Mr. Justice McKeNna
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action for damages, brought by the plaintiff in error, who was also plaintiff in' the court below, and we will' therefore so designate him, against, the defendant, by .virtue of his office, caused by the taking from the possession of the plaintiff of a certain- stock of goods, wares and merchandise.
The goods originally belonged to one Joe- Levy, who sold them to one Levine by verbal sale, and as .a part of the consideration Levine assumed to pay a debt due to the plaintiff. Levine sold them to one Kendall, who assumed to pay the same debt. Kendall sold and delivered them to plaintiff.
The defendant was at the time of the taking of the goods marshal of Alaska, and he justified the taking under and by virtue of attachments issued out of the District Court against Levy, one in the case of
Powers Dry Goods Co.
v.
Levy,
and the
other in the
West Coast Grocery Co.
v.
Levy,
and claimed that the transfers by Levy were in fraud of his creditors.
The plaintiff replied that he had bought the goods from third persons for a valuable consideration, denied all fraud,'and further pleaded that during all the time from prior to the commencement of the actions mentioned in defendant’s answer until and at the time of the taking, he was in the actual and exclusive possession of the goods, and denied that defendant, ever made any levy whatever upon said goods.
Defendant filed a supplemental answer at the trial setting up that the attachments had merged in judgments upon which executions had issued, the goods sold and the judgments satisfied.
The case was tried before a jury, and resulted in a verdict for the defendant.
Motion for a new trial was made and overruled, and judgment entered for defendant. This writ of error was then sued out.
In the attachment suits against Levy summons was issued but not served, and substituted service was afterward obtained by publication. The affidavits for the attachments did not mention the amount of indebtedness claimed, and the sufficiency of the substituted service and the validity of the judgment based upon it are attacked on that ground.
It is also contended that the levies of the attachments were invalid ; and error is assigned on the .admission of the testimony and in giving instructions to the jury.
. (1) The laws of Oregon were in force in Alaska at the time of the attachments. Act of May 17, 1884, c. 53, 23 Stat. 24. The provision for attachments was as follows:
i4A writ of attachment shall be issued by the clerk of the court in which the action is pending, whenever the plaintiff or any one in his behalf shall make an affidavit showing :
“1. That the defendant is indebted to the plaintiff (specifying the amount of such indebtedness over and above all legal set-offs or counter-claims) upon a contract.” 1 Hill’s Code, Oregon, ed.1887, § 145.
It is contended that these provisions were not complied with
and the attachments were therefore void, and, they being void, there was no foundation for the judgments. This court 'has ruled already as to that contention in the case of
Matthews
v.
Densmore,
109 U. S. 216, and other cases. In
Matthews
v. Densmore, the claim of a defect in the affidavit invalidating the attachment was directly passed on, and of the attachment it was said:
“It may be voidable. It may be avoided by proper proceedings in that court.- But when in the hands of the officer who is bound to obey- it, with the seal of the court and everything else on its face to give it validity, if he did obey it, and is guilty of no- error in this act of obedience, it must stand as his sufficient protection for that act in all other courts.”
(2) The answer of the defendant alleged- that the writs of attachment in the’ actions mentioned were placed -in. his hands for service, and by virtue of them he “ duly'.leyied upon all of ■the goods, wares and merchandise set forth in plaintiff’s complaint herein, and ever since that time has held and now holds the same as said United States marshal under and by virtue of said writs.”
His returns upon the writs were as follows:
“ I hereby certify that I have executed the within writ of attachment by levying upon the personal property of the within-named defendant, to wit: AU the goods, wares and merchandise situated in the one-story building one door south of B. M. Behrends’ bank, on Seward street between Second and Third streets, in the town of Juneau, District- of Alaska, by posting a copy of said writ of attachment on the front door of said building; also, eleven (11) cases of boots and shoes consigned to the within-named defendant, Joseph Levy, situated’in the warehouses of the Pacific Coast Steámship Company, by delivering a notice and copy of the within writ of attachment on H. F. Bobinson, the agent of said Pacifie Coast Steamship Company, and have all of the above-described personal property of the above-named defendant now in my possession.
“
Dated at Juneau, Alaska, May 14, 1898.”
It will be observed that the returns are somewhat vague as to whose possession the property was in at the time of levy. If
tbe fact can be said to have been put in issue by the pleadings the only evidence in the case was given by the plaintiff as follows :
“ About the 10th day of May, 1898, I was the owner and in the possession of a stock of goods, wares and merchandise in Juneau, Alaska. The goods were in the building on Seward street, next to B. M. Behrends. On or about that date the United States deputy marshal, W. D. Grant, came to the store and took the goods out of my possession. I declined to surrender possession, but the deputy marshal forcibly put me out of the building, took the key out of my pocket, and locked the front door.”
