Sherwin, J.
At the time of her husband’s death, in 1860, Abigail Beeman took a one-third interest in his estate for life only, under section 2477 of the Revision of 1860. The daughter Harriet, the only surviving child of C. P. Bee-man, died in September, 1861, and upon her death, her mother took a life estate in her property, under section 2498 of the Revision, which is as follows: “Sec. 2498. If the mother be the surviving parent as contemplated in section [9]*9three of this act, she shall take only a life estate in the intestate’s property, and after her death it shall go to the children of her body if there be any had by her deceased husband, he being the father of the intestate. If there be no such children, nor issue.of such children in the descending line, then the intestate’s property shall' be divided between the nearest heirs of the father and mother of the intestate, share and share alike, and after such distribution is made the same rules shall be applied to any further distribution thereof, as prescribed in this act.”
No question is made as to the estate vesting in the widow upon the death of her husband and child, nor as to the then situation of the remainderman. Soon after he acquired the patent to the land and took a conveyance thereof from the Howells, John Quigley conveyed an undivided two-thirds interest therein to.his brother, Michael Quigley, by warranty deed, which was duly recorded. Some eight years thereafter Michael Quigley conveyed this interest to his wife, Mary Quigley, who left it to the plaintiffs herein by her will, which was duly probated in 1895. John Quigley conveyed his remaining one-third interest in the land to his wife, Mary E. Quigley, one of the defendants herein, in 1896. During his life O. P. Beeman made some payments under his contract for the purchase of the E. % of the N. W. i of 21, and at the time of his death the contract was still alive, and not wholly performed, and, unless he made an assignment of his rights under this contract before his death, he died the equitable owner of the land, and his widow and sole heir would take his interest therein, and nothing more. But the patent for this land was issued to John Quigley by the proper state authority, and, if he was entitled to the patent as the assignee of the rights of O. P. Beeman under the contract of purchase, the patent vested the absolute title in him, so far, at least, as the defendants are concerned, and they have never had any rights as remaindermen.
[10]*10The contract in question was en fcered into and the land sold to Beeman under the provisions of the school fund act of 1847, which.provided for sales either for cash or on time, under the direction of a school fund commissioner, and for the issuance of a patent by the governor of the state upon the certificate of purchase of the clerk of the district court of the county in which the land sold was situated, that full payment .therefor had been made. In accordance with the requirements of this act, the clerk of the district court of Allamakee county issued to John Quigley a certificate under date of June 25, 1868, which is as follows: “Certificate of final payment. Office of Clerk of Dist. Court, Allamakee County, la., June 25, 1868. This is to certify that C. P. Beeman purchased of Elias Topliff, school fund commissoner for the county of Allamakee, on the 6th day of April, A. D. 1852, under the provisions of an act of the general assembly of Iowa entitled ‘An act to provide for the management and disposition of the school fund,’ approved Feb. 25, 1847, and the amendment thereto, the following tract or parcel of land, to wit: E. ^ of the N. W. | of Sec. 21, Town. 97 north, of 'range 5 west of the 5th principal meridian, containing eighty acres, at $1.25 per acre, amounting to the sum of one hundred dollars, which sum, with the interest accruing thereon, having been paid in full by John Quigley, assignee of C. P. Beeman, as required by law, entitled him to receive from the governor of Iowa, a patent for the land herein described upon the presentation hereof to the register of the state land office. Given under my hand and official seal the day and 'year first above written. G. P. Eells, Clerk of District Court, by John By an, Deputy.”
