Marmi E. Graniti D'Italia Sicilmarmi S.P.A. v. Universal Granite & Marble

757 F. Supp. 2d 773, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124669, 2010 WL 3958424

• Court: District Court, N.D. Illinois
• Decided: November 24, 2010
• Docket: 09 C 5529
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

JEFFREY COLE, United States Magistrate Judge.

This is a contract dispute. The plaintiff is an Italian company, which sells granite and marble. It supplied granite to the defendant, an American company that purchases granite for resale to builders, contractors, retailers, and others. The defendant began purchasing granite from the plaintiff in March 2003, but in 2008, things went awry. The plaintiff contends that the defendant has failed to make payment for gi’anite delivered in October 2008, and has sued for breach of contract, quantum meruit, unjust enrichment, and account stated. The defendant answers that a substantial portion of the granite in that delivery was of an inferior grade; ie., the goods were non-conforming. The plaintiff has moved for summary judgment on its breach of contract claim. 1

I.

FACTS

As always, the facts underlying this summary judgment proceeding are drawn from the parties’ Local Rule 56.1 submissions. Local Rule 56.1 requires a party seeking summary judgment to include with its motion “a statement of material facts as to which the ... party contends there is no genuine issue and that entitle the ... party to a judgment as a matter of law.” Local Rule 56.1(a)(3); Ciomber v. Cooperative Plus, Inc., 527 F.3d 635, 643 (7th Cir.2008). Each paragraph must refer to the “affidavits, parts of the record, and other supporting materials” that substantiate the asserted facts. Local Rule 56.1(a)(3); F.T.C. v. Bay Area Business Council, Inc., 423 F.3d 627, 633 (7th Cir. 2005) The party opposing summary judgment must then respond to the movant’s statement of proposed material facts; that response must contain both “a response to each numbered paragraph in the moving party’s statement,” Local Rule 56.1(b)(3)(B). and a separate statement “consisting of short numbered paragraphs, of any additional facts that require the denial of summary judgment,” Local Rule 56.1(b)(3)(C); Ciomber, 527 F.3d at 643. Again, each response and each asserted fact must be supported with a precise reference to the record. Local Rule 56.1(b)(3)(B); Cracco v. Vitran Exp., Inc., 559 F.3d 625, 632 (7th Cir.2009); Bay Area Business Council, Inc., 423 F.3d at 633.

If the moving party fails to comply with the rule, the motion can be denied without further consideration. Local Rule 56.1(a)(3); Smith v. Lamz, 321 F.3d 680, 682 n. 1 (7th Cir.2003). If the responding parting fails to comply, its additional facts may be ignored, and the properly supported facts asserted in the moving party’s submission are deemed admitted. Local Rule 56.1(b)(3)(C); Montano v. City of Chicago, 535 F.3d 558, 569 (7th Cir.2008); Cracco, 559 F.3d at 632; Cady v. Sheahan, 467 F.3d 1057, 1061 (7th Cir.2006). District courts are “ ‘entitled to expect strict compliance’ ” with Rule 56.1, and do not abuse their discretion when they opt to disregard facts presented in a manner that does follow the rule’s instructions. Cracco, 559 F.3d at 632; Ciomber, 527 F.3d at 643; Ammons v. Aramark Unif. Servs., Inc., 368 F.3d 809, 817 (7th Cir.2004). A court is not required to search the record for evidence that supports a party’s case. See Bay Area Business Council, 423 F.3d at 633 (court properly disregarded affidavits not referenced in 56.1 submission). Compare United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir.1991) (“Judges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in briefs.”); DeSilva v. DiLeonardi, 181 F.3d 865, 867 (7th Cir.1999) (“A brief must make all arguments accessible to the judges, rather than ask them to play archaeologist with the record.”).

The parties agree that they developed a customary way of doing business: Defen dant would submit a purchase order for goods to the plaintiff, and plaintiff would deliver the goods, take delivery of the goods, and pay plaintiff the invoiced amount based on the purchase order. (.Plaintiffs Statement of Undisputed Facts (“Pl.St. ”), ¶ 3; Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s Statement of Facts (“Def.Rsp. ”), ¶ 3). Plaintiff asserts that the defendant was responsible for all aspects of shipping the goods from the plaintiffs facility in Italy (PLSk ¶ 3), but in fact, Rakesh Malhotra, defendant’s chief operating officer, on whose deposition testimony plaintiff relies for this fact, said he didn’t know if that’s how things worked. (Malhotra Dep., at 66; Def.Rsp. ¶ 3). 2

