FRICK, C. J.
Tbe appellant applied to tbe district court of "Weber county, Utah, for a writ of babeas corpus upon tbe ground that be was illegally restrained of bis liberty by one Tbomas E. Browning, Chief of Police of Ogden City. Tbe writ was duly issued, and said Browning produced tbe appellant and made return to tbe writ under oatb, in wbicb he set forth tbe authority under which be held tbe appellant in custody as an alleged fugitive from justice. In this regard tbe return of said Browning was to tbe effect that appellant was held under a warrant issued by the Governor of this state based upon a requisition from the Governor of tbe state of Wyoming. Tbe requisition was based upon a complaint or information filed by tbe county attorney as prosecuting attorney of Albany county, Wyo., in which appellant is charged with having committed tbe crime of grand larceny, an offense under tbe common law. Tbe complaint or information aforesaid, after being signed by said county attorney, was verified by him as follows: “State of Wyoming, County of Albany —ss.: I, Frank E. Anderson, being first duly sworn, say: I have read tbe foregoing complaint and know tbe contents thereof, and tbe facts therein stated are true, as I verily believe, so help me God. Frank E. Anderson. Signed in my presence and sworn to before me this 24th day of February, A. D. 1911. John Reid, Justice of the Peace.” At tbe bearing appellant produced and introduced in evidence a provision of tbe Constitution of tbe state of Wyoming (Constitution article 1, section 4), wbicb reads as follows: “Tbe right of tbe people to be secure in their persons, bouses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by affidavit, particularly describing the place to be searched, or the person or thing to be seized.” Appellant contended at tbe bearing, and now contends, that tbe information charging tbe appellant with tbe crime aforesaid was not supported by an affidavit as required by tbe constitutional provision aforesaid, and hence [300] did not authorize the justice of the peace to issue a warrant for the apprehension of appellant, and that therefore, the requisition of the Governor of Wyoming and' the warrant of the Governor of this state based thereon are without legal authority, and hence are void. The district court of Weber county held the verification of the complaint sufficient and entered the judgment remanding the appellant into the custody of said Browning for the purpose of having appellant removed to Albany county, Wyo., for trial upon the charge aforesaid. Appellant presents the record on appeal.
The only question presented by him on this appeal is whether the warrant issued by the justice of the peace of Albany county, Wyo., was issued “upon probable cause supported by affidavit” as required by the constitutional provision we have quoted. Counsel for appellant contends that the verification of a complaint charging one with a crime is insufficient to authorize the issuance of a warrant when such verification is based upon belief or upon information and belief only; the contention being that such a verification is not sufficient to establish the probable cause required by the Constitution and that such a verification is not tantamount to the affidavit required by that instrument.
Interstate extradition, or rendition, as it is sometimes called, is based upon section 2 of article 4 of the Constitution of the United States, which, so far as material here, reads as follows: “A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another; state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled be delivered up to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.” As might well be expected the courts are not entirely in harmony with respect to what constitutes a charge of crime sufficient to require the executive of one state to deliver up the accused upon the request of the executive of another state. Ex parte Spears, 88 Cal. 640, 26 Pac. 608, 22 Am. St. Rep. 341, is an example of the eases which hold that a statement on information and belief is insufficient, while In re Keller, (D. C.) 36 Fed. 681, affords an illustra[301] tion of that class of cases which holds that a positive statement that a crime has been committed may be sufficient if verified upon belief. For the purpose of this decision, however, it is not necessary for us to harmonize the conflicting decisions or to review the cases upon this subject, for the reasons hereafter appearing.
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FRICK, C. J.
Tbe appellant applied to tbe district court of "Weber county, Utah, for a writ of babeas corpus upon tbe ground that be was illegally restrained of bis liberty by one Tbomas E. Browning, Chief of Police of Ogden City. Tbe writ was duly issued, and said Browning produced tbe appellant and made return to tbe writ under oatb, in wbicb he set forth tbe authority under which be held tbe appellant in custody as an alleged fugitive from justice. In this regard tbe return of said Browning was to tbe effect that appellant was held under a warrant issued by the Governor of this state based upon a requisition from the Governor of tbe state of Wyoming. Tbe requisition was based upon a complaint or information filed by tbe county attorney as prosecuting attorney of Albany county, Wyo., in which appellant is charged with having committed tbe crime of grand larceny, an offense under tbe common law. Tbe complaint or information aforesaid, after being signed by said county attorney, was verified by him as follows: “State of Wyoming, County of Albany —ss.: I, Frank E. Anderson, being first duly sworn, say: I have read tbe foregoing complaint and know tbe contents thereof, and tbe facts therein stated are true, as I verily believe, so help me God. Frank E. Anderson. Signed in my presence and sworn to before me this 24th day of February, A. D. 1911. John Reid, Justice of the Peace.” At tbe bearing appellant produced and introduced in evidence a provision of tbe Constitution of tbe state of Wyoming (Constitution article 1, section 4), wbicb reads as follows: “Tbe right of tbe people to be secure in their persons, bouses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by affidavit, particularly describing the place to be searched, or the person or thing to be seized.” Appellant contended at tbe bearing, and now contends, that tbe information charging tbe appellant with tbe crime aforesaid was not supported by an affidavit as required by tbe constitutional provision aforesaid, and hence [300] did not authorize the justice of the peace to issue a warrant for the apprehension of appellant, and that therefore, the requisition of the Governor of Wyoming and' the warrant of the Governor of this state based thereon are without legal authority, and hence are void. The district court of Weber county held the verification of the complaint sufficient and entered the judgment remanding the appellant into the custody of said Browning for the purpose of having appellant removed to Albany county, Wyo., for trial upon the charge aforesaid. Appellant presents the record on appeal.
