Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-10079 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 9:16-cv-80862-DMM, 9:14-cr-80009-DMM-1
MARK RICHARD HILLSTROM,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent-Appellee.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _________________________
(January 17, 2019)
Before WILSON, BRANCH, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Mark Hillstrom appeals the denial of his motion to vacate his sentence under
28 U.S.C. § 2255. After pleading guilty to transmitting a threat in interstate Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 2 of 7
commerce, 18 U.S.C. § 875(c), Hillstrom now argues that the indictment against
him on that charge was insufficient because it did not allege the requisite mens rea.
Because we find that any such defect in the indictment was rendered harmless by
the facts he admitted when he pleaded guilty, we affirm the denial of relief.
A federal grand jury indicted Hillstrom in 2014 on one count of violating 18
U.S.C. § 875(c)1 when he “did knowingly and intentionally transmit in interstate
commerce a communication over the internet, which communication contained a
threat to injure the person of another, specifically ‘M.S.’” Hillstrom later pleaded
guilty pursuant to a written plea agreement that contained an appeal waiver. He
also signed a proffer explaining the factual basis for his guilty plea, stating that he
had posted the following entry on JAABlog, “a blog devoted to coverage of the
Broward County courts and judiciary”:
Rouge asa will die wrote: by the end of this year a rouque asa will be executed for his abuse of prosecutorial power that hurt my kids and ruined my life. His kids will be spared but he has too much power to be left to his sma minded sick decptions to get convictions and further his career. He will be accompained by current and former judges who abused their judcial power to destroy good lives and decent people. [M.S.] goes first.
1 “Whoever transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to kidnap any person or any threat to injure the person of another, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.”
2 Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 3 of 7
The proffer further stated that he “knowingly posted the threat, which was a true
threat to injure M.S., after years of disagreement with the Broward State
Attorney’s office, of which M.S. is the head.”
During the change-of-plea hearing, the magistrate judge reviewed the plea
agreement and appeal waiver; Hillstrom acknowledged that he had read it, signed
it, and discussed it with his lawyer. Upon questioning, Hillstrom said he
understood the agreement and had not been threatened into accepting it. He agreed
that he was pleading guilty of his own free will because he was in fact guilty. He
further stated that he had read, signed, and discussed with his lawyer the factual
proffer, and that he assented to its factual basis for the plea. The magistrate judge
found that Hillstrom entered his plea knowingly and voluntarily, and recommended
that the district court accept the guilty plea.
Before the district court, Hillstrom’s counsel made no objection to the report
and recommendation of the magistrate judge. The district court accepted the
recommendation, entered a judgment of conviction, and imposed a sentence of 10
months’ imprisonment followed by 3 years’ supervised release. Hillstrom later
violated the terms of his supervised release and was sentenced to time served and a
new period of 24 months’ supervised release, which he is currently serving.
Hillstrom did not file a direct criminal appeal. More than a year after his
conviction, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Elonis v. United States, 135 S. Ct.
3 Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 4 of 7
2001 (2015), which clarified the necessary elements for a conviction under 18
U.S.C. § 875(c). In 2016, Hillstrom moved through appointed counsel to vacate his
sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. In that motion, Hillstrom argued that the conduct
to which he pleaded guilty is not a crime because, under Elonis, the government
failed to allege the requisite mens rea in the indictment.
The magistrate judge found that Elonis applied retroactively, but that
Hillstrom’s guilty plea was nonetheless valid because he “admitted to facts
demonstrating that he knowingly transmitted a threatening communication and
specifically intended for such communication to be a threat as required under
§ 875(c).” After Hillstrom filed objections, the district court agreed with the
magistrate judge, adding that any claim for relief based on an insufficient factual
basis for the plea was procedurally barred by Hillstrom’s failure to file a direct
appeal. The court denied the § 2255 motion and denied a certificate of
appealability. Hillstrom appealed, and a judge of this Court granted a certificate of
appealability on “[w]hether, under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, Hillstrom is entitled to vacate
his guilty plea, for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c), pursuant to Elonis.” We now
consider that question.