The truth of this was not questioned, and it must be accepted as established that at the time of the levy the property was in the possession of the plaintiff. What is the effect of it ? In other words, was the levy made, as described in the return of the defendant, legal?
The statute provided as follows:
“ The sheriff to whom the writ is directed and delivered shall execute the same without delay as follows: . . .
“ 2. Personal property, capable of manual delivery to the sheriff, and not in the possession of a third person, shall be attached by taking it into his custody.
“ 3. Other personal property shall be attached by leaving a certified copy of the writ, and a notice specifying the property attached, with the person having the possession of the same.” 1 Hill’s Code, Oregon ed. 1887, § 149, subs. 2 and 3.
These provisions were passed upon in
Spaulding
v.
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Mr. Justice McKeNna
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action for damages, brought by the plaintiff in error, who was also plaintiff in' the court below, and we will' therefore so designate him, against, the defendant, by .virtue of his office, caused by the taking from the possession of the plaintiff of a certain- stock of goods, wares and merchandise.
The goods originally belonged to one Joe- Levy, who sold them to one Levine by verbal sale, and as .a part of the consideration Levine assumed to pay a debt due to the plaintiff. Levine sold them to one Kendall, who assumed to pay the same debt. Kendall sold and delivered them to plaintiff.
The defendant was at the time of the taking of the goods marshal of Alaska, and he justified the taking under and by virtue of attachments issued out of the District Court against Levy, one in the case of
Powers Dry Goods Co.
v.
Levy,
and the
other in the
West Coast Grocery Co.
v.
Levy,
and claimed that the transfers by Levy were in fraud of his creditors.
The plaintiff replied that he had bought the goods from third persons for a valuable consideration, denied all fraud,'and further pleaded that during all the time from prior to the commencement of the actions mentioned in defendant’s answer until and at the time of the taking, he was in the actual and exclusive possession of the goods, and denied that defendant, ever made any levy whatever upon said goods.
Defendant filed a supplemental answer at the trial setting up that the attachments had merged in judgments upon which executions had issued, the goods sold and the judgments satisfied.
The case was tried before a jury, and resulted in a verdict for the defendant.
Motion for a new trial was made and overruled, and judgment entered for defendant. This writ of error was then sued out.
In the attachment suits against Levy summons was issued but not served, and substituted service was afterward obtained by publication. The affidavits for the attachments did not mention the amount of indebtedness claimed, and the sufficiency of the substituted service and the validity of the judgment based upon it are attacked on that ground.
It is also contended that the levies of the attachments were invalid ; and error is assigned on the .admission of the testimony and in giving instructions to the jury.
. (1) The laws of Oregon were in force in Alaska at the time of the attachments. Act of May 17, 1884, c. 53, 23 Stat. 24. The provision for attachments was as follows:
i4A writ of attachment shall be issued by the clerk of the court in which the action is pending, whenever the plaintiff or any one in his behalf shall make an affidavit showing :
“1. That the defendant is indebted to the plaintiff (specifying the amount of such indebtedness over and above all legal set-offs or counter-claims) upon a contract.” 1 Hill’s Code, Oregon, ed.1887, § 145.
It is contended that these provisions were not complied with
and the attachments were therefore void, and, they being void, there was no foundation for the judgments. This court 'has ruled already as to that contention in the case of
Matthews
v.
Densmore,
109 U. S. 216, and other cases. In
Matthews
v. Densmore, the claim of a defect in the affidavit invalidating the attachment was directly passed on, and of the attachment it was said:
“It may be voidable. It may be avoided by proper proceedings in that court.- But when in the hands of the officer who is bound to obey- it, with the seal of the court and everything else on its face to give it validity, if he did obey it, and is guilty of no- error in this act of obedience, it must stand as his sufficient protection for that act in all other courts.”
(2) The answer of the defendant alleged- that the writs of attachment in the’ actions mentioned were placed -in. his hands for service, and by virtue of them he “ duly'.leyied upon all of ■the goods, wares and merchandise set forth in plaintiff’s complaint herein, and ever since that time has held and now holds the same as said United States marshal under and by virtue of said writs.”