[11]*11i„ fraud: can-patent?”^dencc. [10]*10Upon the presentation of this certificate to the governor of the state, a patent for the land was issued to John Quigley, as we have already stated. It is undoubtedly true that a patent or any other conveyance of land which is procured by the fraud of the grantee may be annulled [11]*11and set aside by proper proceedings instituted in proper but the acts of public officers which are authorized by law, and their solemn declarations in official certificates which they are required to make, should not be treated lightly, nor should they be declared false except upon the most convincing evidence. The contention that the patent in question was procured by the fraudulent acts of John Quigley and the clerk of the' district court who issued the certificate has but slight evidence for its support. It is true that the widow of O. P. Beeman, now Abigail Howell, testifies that, her husband had never met John Quigley, and that when Quigley took the conveyance from her she delivered no papers to him other than the deed, but in weighing her testimony on this subject it must be borne in mind that she was testifying to a transaction which occurred nearly thirty years before, and that her testimony contradicts her acts of 1868, when she received from John Quigley the full value of the fee-title of the land, and executed and delivered to’him in exchange therefor a deed which purported to convey the title which he had paid for. In addition to this, the record discloses that, notwithstanding her previous acts, she was an interested witness against the plaintiffs by reason of the fact that two children by her late marriage are defendants, and claiming adversely to the plaintiffs. The contract is not before us, nor was it produced on the trial below, and we presume that it is not in existence; and there are some features of the case which indicate that there might never have been an assignment of Beeman’s interest therein, but they are not of such a convincing character that we can say that, taken' in connection with the testimony of Mrs. Howell, they prove fraud in procuring the patent.
[12]*12z same- prekn“wíe°dgef of fraud. [11]*11II. It is not necessary, however, to rest our determination of the case on this feature alone. John and Michael Quigley went into possession of the land at once, [12]*12and they and those claiming under them have continued i-n possession to the present time. The defendants have all of the intervening years ]iyed in the immediate vicinity of the land, and have had full knowledge of this possession; and, moreover, some of them, at least, have known, since John Quigley took possession in 1868, that he and Michael were claiming the fee title of the land. The recorded patent was notice to the world that he held the legal title in fee. Nor was this the only knowledge which the defendants had, for it is shown that in conversation with some of the defendants he expressly asserted such ownership, and it wa's denied by them.
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Sherwin, J.
At the time of her husband’s death, in 1860, Abigail Beeman took a one-third interest in his estate for life only, under section 2477 of the Revision of 1860. The daughter Harriet, the only surviving child of C. P. Bee-man, died in September, 1861, and upon her death, her mother took a life estate in her property, under section 2498 of the Revision, which is as follows: “Sec. 2498. If the mother be the surviving parent as contemplated in section [9]*9three of this act, she shall take only a life estate in the intestate’s property, and after her death it shall go to the children of her body if there be any had by her deceased husband, he being the father of the intestate. If there be no such children, nor issue.of such children in the descending line, then the intestate’s property shall' be divided between the nearest heirs of the father and mother of the intestate, share and share alike, and after such distribution is made the same rules shall be applied to any further distribution thereof, as prescribed in this act.”
No question is made as to the estate vesting in the widow upon the death of her husband and child, nor as to the then situation of the remainderman. Soon after he acquired the patent to the land and took a conveyance thereof from the Howells, John Quigley conveyed an undivided two-thirds interest therein to.his brother, Michael Quigley, by warranty deed, which was duly recorded. Some eight years thereafter Michael Quigley conveyed this interest to his wife, Mary Quigley, who left it to the plaintiffs herein by her will, which was duly probated in 1895. John Quigley conveyed his remaining one-third interest in the land to his wife, Mary E. Quigley, one of the defendants herein, in 1896. During his life O. P. Beeman made some payments under his contract for the purchase of the E. % of the N. W. i of 21, and at the time of his death the contract was still alive, and not wholly performed, and, unless he made an assignment of his rights under this contract before his death, he died the equitable owner of the land, and his widow and sole heir would take his interest therein, and nothing more. But the patent for this land was issued to John Quigley by the proper state authority, and, if he was entitled to the patent as the assignee of the rights of O. P. Beeman under the contract of purchase, the patent vested the absolute title in him, so far, at least, as the defendants are concerned, and they have never had any rights as remaindermen.