The goods at issue were apparently ordered and transported from Italy to the United States on various dates from March 6, 2008, through October 29, 2008. (PLSk ¶ 4; Def.Rsp. ¶ 4). Contrary to its earlier assertion regarding transport, the plaintiff states — and the defendant agrees — that the “Plaintiff shipped the Goods to [the defendant].” (Pl.St. ¶ 4; Def.Rsp. ¶ 4). The purchase orders (Plaintiffs Ex. C) specified the unit price, type of goods, and quantity. (PLSk ¶ 4; Def. Rsp. ¶ 4). The defendant received the goods and confirmed the accuracy of the unit pricing. (PLSk ¶ 4; Def.Rsp. ¶ 4). The plaintiff delivered a statement of account to the defendant. (PLSk ¶ 6; Def. Rsp. ¶ 6), The parties agree that since the inception of their relationship in 2003, goods the defendant ordered, received, and paid for were invoiced in the same manner as the goods at issue. (PLSk ¶ 7; Def.Rsp. ¶ 7). Payment on all invoices was due within 120 days of the bill of lading date. (PLSk ¶ 8; Def.Rsp. ¶ 8). With respect to the goods at issue, the parties agree that the date of the latest bill of lading was November 21, 2008, meaning payment was due no later than March 31, 2009. (PLSk ¶ 8; Def.Rsp. ¶ 8).

The plaintiffs contention that the defendant inspected the goods at issue upon receipt (PLSk ¶ 9) relies on the following testimony from Mr. Malhotra’s deposition:

Q: Would you agree that when you opened up the containers and confirmed the number of slabs received, that if you wanted to, you could have taken out each slab and measured it if you chose to ?

A: Yes.

Q: Now, earlier you told me that the purpose for freight insurance was in case there was loss to the goods in transit, correct ?

A: Correct.

Q: And you said that loss would include damage where pieces might be broken or defaced, correct?

A: Yeah.

Q: In order to make a claim against insurance for that type of potential loss or damage, it would be necessary for you to check the goods, wouldn’t it, upon receipt?

A: Yes.

Q: Did [defendant] check the goods upon receipt to see whether or not it needed to make a claim against its freight insurance for any possible loss to the goods.”

A: Yes.

(Malhotra Dep., at 105-06). Mr. Malhotra could not recall if any claims were made on goods received from the plaintiff. (Id.). The defendant denies that this testimony “establishes that [it] inspected the goods upon delivery” (Def.Rsp., ¶ 9), but at the very least, it establishes that the defendant inspected the goods for damage during shipment.

According to the declaration of Roberto Caruso, plaintiffs chief executive officer, defendant never objected to the invoices for the goods or the statement of account. (Pl.St. ¶ 6). Mr. Malhotra, however, states that the defendant communicated the fact that the goods were non-conforming and rejected them in “various communications, including emails dated October 31, 2008 and January 23, 2009.” (Def.Rsp. ¶ 4; Malhotra Dec. ¶ 6).

The defendant did not provide these emails — or any of the “various communications” — in its response to plaintiffs summary judgment motion, but the plaintiff provided them in its reply submissions. The October 31, 2008 email from Aral Doss of defendant to Giovani Rossi of plaintiff reads:

I have sent you the three cheques yesterday by dhl — 8957993623 dated— 10/30. As promised, I didn’t get any reply for the violetta. When can I move the material from Detroit to Chicago?

Awaiting your confirmation on this.

(Plaintiffs Reply, Ex. A(l)). The January 23, 2009 email, also from Mr. Doss to Sig. Rossi, reads:

In a tough market situation I am sending you 4 invoices [sic] payment.

Ups no — 12 97W 3V8 04 9739 0711

You have to remember this for better pricing.

1.Inv — 151—$28047.53 check date— 3/30/09.

2. Inv — 148—$12158.99—ch dt— 4/8/09

3. Inv — 152—$34283.82—Ch dt— 4/1/09

4. Inv — 299—$13127.63—Ch dt— 4/22/09

(Plaintiffs Reply, Ex. A(2)).

