Marlon Brown v. Romeyn Zabala

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
• Decided: May 14, 2025
• Docket: 24-11443
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 1 of 10

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 24-11443 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

MARLON MIGUEL BROWN, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus ROMEYN ZABALA, Nurse

Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 2:24-cv-00156-JLB-NPM USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 2 of 10

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Before LAGOA, KIDD, and WILSON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Marlon Brown, an inmate proceeding pro se, appeals the dis- trict court’s finding that his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint alleging de- liberate medical indifference was barred by collateral estoppel. Af- ter careful review, we affirm. I. BACKGROUND In February 2024, Brown, a Florida prisoner, filed a pro se complaint naming Nurse Romeyn Zabala as the sole defendant and alleging violations of § 1983 relating to prison medical staff’s failure to provide him with necessary medical treatment. Brown asserted that, in September 2020, he was getting ready for a medical ap- pointment when he slammed his hand in a locker door, injuring his ring and pinky fingers. When he arrived at the prison infirmary for the unrelated medical visit, Brown told Zabala that he believed his fingers were broken, but she declined to examine them and told him to place a separate sick call for that issue. Brown alleged that he placed multiple sick call requests and voiced his concerns about his fingers during several unrelated medical appointments with the following individuals: (1) “Defendant A. Themidor,” (2) “Defend- ant Ricewick,” (3) “Defendant Beard,” and (4) “Defendant J. Jack- son.” However, these purported “Defendant[s]” were not listed as parties to the instant complaint. USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 3 of 10

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Brown further asserted that his repeated pleas for treatment were rebuffed, he did not receive an appointment for his fingers until December 2020, and x-rays done in January 2021 revealed that his fingers were fractured. Further medical appointments the fol- lowing year found that Brown had a “decrease in extension” in his injured fingers and that his ring finger “lock[ed] in the close posi- tion when a fist [wa]s made.” He was later diagnosed with “trigger fingers” and “chronic mallet fingers with complete tears of the ten- dons” in his ring and pinky fingers. Brown alleged that Zabala and other prison medical staff failed to recognize his injuries and per- form standard medical tests to diagnose these conditions, which “was a gross deviation from the accepted standard of care” and vi- olated his Eighth Amendment rights. As background, this case is not the first time that Brown has pursued legal action relating to these injuries. Indeed, in July 2021, Brown filed a nearly identical § 1983 complaint in the same district court alleging that prison staff failed to treat his fingers. Notably, however, Brown’s 2021 complaint named the following defend- ants: (1) “Nurse Jane Doe,” (2) “Nurse Ricewick,” (3) “Nurse Beard,” (4) “Nurse Athemdor,” and (5) “Nurse J. Jackson.” We will refer to this case as Brown I. In April 2022, the court dismissed Brown’s claim against Jane Doe without prejudice after he failed to identify her and serve her with process. Brown moved for reconsideration and asserted that he was unable to serve Jane Doe because the other defendants did not identify her in their initial disclosures, despite being directed to USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 4 of 10

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do so by a magistrate judge in a previous scheduling order. The district judge denied the motion and explained that if Brown later learned Jane Doe’s identity, he could move to add her back to the case, cautioned the defendants of the disclosure requirements, and advised Brown to file a motion to compel if the defendants failed to comply with their discovery obligations. The record does not show that Brown ever compelled the defendants to disclose Jane Doe’s identity or moved to have her reinstated as a party. The remaining defendants moved for summary judgment. Brown opposed the motion and filed responses, exhibits including his medical records, and a surreply, all addressing the defendants’ responses to his medical needs. The court granted summary judgment to the defendants in July 2023. It outlined that, in order to succeed on his deliberate-in- difference claim, Brown had to show causation between the de- fendants’ lack of action and his injury. The court recognized that Brown’s “longest alleged period of delay” was between September 2020, when he claimed to first show Jane Doe his injuries, and De- cember 2020, when he was referred for x-rays. It concluded that Brown was unable to show that these three months without treat- ment worsened his condition because he did not provide any evi- dence suggesting that his mallet-finger diagnosis was caused by a delay in care. It found that the closest Brown came to establishing a causal connection was a hearsay statement contained in his dec- laration, which was not enough to overcome summary judgment. The court further reasoned that “even assuming Brown’s injury USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 5 of 10