[10]*10The contract in question was en fcered into and the land sold to Beeman under the provisions of the school fund act of 1847, which.provided for sales either for cash or on time, under the direction of a school fund commissioner, and for the issuance of a patent by the governor of the state upon the certificate of purchase of the clerk of the district court of the county in which the land sold was situated, that full payment .therefor had been made. In accordance with the requirements of this act, the clerk of the district court of Allamakee county issued to John Quigley a certificate under date of June 25, 1868, which is as follows: “Certificate of final payment. Office of Clerk of Dist. Court, Allamakee County, la., June 25, 1868. This is to certify that C. P. Beeman purchased of Elias Topliff, school fund commissoner for the county of Allamakee, on the 6th day of April, A. D. 1852, under the provisions of an act of the general assembly of Iowa entitled ‘An act to provide for the management and disposition of the school fund,’ approved Feb. 25, 1847, and the amendment thereto, the following tract or parcel of land, to wit: E. ^ of the N. W. | of Sec. 21, Town. 97 north, of 'range 5 west of the 5th principal meridian, containing eighty acres, at $1.25 per acre, amounting to the sum of one hundred dollars, which sum, with the interest accruing thereon, having been paid in full by John Quigley, assignee of C. P. Beeman, as required by law, entitled him to receive from the governor of Iowa, a patent for the land herein described upon the presentation hereof to the register of the state land office. Given under my hand and official seal the day and 'year first above written. G. P. Eells, Clerk of District Court, by John By an, Deputy.”
[11]*11i„ fraud: can-patent?”^dencc. [10]*10Upon the presentation of this certificate to the governor of the state, a patent for the land was issued to John Quigley, as we have already stated. It is undoubtedly true that a patent or any other conveyance of land which is procured by the fraud of the grantee may be annulled [11]*11and set aside by proper proceedings instituted in proper but the acts of public officers which are authorized by law, and their solemn declarations in official certificates which they are required to make, should not be treated lightly, nor should they be declared false except upon the most convincing evidence. The contention that the patent in question was procured by the fraudulent acts of John Quigley and the clerk of the' district court who issued the certificate has but slight evidence for its support. It is true that the widow of O. P. Beeman, now Abigail Howell, testifies that, her husband had never met John Quigley, and that when Quigley took the conveyance from her she delivered no papers to him other than the deed, but in weighing her testimony on this subject it must be borne in mind that she was testifying to a transaction which occurred nearly thirty years before, and that her testimony contradicts her acts of 1868, when she received from John Quigley the full value of the fee-title of the land, and executed and delivered to’him in exchange therefor a deed which purported to convey the title which he had paid for. In addition to this, the record discloses that, notwithstanding her previous acts, she was an interested witness against the plaintiffs by reason of the fact that two children by her late marriage are defendants, and claiming adversely to the plaintiffs. The contract is not before us, nor was it produced on the trial below, and we presume that it is not in existence; and there are some features of the case which indicate that there might never have been an assignment of Beeman’s interest therein, but they are not of such a convincing character that we can say that, taken' in connection with the testimony of Mrs. Howell, they prove fraud in procuring the patent.
[12]*12z same- prekn“wíe°dgef of fraud. [11]*11II. It is not necessary, however, to rest our determination of the case on this feature alone. John and Michael Quigley went into possession of the land at once, [12]*12and they and those claiming under them have continued i-n possession to the present time. The defendants have all of the intervening years ]iyed in the immediate vicinity of the land, and have had full knowledge of this possession; and, moreover, some of them, at least, have known, since John Quigley took possession in 1868, that he and Michael were claiming the fee title of the land. The recorded patent was notice to the world that he held the legal title in fee. Nor was this the only knowledge which the defendants had, for it is shown that in conversation with some of the defendants he expressly asserted such ownership, and it wa's denied by them. So, too, it is shown that the character of the title held by John and Michael Quigley was a subject of frequent discussion among those interested therein, and it is not going too far to assert that the extent of their claims was known to all of the defendants for years, and to some of them for twenty-eight years, before their answer was filed in this case. Yet not until this action was commenced and the answers filed by the defendants did • they invoke the aid of the law to right the alleged fraudulent acts of John Quigley and the clerk of the court who issued the certificate upon which the patent was issued, though the fraud, if any there was, was known to them upon the filing of the patent for record; for such fraud is conclusively presumed to have been discovered at that time. Laird v. Kilbourne, 70 Iowa, 83.