The tab for the granite stands at $275,972.20. (Pl.St., ¶ 12; Malhotra Dep., at 66). There is no dispute that the defendant did not make payments for the goods at issue. (Pl.St. ¶ 10; Def.Rsp. ¶ 10). But the defendant says it didn’t pay because a substantial portion of the goods were not “1st Choice Quality,” the industry standard for products that are free from material defects and imperfections. (Defendant’s Statement of Facts (“Def.St. ”), ¶¶ 1, 3). Lesser grades are “Standard Grade” or “Commercial Grade” and, of course, they fetch a lesser price. (Def.St. ¶¶ 6). The defendant explains that the course of dealing between the parties called for 1st Choice Quality product from the plaintiff. (Def.St. ¶ 1). The defects in the goods included color variations, fissures, veins, cracks, and pits. (Def.St. ¶ 3). The plaintiff did not provide instructions as to the disposition of the non-conforming goods and took no steps to repossess them. (Def.St. ¶ 5). In order to mitigate damages, the defendant sold certain of the goods at a discount. (Def.St. ¶ 6). The plaintiff does not dispute that the parties’ course of dealing called for 1st Choice Quality goods, that the goods at issue were not 1st Choice Quality, or that it gave defendant any instructions regarding the goods or attempted to regain them. It only disputes that the defendant rejected the goods.

Since the plaintiff has not filed a Local Rule 56.1 response to the defendant’s additional facts, they are deemed admitted. See L.R. 56.1 (“All material facts set forth in the statement filed pursuant to section (b)(3)(C) will be deemed admitted unless controverted by the statement of the moving party”).

II.

ANALYSIS

A.

Summary Judgment Standards

Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). When considering a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party’s evidence “ ‘is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [that party’s] favor.’ ” Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541, 552, 119 S.Ct. 1545, 143 L.Ed.2d 731 (1999). Credibility determinations must be left for the fact-finder. Id. at 552, 119 S.Ct. 1545.

But this favor toward the nonmoving party does not extend to drawing “[inferences that are supported by only speculation or conjecture.” Fischer v. Avanade, Inc., 519 F.3d 393, 401 (7th Cir.2008). The nonmoving party “must do more than raise some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts; [it] must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Keri v. Bd. of Trs. of Purdue Univ., 458 F.3d 620, 628 (7th Cir. 2006). Where the nonmoving party bears the burden of proof at trial, it must present specific facts showing a genuine issue to survive summary judgment. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Ortiz v. John O. Butler Co., 94 F.3d 1121, 1124 (7th Cir.1996) (“If the nonmoving party fails to establish the existence of an element essential to his case, one on which he would bear the burden of proof at trial, summary judgment must be granted to the moving party.”). A genuine issue of material fact exists, precluding summary judgment, “only if sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party exists to permit a jury to return a verdict for that party.” Sides v. City of Champaign, 496 F.3d 820, 826 (7th Cir.2007).

To be admissible in a summary judgment proceeding, the evidence submitted by a party in support of or in opposition to the summary judgment motion must be admissible at trial. See Rule 56(e); Tindle v. Pulte Home Corp., 607 F.3d 494 (7th Cir.2010). Allegations in a complaint are not evidence. Article II Gun Shop, Inc. v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 492, 496 (7th Cir.2006); Eisenstadt v. Centel Corp., 113 F.3d 738, 742 (7th Cir.1997); 10A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 2722, at 379-80 & 382-84 (1998). Documents must be authenticated by and attached to an affidavit that meets the requirements of Rule 56(e), and the affiant must be a person through whom the exhibits could be admitted into evidence. Article II Gun Shop, Inc. v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 492, 496 (7th Cir.2006); 10A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 2722, at 379-80 & 382-84 (1998). Finally, conclusory statements without supporting facts are insufficient to establish a factual dispute that will defeat summary judgment. Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, 497 U.S. 871, 888, 110 S.Ct. 3177, 111 L.Ed.2d 695 (1990); Alexander v. CareSource, 576 F.3d 551, 560 (6th Cir.2009). The rule applies to experts as well as non-expert witnesses and parties. Weigel v. Target Stores, 122 F.3d 461, 468-469 (7th Cir.1997) (“‘The fact that a party opposing summary judgment has some admissible evidence does not preclude summary judgment. We and other courts have so held with specific reference to an expert’s conclusional state- merits.’”); Thomas v. Christ Hosp. and Medical Center, 328 F.3d 890, 894 (7th Cir.2003); Ner Tamid Congregation of North Town v. Krivoruchko, 638 F.Supp.2d 913, 925 (N.D.Ill.2009).