The only question presented by him on this appeal is whether the warrant issued by the justice of the peace of Albany county, Wyo., was issued “upon probable cause supported by affidavit” as required by the constitutional provision we have quoted. Counsel for appellant contends that the verification of a complaint charging one with a crime is insufficient to authorize the issuance of a warrant when such verification is based upon belief or upon information and belief only; the contention being that such a verification is not sufficient to establish the probable cause required by the Constitution and that such a verification is not tantamount to the affidavit required by that instrument.
Interstate extradition, or rendition, as it is sometimes called, is based upon section 2 of article 4 of the Constitution of the United States, which, so far as material here, reads as follows: “A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another; state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled be delivered up to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.” As might well be expected the courts are not entirely in harmony with respect to what constitutes a charge of crime sufficient to require the executive of one state to deliver up the accused upon the request of the executive of another state. Ex parte Spears, 88 Cal. 640, 26 Pac. 608, 22 Am. St. Rep. 341, is an example of the eases which hold that a statement on information and belief is insufficient, while In re Keller, (D. C.) 36 Fed. 681, affords an illustra[301] tion of that class of cases which holds that a positive statement that a crime has been committed may be sufficient if verified upon belief. For the purpose of this decision, however, it is not necessary for us to harmonize the conflicting decisions or to review the cases upon this subject, for the reasons hereafter appearing.
By act of Congress passed in February, 1793, (Act Feb. 12, 1793, chapter 7, 1 Stat. p. 302) it is in effect provided that á fugitive from justice who has fled from one state to another may be demanded by the chief executive of the first state from the chief executive of the state to which he has fled when the person demanding such fugitive “produces a copy of an indictment found or an affidavit made before a magistrate of any state or territory charging the person demanded with treason, felony or other crime certified as authentic by the Governor or chief magistrate of the state or territory from whence the person so charged has fled. ’ ’ The foregoing provision in substance is the law lipón the subject to-day as appears from U. S. Comp. Laws 1901, section 5278, page 3597. The theory upon which Congress acted in adopting said statute is, we think, well stated by the author in Spear on the Law of Extradition at pages 362 and 363, where it is said: “The evident theory of the statute is that the legal accusation, namely, an indictment or affidavit, charging the party with the commission of crime that would have justified his arrest and commitment to prison, or holding him to bail, in the state or territory in which the crime is charged to have been committed, had he not fled therefrom, shall be sufficient to authorize his arrest in the state or territory where he has sought refuge, and his removal therefrom to the state or territory having jurisdiction of the crime. An indictment found by a grand jury or a complaint under oath before a magistrate competent to administer an oath and issue a warrant of arrest is the established American manner of making a legal charge of crime and thus initiating criminal proceedings against a party; and Congress saw fit to adopt this manner of making the charge in the extradition of fugitive criminals.” "While, as we have .said, the author[302] ities are not in perfect harmony with respect to what constitutes a sufficient charge of < crime to warrant the chief executive of the state to which the person accused of crime has fled to deliver him up, yet we think the great weight of authority conforms to the statement quoted from Mr. Spear, namely, that if a crime is charged under oath in direct and positive terms, and if a charge in that form is sufficient to authorize the issuance of a warrant by 1 the magistrate before whom the charge is made for the arrest of the accused under the laws of the demanding state, it is ordinarily held sufficient to authorize the chief executive upon whom requisition is made to honor the same. It may also be that a form of pleading is permitted in a state in which the warrant of arrest is issued which does not require the person making the complaint to absolutely and positively charge a crime, but permits that to be done on information or belief, then such complaint must nevertheless be supported by the affidavit or sworn statement of some person who is cognizant of the facts, and from which affidavit or sworn statement, taken in the form of a deposition or otherwise, it is made to appear that a crime has been committed, and that .there is probable cause to believe that the accused is the person who committed the same. Where the requisition is based upon an indictment found, or upon an information which is based upon a preliminary examination by a magistrate such indictment or information is ordinarily held sufficient to authorize such requisition. It however, is not necessary in this proceeding to determine the sufficiency of the complaint, information, or affidavit to authorize the granting of a requisition under all circumstances and upon any request of the chief executive of any state in the Union. It is sufficient for us to determine now whether the warrant issued by the justice of the peace in the state of Wyoming was sufficient to authorize the arrest of appellant in that state.
The Supreme Court of Wyoming in construing the constitutional provision we have quoted, in the case of State v. Boulter, 5 Wyo. 236, 39 Pac. 883, held that a warrant based [303] upon "an information verified on information and belief” does not constitute the probable cause which authorizes the issuing of a warrant under the constitutional provision 2 aforesaid. This being the law of "Wyoming that must control the arrest drawn in question in this proceeding. If, therefore, the warrant upon which the Governor of Wyoming based his requisition to the Governor of this state is void, then it must follow that the warrant issued by the Governor of this state under which appellant is held for removal must also be void.
With regard to the numerous cases cited by counsel representing the officer in whose custody the appellant is held, we desire to say that a careful examination of them only strengthens the conviction that the courts are not in harmony with regard to what constitutes a sufficient verification to a complaint which forms the basis for the arrest of one charged with a crime. Many of the cases cited by counsel, however, support our conclusions, while but few, if any, are. directly at variance with them. While some disagree with the conclusions reached by the Supreme Court of Wyoming, others do not. In view of the decision of the Supreme Court of Wyoming we have no alternative except to declare the detention of the appellant illegal.
It is therefore ordered that the judgment of the district court of Weber county remanding the appellant to the custody of said Browning for the purpose of removal from the state of Utah to the state of Wyoming is reversed, and the appellant is discharged from the detention and imprisonment set forth in his application.
McCARTY and STRAUP, JJ., concur.