75 percent as compensation for the work he and Caroline
would do to improve and manage the property.
When Ronald's mother died in 2007, Ronald inherited the above-described
apartment buildings, along with his share of his parents' trusts. Ronald's brother inherited
$1 million, which was 37.5 percent of the trusts' total value, and Ronald inherited $1.666
million, which was 62.5 percent of the trusts' total value. These percentages reflected the
above-described agreement between Ronald, his mother and his brother.
3 B. Relevant Procedural Background
The case was tried on September 22, 2011, October 19, 2011 and January 9, 2012.
At issue was the characterization and division of the parties' assets, including the property
Ronald inherited during the marriage.
Caroline requested that the community receive a credit for the work that the
parties did to manage and improve upon the mother's inherited properties. Specifically,
Caroline requested the court determine an "equitable apportionment, benefitting the
community, of the future profits resulting from the rental properties to reimburse the
community efforts for the very substantial efforts made in renovation and repairs." As
Caroline noted, Ronald was already benefitting from the community's efforts to improve
upon the inherited properties.
At the conclusion of trial, the court found that the apartment buildings were
Ronald's separate property and awarded the properties to Ronald. The court also
determined, however, that there was a community component to Ronald's inheritance
because Ronald and Caroline had used community efforts during the marriage to increase
the value of his inheritance. As the trial court explained, had the brothers been given
equal amounts of inheritance, each brother would have received $1.333 million of the
$2.666 million total. Instead, Ronald received $1.666 million, making the difference
Ronald received as compensation for the work he and Caroline had done on the
properties $333,000. Because this $333,000 was received as a result of the community
efforts Ronald and Caroline had used during the marriage, the trial court found the
$333,000 was community property and divided it in half, awarding each party $166,000.
4 DISCUSSION
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
"Appellate review of a trial court's finding that a particular item is separate or
community property is limited to a determination of whether any substantial evidence
supports the finding. [Citations.] We apply the substantial evidence test . . . to the issue
whether equitable apportionment should be applied to this case." (In re Marriage of
Dekker (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 842, 849 (Dekker).)
Ronald is challenging the trial court's characterization of the increased value of his
separate property as community property and the manner in which the trial court divided
the community property portion of this asset. Accordingly, we apply the substantial
evidence standard of review to this matter.
II. THE TRIAL COURT'S DETERMINATION THAT THE INCREASED VALUE WAS COMMUNITY PROPERTY
In California, inheritance is considered separate property. (Cal. Const., art. 1,
§ 21; Fam. Code, § 770, subd. (a)(2).) Moreover, ordinarily the rents, issues and profits
of separate property remain separate property. (Fam. Code, § 770, subd. (a)(3).)
However, the value of the community's efforts, time and labor are community
property. (Dekker, supra, 17 Cal.App.4th at p. 850.) "Where community efforts increase
the value of a separate property business, it becomes necessary to quantify the
contributions of the separate capital and community effort to the increase." (Id. at p.
851.) Courts "must apportion profits derived from community effort to the
community . . . ." (Id. at pp. 851-852.)
5 There are two approaches a court may use to apportion the profits. "One method
of apportionment, first applied in Pereira v. Pereira (1909) 156 Cal. 1, 7 and commonly
referred to as the Pereira approach, 'is to allocate a fair return on the [spouse's separate
property] investment [as separate income] and to allocate any excess to the community
property as arising from the husband's efforts.' [Citation.] The alternative apportionment
approach, which traces its derivation to Van Camp v. Van Camp (1921) 53 Cal.App. 17,
27-28, is 'to determine the reasonable value of the [spouse's] services . . . , allocate that
amount as community property, and treat the balance as separate property attributable to
the normal earnings of the [separate estate].'" (Beam v. Bank of America (1971) 6 Cal.3d
12, 18, fns. omitted.)
The trial court has the discretion to use whichever approach will serve "substantial
justice" in a particular case. (Dekker, supra, 17 Cal.App.4th at pp. 852-853.)
In this case it appears the trial court applied the Perieria approach, finding that the
increased value of Ronald's separate property was the result of the community efforts put
forth by Ronald and Caroline during the marriage. Specifically, the court found that
Caroline's contribution of labor allowed Ronald to attain a greater share of his mother's
trust estate and that the value of Ronald's separate property had increased $333,000 due
to the community's efforts. The court allocated the increased value of $333,000 to the
community, awarded each party half of that amount, $166,000, and designated the
remaining amount as Ronald's separate property.
6 Ronald concedes he is not challenging the trial court's choice of approach in this
case. However, Ronald disputes the court's apportionment of his inheritance based upon
the increase in value as a result of community efforts.
The trial court's finding that the value of Ronald's inherited property increased due
to the community's efforts during the marriage is supported by substantial evidence in the
record. Moreover, the trial court's determination that the value which should be
apportioned to the community is the value of the increased inheritance Ronald received
as compensation for the community's efforts is also supported by substantial evidence.
Accordingly, based upon Dekker, supra, 17 Cal.App.4th at pages 851-852, the court did
not err in awarding $166,000 to Caroline.
III. THE DEFERRED COMPENSATION ISSUE
As Ronald recognizes, a gift that is considered deferred compensation for services
rendered by the recipient spouse during the marriage becomes community property.
(Downer v. Bramet (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 837, 844.) However, he claims that because
Caroline stipulated at trial that the inherited properties were his separate property, that
prevented Caroline from asserting a community interest based upon the increase in value
as a result of the community's efforts.
The fact that Caroline stipulated at trial that the inherited properties were his
separate property is of no moment. As Ronald concedes in his opening brief, that
stipulation was subject "to any 'right of reimbursement' that Caroline may have had for
community efforts." (Italics omitted.) As we have discussed, ante, substantial evidence
supports the court's determination that the community's efforts increased the value of the
7 inherited properties, and the court appropriately divided that amount between Ronald and
Caroline.
The fact that Caroline did not raise a "deferred compensation" issue below does
not mean that she waived this issue. Neither party raised any issue of whether the
community efforts should be considered a form of deferred compensation. The only
issue that was litigated was whether it was proper to divide the value of the community's
efforts that increased the value of the inherited properties.
It is undisputed that Ronald and Caroline worked on the inherited properties at
issue while said properties still belonged to Ronald's mother. It is also undisputed that
the parties did this work with the understanding that Ronald would receive an increased
inheritance as compensation for these services. Caroline asserted during the trial that the
community was entitled to reimbursement for the amount Ronald's inheritance was
increased by the community's efforts. As we have concluded, ante, the court correctly
divided the amount the properties increased in value due to that community effort.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Caroline shall recover her costs on appeal.
NARES, J.
WE CONCUR:
McCONNELL, P. J.
HUFFMAN, J.