It is not that such statements are self-serving. See Gilles v. Blanchard, 477 F.3d 466 (7th Cir.2007). All testimony is self-serving, and summary judgment principles do not require that everything asserted by a party be corroborated. Indeed, as Learned Hand made clear, there is no principle of law precluding evidence on the ground that it is self-serving. United States v. Matot, 146 F.2d 197, 198 (2nd Cir.1944) (L. Hand, J.). See also Wilson v. McRae’s, Inc., 413 F.3d 692, 694 (7th Cir.2005); Dalton v. Battaglia, 402 F.3d 729, 734-35 (7th Cir.2005); Rogan v. Allied Tube & Conduit Corp., 2010 WL 1032422, *9 (N.D.Ill.2010) Maher v. City of Chicago, 406 F.Supp.2d 1006, 1014-15 (N.D.Ill.2006) (collecting cases). The Seventh Circuit has repeatedly made clear that testimony by a party reporting what they saw or did or heard or said (assuming that the hearsay or some other evidentiary rule does not otherwise bar admissibility) need not be corroborated and is may be sufficient to raise an issue of material fact. See e.g., Berry v. Chicago Transit Authority, 618 F.3d 688, 690-92 (7th Cir.2010). In the instant case, however, the purported “evidence” in support of the defendant’s contention that it rejected the goods consists of conclusions, without any supporting admissible evidence.

B.

The Defendant Has Failed To Demonstrate That There Is A Genuine Issue Of Fact Regarding Rejection Of The Goods

The defendant wagers all on its rejection of the goods at issue as noncom-forming. Under Section 2-602, such “Rejection of goods must be within a reasonable time after their delivery or tender. It is ineffective unless the buyer seasonably notifies the seller.” 810 ILCS 5/2-602. Rejection being the defendant’s affirmative defense to the plaintiffs breach of contract claim, it is defendant’s burden to prove it. Obviously, it is not up to the plaintiff to prove a negative — in this case that that defendant did not reject the goods. See James River Ins. Co. v. Kemper Cas. Ins. Co., 585 F.3d 382, 385 (7th Cir.2009). The defendant relies exclusively on Mr. Malhotra’s declaration that the goods were rejected in “various communications, including emails dated October 31, 2008 and January 23, 2009.” (Malhotra Decl. ¶ 6). Yet, the defendant did not submit as part of his presentation the two emails it claims evidenced the rejections. Consequently, the defendant’s presentation is inadequate to create an issue of fact on the question of rejection. All there is is a conclusion — and in essence a legal one at that — that one or more communications constituted a “rejection” under the Uniform Commercial Code. Without the emails, or at least without a specific recitation of the terms of the claimed emails, there is only the conclusion of rejection unsupported by any evidence. And that, under the most basic summary judgment principles, is not enough. Moreover, Rule 1004 of the Federal Rules of Evidence only would allow a recitation of the contents of the emails in the event that neither the original nor a duplicate was obtainable. The defendant has made no such showing.

Since the rejection of nonconforming goods must be “clear and unambiguous,” Midwest Generation, LLC v. Carbon Processing and Reclamation, LLC., 445 F.Supp.2d 928, 933-34 (N.D.Ill.2006); HCI Chemicals (USA), Inc. v. Henkel KGaA, 966 F.2d 1018, 1023 (5th Cir.1992); Ask Technologies, Inc. v. Cablescope, Inc., 2003 WL 22400201, *3 (S.D.N.Y.2003); In re Zeta Consumer Products Corp., 291 B.R. 336, 354 (Bankr.D.N.J.2003), a conclusory statement that there has been a rejection cannot satisfy this exacting standard.

Even a mere complaint about the quality of the goods does not satisfy this standard. See Midwest Generation, 445 F.Supp.2d at 933; Fabrica de Tejidos Imperial, S.A. v. Brandon Apparel Group, Inc., 218 F.Supp.2d 974, 977 (N.D.Ill.2002); GE Packaged Power, Inc. v. Readiness Management Support, L.C., 510 F.Supp.2d 1124, 1130-1131 (N.D.Ga.2007); Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Galloway, 195 A.D.2d 825, 826, 600 N.Y.S.2d 773 (N.Y.App.Div. 1993). This is because the UCC makes allowances for accepting defective goods and demanding a cure. The two emails adverted to conclusorily by the defendant fall far short of an unambiguous rejection; in fact, they do not even amount to complaints. The October 2008 email simply informed the plaintiff that the defendant had sent three checks in payment for the goods, and inquired about moving a shipment from Detroit. The January 2009 is not better evidence of rejection. It listed four more checks that had been sent in payment, and suggested better pricing in view of difficult market conditions. Obviously, in terms of letting a supplier know that it shipment was defective and was rejected, neither communication suffices.