3. same: limitatloS:°ev1-" dence. III. It is contended by the appellees — and, we think,, rightly so — that under these conditions it was the duty of the defendants to bring their action to set aside the patent within the five-year limitation period (Revision, section 2740, Code 1873, section 2529). Bishop v. Knowles, 53 Iowa, 268; Laird v. Kilbourne, supra. The appellants do not controvert this as a general proposition, but they ably contend that the affirmative relief asked by them is simply that their title [13]*13be quieted, and that such relief is never barred by the statute of limitations. While there is much of plausibility in the argument advanced, we think it fallacious. As the record stands, they have not now, and have never had, a shadow, even, of title to any part of the land now under discussion, and during all of these years the plaintiffs and their grantees have been in possession thereof under a claim of an absolute title in fee, supported by a recorded instrument, which conveyed to them precisely such a title; and the defendants, to establish their interest in the land, must prove the fraudulent procurement of the patent. In other words, their position is that, by naming their petition an action to quiet title, they may have a conveyance annulled and declared void, the fraudulent character of which has been known to them for thirty years. To so hold would be a judicial destruction of the statute of repose, which would open the door for endless litigation.
4. same: rights dermen.m IV. It is further argued that, as the defendants are remaindermen, and the life tenant still alive, they have at no time had such a definite and certain interest in the property as would warrant any interference on their part, and that they were, for that reason, not called upon to assert their rights until this action was commenced. The rights of the remaindermen, however, were vested upon the death of those through whom they claim, and the defendants are here asserting such rights, which are no greater or more certain now than they have been for years, and at áll times they have been authorized by direct statutory enactment to institute proceedings to determine the question of title. They might have proceeded under section 3757 of the .Revision (section 3345 of the Code of 1873), or they might have brought an action under section 3601 of the Revision (section 3273 of the Code of 1873). The latter section, by its terms, authorizes reversioners or remaindermen to bring actions for determining and quieting questions of title, and [14]*14is as follows: “An action in the nature of that authorized in this chapter, may also be brought by one having a reversionary interest, or by one either in or out of possession against another who claims title to real property, although the defendant may not be in possession thereof for the purpose of determining and quieting the question of title.”
No right to bring a possessory action was therein given, and it is manifest that the purpose of the act and of subsequent ones of the same import was to provide a speedy way for settling disputed questions of title between those rightfully in possession of the land and those who claimed a reversionary interest therein. Without such statutory authority, a reversioner out of possession, and with no right thereto, could not maintain an action against one in possession as a life tenant, and it was undoubtedly the thought of the legislature that the welfare of those interested as well as of the public in general would be best subserved by providing a means whereby apprehended litigation affecting the.use and enjoyment of real property might be at once settled. Foree v. Stubbs, 41 Neb., 271 (59 N. W. Rep. 798); Holland v. Challen, 110 U. S. 15 (3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 495, 28 L. Ed. 52); Arndt v. Griggs, 134 U. S. 316 (10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 557, 33 L. Ed. 918). And, indeed, the purpose and intent of the statute seems to us to reach further than this, and to imply that such questions must be settled within the statutory period. There can, at least, be no hardship in holding such to be the rule in cases where there is no disability, and where the facts upon which apprehended litigation will rest are fully known. And more especially is this true where the possession is or may be held under a title entirely independent óf and hostile to the life tenant.
V. The appellees also rely upon title by adverse possession, but as what we have already said disposes of the case so far as the eighty acres of land is involved, we need not discuss this question, though we may say that [15]*15we are inclined to the opinion that the claim is good under the facts presented here, though we do nut definitely so declare.
5. cotenants' ?e?serposs¡sslon' YI. The S. E. i of the N. W. \ of 33 was patented to O. D. and O. P. Beeman, and O. D. and his wife conveyed their interest therein to O. P. and his wife, Abigail, and they became tenants in common of the forty, as did also Abigail and the reversioners, and her conveyance of the entire forty to Quigley in 1868 was an actual" ouster of her cotenants, and continued possession thereof under color of title and claim of ownership for the statutory period barred the defendants; Kinney v. Slattery, 51 Iowa, 353; Burns v. Byrne, 45 Iowa, 285; Nelson v. Davis, 35 Ind. 474.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.