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worsened over time, he c[ould not] distinguish damage caused by the initial three-month delay from damage caused by the three-year delay of orthopedic care resulting from his repeated re- fusals to see a specialist.” Thus, the court found that the defendants were entitled to summary judgment because Brown did not “pro- duce evidence to satisfy the causation element of his claims.” Brown thereafter filed two motions asking the court to re- consider its order granting summary judgment to the defendants and requesting relief under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) and 60(b). The district court denied both motions. Returning to the instant proceeding, because Brown filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis along with his February 2024 complaint, the district court conducted a frivolity screening and sua sponte dismissed the case as barred by the doctrine of collateral es- toppel. The court found that Brown had already fully litigated the instant case because he had “filed an almost identical complaint” in Brown I. It explained that the Brown I court “addressed the defend- ants’ delay in treating [Brown’s] broken fingers — including the al- leged deliberate indifference exhibited by Defendant [Jane] Doe,” and the only difference between Brown I and the instant case was that Jane Doe had now been identified as Zabala. Indeed, it recog- nized that Brown still referenced the Brown I defendants in describ- ing the facts underlying the instant complaint, and even if it con- strued the complaint as only naming Zabala, Brown still impermis- sibly attempted to raise the exact claims that failed in Brown I. USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 6 of 10

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As such, the court found Brown’s complaint was barred by collateral estoppel because (1) Brown I had an identical complaint with identical claims; (2) Brown “had a full and fair opportunity” to litigate his claims in Brown I; and (3) the Brown I court entered sum- mary judgment for the defendants “because [Brown] did not pro- duce evidence to satisfy the causation element of his claims.” It elaborated that Brown could “not get a second bite at the apple” because he now knew Jane Doe’s identity and allowing him to re- litigate these meritless claims “would be a misallocation of the [c]ourt’s and the parties’ resources.” The court also noted that Brown I was currently on appeal but nonetheless had preclusive ef- fect. 1 It elaborated that, if we remanded Brown I, Brown should then move to add Zabala in that case, as it was best “to avoid du- plicative litigation.” After the court entered judgment, Brown moved to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 59(e) and argued that his claims against Zabala were never actually litigated. The district court de- nied Brown’s motion. This appeal followed.

1 We note that the appeal of Brown I remains pending with our Court. As the

district court correctly found, this fact does not undermine that judgment’s preclusive effect. See Fidelity Standard Life Ins. Co. v. First Nat. Bank & Tr. Co. of Vidalia, Georgia, 510 F.2d 272, 273 (5th Cir. 1975) (“A case pending appeal is res judicata and entitled to full faith and credit unless and until reversed on ap- peal.”). USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 7 of 10

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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW We review a district court’s determination of collateral es- toppel de novo, Sellers v. Nationwide Mut. Fire. Ins. Co., 968 F.3d 1267, 1272 (11th Cir. 2020), but the “conclusion that an issue was actually litigated in a prior action” for clear error, Richardson v. Miller, 101 F.3d 665, 667–68 (11th Cir. 1996). Frivolity dismissals, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), are reviewed for abuse of discretion. Bilal v. Driver, 251 F.3d 1346, 1348–49 (11th Cir. 2001). III. DISCUSSION An in forma pauperis complaint shall be dismissed sua sponte if the court determines that the action is frivolous. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). “A claim is frivolous if it is without arguable merit either in law or fact.” Bilal, 251 F.3d at 1349. A § 1983 action is subject to the doctrine of collateral estoppel, Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 97–98 (1980), which is an affirmative defense that can justify the dismissal of a claim as frivolous, see Clark v. State of Ga. Pardons & Paroles Bd., 915 F.2d 636, 640 n.2 (11th Cir. 1990). “Collateral estoppel refers to the concept of issue preclusion whereby a judgment forecloses relitigation of a matter that has been litigated and decided.” Hart v. Yamaha-Parts Distributors, Inc., 787 F.2d 1468, 1473 (11th Cir. 1986) (quotation marks and brackets omitted). “Defensive collateral estoppel is an attempt to prevent a plaintiff from relitigating an issue which the plaintiff has previously litigated unsuccessfully against another defendant.” Charles J. Arndt, Inc. v. City of Birmingham, 748 F.2d 1486, 1494 n.9 (11th Cir. 1984). USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 8 of 10