Beyond that, it is no answer to point to the “various communications” Mr. Malhotra mentioned without any elaboration in his declaration. Without anything more, this assertion is no better than an unsupported allegation. Indeed, it is even less informative. In any event, a party cannot rely on allegations or denials in its pleadings to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Yet that is effectively all that the defendant has done, notwithstanding the clear directive of Rule 56(e) that a response to a motion for summary judgment “must — by affidavit or as otherwise provided by this rale — set out specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.” The Supreme Court has explained that “[t]he object of this provision is not to replace conclusory allegations of the complaint or answer with conclusory allegations of an affidavit.” Lujan, 497 U.S. at 888, 110 S.Ct. 3177.

Once the plaintiff made a properly supported motion for summary judgment, it was up to the defendant to come forward with evidence supporting its “rejection theory.” Lloyd v. Swifty Transp., Inc., 552 F.3d 594, 601 (7th Cir.2009). Mr. Malhotra’s declaration that the goods were rejected through “various communications” is plainly not admissible evidence and does not raise a disputed issue of material fact. “Conclusory allegations and self-serving affidavits, if not supported by the record, will not preclude summary judgment.” Keri v. Board of Trustees of Purdue University, 458 F.3d 620, 628 (7th Cir.2006); Scaife v. Cook County, 446 F.3d 735, 740 (7th Cir.2006); Burks v. Wisconsin Dept, of Transp., 464 F.3d 744, 756 (7th Cir.2006).

Without admissible evidence, it also cannot be determined that an additional requirement under the Code for rejection was satisfied. The UCC requires that the notice of rejection be “seasonable.” 810 ILCS 5/2-602(1). Hence, there had to be proof of when the communications constituting the rejection occurred. The defendant’s response to the motion for summary judgment fails in this regard just as it did in failing to adduce admissible evidence that there was, in fact, a rejection. The cryptic reference to “various communications” has no more force than its third affirmative defense, which asserts that “Plaintiffs claims are barred, in whole or part, on the grounds that Defendant prop erly rejected the goods and/or revoked acceptance of the goods delivered by Plaintiff.” (Answer.; 3rd Aff. Defendant.). 3

As defendant has submitted no evidence that it rejected the goods, it must be concluded that it accepted them. Under the UCC, “[ajcceptance of goods occurs when the buyer ... fails to make an effective rejection ..., but such acceptance does not occur until the buyer has had a reasonable opportunity to inspect them.” 810 ILCS 5/2—606(l)(b). Moreover, the defendant’s sale of the granite was “inconsistent with [plaintiffs] ownership,” which constitutes acceptance as well. 810 ILCS 5/2-606(1)(c); Mid west Builder Distributing, Inc. v. Lord and Essex, Inc., 383 Ill. App.3d 645, 669, 322 Ill.Dec. 371, 891 N.E.2d 1, 25 (1st Dist.2007); Fabrica de Tejidos Imperial, S.A. v. Brandon Apparel Group, Inc., 218 F.Supp.2d 974, 978 (N.D.Ill.2002). The defendant characterizes its sale of the granite as a resale for the plaintiffs account, but that option only becomes available to a buyer if the buyer has rejected the goods. 810 ILCS 5/2-604. The defendant failed to establish a material issue of fact on the issue of rejection. Hence, the defendant is liable for the full contract price. 810 ILCS 5/2-607(1).

CONCLUSION

The plaintiffs motion for entry of summary judgment on the breach of contract claim [Dkt. # 30] is granted. In view of the granting of the motion, the unjust enrichment and quantum meruit claims are moot.

Summary judgment was entered against the defendant on November 10, 2010. See Marmi E. Graniti D’Italia Sicilmarmi S.p.A. v. Universal Granite and Marble, 2010 WL 3958424 (N.D.Ill.2010). The defendant has moved for reconsideration and to vacate the order of judgment. 1