His returns upon the writs were as follows:
“ I hereby certify that I have executed the within writ of attachment by levying upon the personal property of the within-named defendant, to wit: AU the goods, wares and merchandise situated in the one-story building one door south of B. M. Behrends’ bank, on Seward street between Second and Third streets, in the town of Juneau, District- of Alaska, by posting a copy of said writ of attachment on the front door of said building; also, eleven (11) cases of boots and shoes consigned to the within-named defendant, Joseph Levy, situated’in the warehouses of the Pacific Coast Steámship Company, by delivering a notice and copy of the within writ of attachment on H. F. Bobinson, the agent of said Pacifie Coast Steamship Company, and have all of the above-described personal property of the above-named defendant now in my possession.
“
Dated at Juneau, Alaska, May 14, 1898.”
It will be observed that the returns are somewhat vague as to whose possession the property was in at the time of levy. If
tbe fact can be said to have been put in issue by the pleadings the only evidence in the case was given by the plaintiff as follows :
“ About the 10th day of May, 1898, I was the owner and in the possession of a stock of goods, wares and merchandise in Juneau, Alaska. The goods were in the building on Seward street, next to B. M. Behrends. On or about that date the United States deputy marshal, W. D. Grant, came to the store and took the goods out of my possession. I declined to surrender possession, but the deputy marshal forcibly put me out of the building, took the key out of my pocket, and locked the front door.”
The truth of this was not questioned, and it must be accepted as established that at the time of the levy the property was in the possession of the plaintiff. What is the effect of it ? In other words, was the levy made, as described in the return of the defendant, legal?
The statute provided as follows:
“ The sheriff to whom the writ is directed and delivered shall execute the same without delay as follows: . . .
“ 2. Personal property, capable of manual delivery to the sheriff, and not in the possession of a third person, shall be attached by taking it into his custody.
“ 3. Other personal property shall be attached by leaving a certified copy of the writ, and a notice specifying the property attached, with the person having the possession of the same.” 1 Hill’s Code, Oregon ed. 1887, § 149, subs. 2 and 3.
These provisions were passed upon in
Spaulding
v. Kennedy, 6 Oregon, 208. The facts of the case as stated by the court were as follows:
“ Litchenthaler and Simpson were, on the ninth of November, 1875, the owners of a certain mare, the property in dispute, upon which they executed a chattel mortgage of that date in favor of the Granger Market Cotnpany. This mortgage was duly recorded, and remained unsatisfied at the commencement of this action. . Subsequently Litchenthaler and Simpson delivered the mare to the plaintiff upon a second chattel mortgage
by them in his favor, executed subsequently to the one in favor of the Granger Market Company.
“In March, 1876, one James "Welch obtained a judgment' against the Granger Market Company, upon which an execution was issued, and placed in the hands of Kennedy, the appellant, who was a constable. Kennedy under' this execution levied, as it is claimed, upon the mare, as the property of the Granger Market Company, by taking her from the possession of one Stemme, the bailee of the plaintiff Spaulding. Spauld-ing brought this action to recover .possession.”
The court said:
“ It was the object of the levy to subject the right of the Granger ■ Market Company to execution, and' in order to do so, and by a levy and sale, transfer this right to an execution purchaser, the officer must pursue the course pointed out by the statute.”
And after quoting the statute, said further:
“This property not being in the possession of the Granger Market Company at the time of the levy, the officer could not, by virtue of his writ, lawfully take it from the possession of a third person in whose possession he found it, and he committed a trespass in so doing. ■ It is claimed that this statute is simply intended to protect those in possession of property who may have a lien on it by virtue of which they may be entitled to redeem it. This may be the object of the statute. The statute provides that such persons, when summoned as garnishees, shall answer and show by what title they hold the property; but the sheriff, when he finds the property which he supposes belongs to the judgment debtor in the possession of third persons, 1ms no right to determine the right of that possession, except in the manner provided by law.”
The same principle was expressed in
Lewis
v. Birdsley, 26 Pac. Rep. 632, and in
Bachellor
v. Richardson, 21 Pac. Rep. 392.
The cases cited by defendant in error are not to the contrary.
Page et al.
v. Grant, 9 Oregon, 116, was a direct attack, after execution returned unsatisfied, tmon a sale claimed, to be fraudulent.
Lyon
v. Leahy, 15 Oregon, 8, and
Philbrick
v. O'
Connor,
15 Oregon, 15, and
Crawford
v.
Beard,
12 Oregon, 447, were creditor’s bills brought to set aside deeds for real estate after return of execution unsatisfied. It follows that the levy was invalid and could constitute no defence to the defendant, and the jury should have been so instructed.
(3) The errors assigned on instructions not disposed of by the above reasoning it is not necessary to consider. We may say, however, that we have grave doubts of their correctness.
Judgment reversed with costs and cause rema/nded with direc- . tions to grant a new trial. ■