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The following conditions must be present for a federal court to apply collateral estoppel: (1) the issue at stake is identical to the one involved in the prior litigation; (2) the issue was actually litigated in the prior suit; (3) the determination of the issue in the prior litigation was a critical and necessary part of the judgment in that action; and (4) the party against whom the earlier decision is asserted had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the earlier pro- ceeding. Miller’s Ale House, Inc. v. Boynton Carolina Ale House, LLC, 702 F.3d 1312, 1318 (11th Cir. 2012). Here, the district court properly dismissed Brown’s com- plaint as frivolous because his claims were barred by collateral es- toppel. First, Brown’s instant § 1983 complaint and Brown I both involved the same issue – the allegation that his trigger fingers and mallet fingers were caused by prison medical staff’s delayed treat- ment. Second, this issue was actually litigated in Brown I because Brown raised the issue in his pleadings and the district court found that Brown’s claims failed as a matter of law because he did not provide medical evidence to demonstrate that his diagnoses were caused by a delay in treatment. See Christo v. Padgett, 223 F.3d 1324, 1339 (11th Cir. 2000). Third, determination of this issue was a critical and neces- sary part of the Brown I judgment. The district court expressly granted summary judgment to the defendants on the basis that Brown could not show the necessary causation needed to create a USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 9 of 10

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genuine issue of material fact as to whether any delayed treatment worsened his condition. As to the fourth element, Brown had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in Brown I. The Brown I record shows that he engaged in extensive briefing discussing the defendants’ responses, or lack thereof, to his medical needs. In- deed, he made several filings challenging the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, including responses, exhibits, and a surre- ply, all alleging that prison staff’s delayed treatment caused his chronic finger injuries. Brown also filed two reconsideration mo- tions challenging the Brown I court’s entry of judgment in favor of the defendants, both of which were denied. Brown’s main argument on appeal rests on the contention that Zabala, a nonparty to Brown I, cannot employ collateral estop- pel. He maintains that, because Jane Doe was dismissed as a party from Brown I without prejudice, his claims against Zabala could not have been fully litigated. Brown is correct that, in Sellers, we recog- nized that “there is a general rule against the application of issue preclusion to nonparties to [a] prior litigation” because a nonparty “generally has not had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the claims and issues settled in that suit.” 968 F.3d at 1272 (quotation marks omitted) (discussing the preclusive effect accorded a state court decision). However, Brown neglects that “there are various exceptions to th[is] general rule,” id., and that the Supreme Court has eliminated the mutuality requirement “in applying collateral estoppel to bar relitigation of issues decided in earlier federal-court suits,” Allen, 449 U.S. at 94–95. Therefore, “[c]ollateral estoppel, un- like res judicata, is not limited to parties and their privies,” so “[a] USCA11 Case: 24-11443 Document: 18-1 Date Filed: 05/14/2025 Page: 10 of 10

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defendant who was not a party to the original action may invoke collateral estoppel against the plaintiff.” Hart, 787 F.2d at 1473. As such, although Zabala was not a party to Brown I, she could still defensively assert collateral estoppel in the instant case because the issue of whether Brown’s mallet and trigger fingers were caused by delayed treatment was already fully resolved against him. See id.; Charles J. Arndt, Inc., 748 F.2d at 1494 n.9. Brown’s identification of Zabala as Jane Doe does not constitute a change in fact that renders collateral estoppel inapplicable, because Jane Doe’s identity was ultimately immaterial to the Brown I judg- ment. See Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 159 (1979). Indeed, despite Jane Doe being dismissed as a party early in the litigation, the Brown I court recognized that Brown’s alleged deficient medical care began in September 2020, when he first saw Zabala, and ana- lyzed his claims under that timeline. Accordingly, we find that all four elements of collateral estoppel are met here, which bars Brown from relitigating his previously rejected deliberate-indiffer- ence claims against Zabala. See Miller’s Ale House, Inc., 702 F.3d at 1318. We need not address whether the district court properly de- nied Brown’s Rule 59(e) motion, as Brown abandoned any chal- lenge with respect to this order by failing to raise it in his brief. See Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008). IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Brown’s complaint.