[1] Judge Posner has noted the well-documented tendency, once one has made up one’s mind, to search harder for evidence that confirms rather than contradicts one’s initial judgment. Richard Posner, How Judges Think, 111 (2008). While that confirmation bias may in some measure account for and contribute to the skepticism about the value of motions for reconsideration, sound institutional considerations ultimately provide the underlying reason for the rule that motions for reconsideration are viewed with disfavor. See, e.g., Bank of Waunakee v. Rochester Cheese Sales, Inc., 906 F.2d 1185, 1191 (7th Cir.1990); 18B Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure § 4478 (2d ed. 2002). If a motion to reconsider could be used as a vehicle to raise new arguments, introduce evidence that could and should have been adduced earlier, or reargue that which was previously considered, litigation would be prolonged interminably. Cf. Mungo v. Taylor, 355 F.3d 969, 978 (7th Cir.2004); Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole v. CBI Indus., Inc., 90 F.3d 1264, 1269 (7th Cir.1996). As a result, the urgent interests of other litigants in prompt resolution of their cases would be seriously compromised. Cf. United States v. Un derwood, 130 F.3d 1225, 1227 (7th Cir. 1997); Chicago Observer, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 929 F.2d 325, 329 (7th Cir.1991). 2

But judges are not omniscient; “all judges make mistakes.” Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. v. Kapoor, 115 F.3d 1332, 1339 (7th Cir.1997). Accord Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 346-347, 90 S.Ct. 1057, 25 L.Ed.2d 353 (1970). “[I]n any given opinion, [a court] can misapprehend the facts ... or even overlook important facts or controlling law.” Olympia Equipment v. Western Union, 802 F.2d 217, 219 (7th Cir.1986). And so a court must have the power to redress “ ‘[a] grievous wrong [resulting from] some misapprehension or inadvertence by the judge....’” Bank of Waunakee v. Rochester Cheese Sales, Inc., 906 F.2d 1185, 1191 (7th Cir.1990). 3 But that power is to be exercised only in the rarest of circumstances and where there is a compelling reason: for example, a change in, or clarification of, law that makes clear that the earlier ruling was erroneous, Solis v. Current Development Corp., 557 F.3d 772, 780 (7th Cir.2009); Santamarina v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 466 F.3d 570, 571-72 (7th Cir.2006), or where the court has misunderstood a party’s position or made a significant mistake. Oto v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 224 F.3d 601, 606 (7th Cir.2000).

As explained in the Memorandum Opinion and Order, (2010 WL 3958424; Dkt. # 38), the plaintiff sold granite to the defendant, who refused to pay since the goods were nonconforming. The plaintiff sued for breach of contract. There was no dispute in the summary judgment papers that the goods were nonconforming — at least the plaintiff did not respond to the defendant’s allegation of nonconformity (Dkt. 34 at 3) — and the Memorandum Opinion and Order proceeded on that basis.

The defendant’s theory in the summary judgment briefing was that since the goods were nonconforming, the plaintiff had not fully performed its contract and, under Illinois common law and under the Code, one of the elements in a breach of contract case is that the plaintiff has substantially performed — which meant supplying conforming goods. Since the goods were non conforming, the plaintiff had to lose. For the defendant, that was the beginning and end of analysis. But it plainly was not. The question was whether the defendant had rejected the nonconforming goods, as the UCC required. See 810 ILCS 5/2-606(l)(b). If it had not, the fact that the goods were nonconforming was not an impediment to the plaintiffs breach of contract action for the “price” under 810 ILCS 5/2-709 of the Uniform Commercial Code. That section allows an aggrieved seller to recover the contract price “of goods accepted or of conforming goods lost or damaged within a commercially reasonable time after risk of their loss has passed to the buyer.” (Emphasis supplied). Thus, under the plain language of the Code, even a seller of nonconforming goods can recover the contract price. 4

The motion to reconsider ignores the relevant sections of the Uniform Commercial Code that govern cases like this, and relies instead on Illinois common law breach of contract cases. The brief in opposition to the motion for summary judgment relied on International Ass’n of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers Union No. 63 v. Glaziers, 40 F.Supp.2d 997 (N.D.Ill.1999), while the motion to reconsider cites Fryison v. McGee, 106 Ill.App.3d 537, 62 Ill.Dec. 430, 436 N.E.2d 12 (1st Dist.1982) — a real estate case — and Spancrete of Illinois, Inc. v. Brickman, 69 Ill.App.3d 571, 26 Ill.Dec. 423, 388 N.E.2d 47 (1st Dist.1979) — a construction ease. None of these cases, however, resolve cases under the Uniform Commercial Code.

All three cases merely announced the “ ‘general principle’ ” that a plaintiff, to prevail in a breach of contract case, must show that it substantially performed its obligations under the contract. Spancrete of Illinois, Inc., 69 Ill.App.3d at 576, 26 Ill.Dec. 423, 388 N.E.2d 47. The difficulty is that “general propositions do not decide concrete cases.” Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 76, 25 S.Ct. 539, 49 L.Ed. 937 (1905) (Holmes, J., dissenting). Accord Wisehart v. Davis, 408 F.3d 321, 326 (7th Cir.2005). The instant case is not a common laws breach of contract case but a case governed by the Uniform Commercial Code, with its own set of operative principles. There is nothing in the motion to reconsider that supports the conclusion that the issue of “rejection” should not have been reached “unless and until [plaintiff] first demonstrate[d] that it satisfied its obligations under the contract.” Motion for Reconsideration at 2.

Micro Data Base Systems, Inc. v. Dharma Systems, Inc., 148 F.3d 649 (7th Cir.1998) demonstrates the manifest error of the defendant’s contention:

Under the UCC, goods are deemed accepted if the buyer (or, we think it clear though we cannot find any case, its delegate) fails, after having had a reasonable amount of time in which to inspect them, to communicate its rejection to the seller. This is a eommonsensical rule. The seller is entitled to know where he stands, so that he can cure any defects in the goods. In addition, the rule saves on paperwork by allowing silence to count as acceptance. And it also discourages buyers who after receiving the goods decide they don’t want them after all from trying to get out of their contract by making phony claims of noncon forming tender, perhaps when it is too late to verify the claims.

148 F.3d at 655 (parenthesis in original).

The defendant in the instant case offered no evidence that it did not have adequate time to inspect the goods. (757 F.Supp.2d at 777-80, 2010 WL 3958424 at *4-6; Dkt. # 38, at 4-5). It admitted, in fact, that it inspected the goods for damage and had ample opportunity to examine each slab. (Id.). And, as was also discussed in the Memorandum Opinion and Order, the defendant was unable to produce any admissible evidence that it seasonably and effectively rejected the granite as nonconforming. Id. While the defendant claimed that it rejected the granite in “various communications, including [certain] emails,” they were not submitted as evidence by the defendant. They were, however, produced by the plaintiff in its reply brief in support of its motion for summary judgment. Not surprisingly, the emails did not so much as hint that the granite was nonconforming or that the defendant was rejecting it. 757 F.Supp.2d at 779-80, 2010 WL 3958424 at *5-6. Thus, not only was there no admissible evidence of the “clear and unambiguous” rejection the Uniform Commercial Code requires, id. at 780, *6 (collecting cases), but the available evidence demonstrated that the defendant had not rejected the allegedly nonconforming goods, notwithstanding its claims to the contrary. The emails dealt with moving materials from one location to another and a request for better pricing given the downturn in the economy. (757 F.Supp.2d at 779-80, 2010 WL 3958424 at *5-6; Dkt. # 38, at 5-6). On the crucial question of whether the goods were nonconforming, the emails were silent. While inferences from silence are sometimes perilous, United States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171, 176, 95 S.Ct. 2133, 45 L.Ed.2d 99 (1975); Coleman v. Interco, Inc. Division’ Plans, 933 F.2d 550, 552 (7th Cir.1991), in the context of this and cases like it, silence regarding claimed nonconformity operates as an acceptance. Micro Data Base Systems, 148 F.3d at 655. In the instant case, the defendant’s silence was “loud and clear.”

Under the Code, where a buyer receives nonconforming goods, it may not remain mute until litigation ensues and then come up with a reason as to why it failed to pay or justify its nonpayment by claiming the plaintiffs failure to have provided conforming goods precludes recovery. As Micro Data Base Systems and numerous other cases have held, see e.g., ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447, 1452 (7th Cir.1996), a buyer is deemed to have accepted goods when, after an opportunity to inspect, it fails to make an effective rejection. See also Bank v. Truck Insurance Exchange, 51 F.3d 736, 740 (7th Cir.1995) (the UCC requires a buyer to notify a seller of nonconforming goods of the breach within a reasonable time). And once there has been a failure to reject and a consequent acceptance, the buyer is liable for the price.

To succeed on a motion to reconsider, a party must “ ‘demonstrate a manifest error of law or present newly discovered evidence.’ ” Egonmwan v. Cook County Sheriffs Dept., 602 F.3d 845, 852 (7th Cir.2010). Universal Granite and Marble has done neither. The error on which the motion to reconsider relies is the supposed neglect to have considered the contention that the delivery of nonconforming goods precluded entry of summary judgment since the plaintiff had not, therefore, substantially performed under the contract. The Memorandum Opinion and Order did not overlook the argument; it rejected it and explained why. The motion to reconsider has provided no reason to alter that rejection. Indeed, the motion to reconsider is nothing more than a reprise of the identical argument made in the defendant’s opposition to the motion for summary judgment. (Dkt. 33 at 3). The only difference between the motion to reconsider and the summary judgment briefing is that two additional, irrelevant common law contract cases have been cited.

If the defendant is right, cases like Micro Data Base Systems, Inc. were wrongly decided, and a plaintiff selling nonconforming goods could not win on summary judgment or at trial, even if the defendant had accepted the goods by failing to reject them. But that would effectively make §§ 810 ILCS 5/2-606(1)(b) and 709(a) dead letters. If it be true that “‘[t]he soundness of a conclusion may not infrequently be tested by its consequences,’ ” Posner, Cardozo: A Study in Reputation, 118 (1990); Florida Power & Light Co. v. Lorian, 470 U.S. 729, 741, 105 S.Ct. 1598, 84 L.Ed.2d 643 (1985), the argument advanced in the motion to reconsider must be rejected. The Motion for Reconsideration [# 49] is DENIED.

1 . Plaintiff also asks for summary judgment on its "account stated claim.” An account stated is not an independent cause of action. It is "merely a form of proving damages for the breach of a promise to pay on a contract.” Dreyer Medical Clinic, S.C. v. Corral, 227 Ill. App.3d 221, 226, 169 Ill.Dec. 231, 591 N.E.2d 111, 114 (2nd Dist.1992). That portion of plaintiff's motion is denied.

2 . The parties do not have a separate written agreement. There are only a series of purchase orders and invoices. Although the plaintiffs memorandum and statement of facts did not identify Mr. Malhotra, the defendant's response and attached declaration made clear his relation to the case, thereby demonstrating his testimonial competency, see Rule 602, Federal Rules of Evidence, to provide admissible evidence in support of the motion for summary judgment.

3 . The defendant does not suggest that it accepted the granite, only to revoke acceptance within a reasonable time after it discovered, or should have discovered, the non-conformity. See 810 ILCS 5/2-608(1).

1 . The motion does not say whether it is pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(e) or 60(b). As it was filed within the time limits of Rule 59(e), it will be considered as having been filed under that rule, but it really does not matter. See Obriecht v. Raemisch, 517 F.3d 489, 493-94 (7th Cir.2008).

2 . In 1926, Justice Cardozo lamented that "the fecundity of our case law would make Malthus stand aghast.” The Growth Of The Law, 4. Then, there were 300 volumes in the first series of the Federal Reporter and 12 in the Second; both contained the decisions of the district courts and the Circuit Courts of Appeals. In 1926, volume 12 of the Federal Reporter 2d. was under 1,000 pages even with its combined contents. Today, the Federal Reporter is in its Third series and spans thousands of volumes. The Federal Supplement, which did not even begin until 1932, spans almost an equal number (in two series). We are in the third series of the Federal Reporter and the second series of the Federal supplement. These statistics are dwarfed by the staggering volume of unreported decisions from district, magistrate and bankruptcy judges. These statistics are hardly surprising given the fact that there are now more than 1.2 million lawyers in the United States, and law schools are graduating 44,000 lawyers annually. http://www.colby.edu/govt/gcm/gov 111/GO111-Courts.pdf; http://www.soc.ucsb. edu/faculty/sutton/Design/Assets/Socl% 20730% 20Law0% 20as0% 20ap% 20rofes-sion.pdf; http://www.michbar.org/journal/ article.cfm?articleID=99 & volumeID=9. Little wonder that motions for reconsideration are not kindly received.

3 . The quote is from Belmont v. Erie Ry., 52 Barb. 637, 641 (N.Y.App.Div.1869), which the Seventh Circuit attributed to "Justice Cardozo.” 906 F.2d at 1191. This was not Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, but his father, Albert, who, in 1874, resigned in disgrace from the New York Supreme Court in the midst of an investigation into allegations of judicial misconduct. See Andrew Kaufman, Cardozo, 13-20 (Harv. Univ. Press 1998); Arthur Goodhart, Five Jewish Lawyers of the Common Law, 51-52 (Oxford Univ. Press 1949).

4 . While the defendant claimed it had informed the plaintiff of the nonconforming nature of the goods, there was no admissible evidence that the defendant did so. For the reasons explained in the Opinion, the conclusory statement of the defendant was plainly not enough. See Universal Granite, 757 F.Supp.2d at 777-79, 2010 WL 3958424 at *4-5. The motion to reconsider does not take issue with this aspect of the Opinion.