When evaluating the denial of a § 2255 motion, we review legal conclusions
de novo and factual findings for clear error. Lynn v. United States, 365 F.3d 1225,
1232 (11th Cir. 2004). A prisoner filing his first § 2255 motion is entitled to relief
4 Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 5 of 7
if he establishes that his conviction or sentence was imposed in violation of the
Constitution or laws of the United States, so long as that motion is not untimely or
otherwise procedurally barred. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a), (f). Hillstrom argues that his
indictment was constitutionally insufficient under Elonis because it failed to allege
that he subjectively knew his communication contained a threat. 2 The problem for
Hillstrom, however, is that any Elonis error in his indictment was rendered
harmless by the factual proffer that accompanied his guilty plea.
In Elonis, the Supreme Court instructed that, although the text of § 875(c)
does not specify any particular mental state, we must read a mens rea requirement
into the statute in order to avoid criminalizing otherwise innocent conduct. 135 S.
Ct. at 2008, 2010. Thus, a conviction under § 875(c) requires proof that the
defendant knew that his communication contained a threat. Id. at 2011.
Accordingly, a § 875(c) indictment that fails to allege the defendant’s mens rea or
facts from which his intent may be inferred is constitutionally insufficient.
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Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-10079 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 9:16-cv-80862-DMM, 9:14-cr-80009-DMM-1
MARK RICHARD HILLSTROM,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent-Appellee.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _________________________
(January 17, 2019)
Before WILSON, BRANCH, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Mark Hillstrom appeals the denial of his motion to vacate his sentence under
28 U.S.C. § 2255. After pleading guilty to transmitting a threat in interstate Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 2 of 7
commerce, 18 U.S.C. § 875(c), Hillstrom now argues that the indictment against
him on that charge was insufficient because it did not allege the requisite mens rea.
Because we find that any such defect in the indictment was rendered harmless by
the facts he admitted when he pleaded guilty, we affirm the denial of relief.
A federal grand jury indicted Hillstrom in 2014 on one count of violating 18
U.S.C. § 875(c)1 when he “did knowingly and intentionally transmit in interstate
commerce a communication over the internet, which communication contained a
threat to injure the person of another, specifically ‘M.S.’” Hillstrom later pleaded
guilty pursuant to a written plea agreement that contained an appeal waiver. He
also signed a proffer explaining the factual basis for his guilty plea, stating that he
had posted the following entry on JAABlog, “a blog devoted to coverage of the
Broward County courts and judiciary”:
Rouge asa will die wrote: by the end of this year a rouque asa will be executed for his abuse of prosecutorial power that hurt my kids and ruined my life. His kids will be spared but he has too much power to be left to his sma minded sick decptions to get convictions and further his career. He will be accompained by current and former judges who abused their judcial power to destroy good lives and decent people. [M.S.] goes first.
1 “Whoever transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to kidnap any person or any threat to injure the person of another, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.”
2 Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 3 of 7
The proffer further stated that he “knowingly posted the threat, which was a true
threat to injure M.S., after years of disagreement with the Broward State
Attorney’s office, of which M.S. is the head.”
During the change-of-plea hearing, the magistrate judge reviewed the plea
agreement and appeal waiver; Hillstrom acknowledged that he had read it, signed
it, and discussed it with his lawyer. Upon questioning, Hillstrom said he
understood the agreement and had not been threatened into accepting it. He agreed
that he was pleading guilty of his own free will because he was in fact guilty. He
further stated that he had read, signed, and discussed with his lawyer the factual
proffer, and that he assented to its factual basis for the plea. The magistrate judge
found that Hillstrom entered his plea knowingly and voluntarily, and recommended
that the district court accept the guilty plea.
Before the district court, Hillstrom’s counsel made no objection to the report
and recommendation of the magistrate judge. The district court accepted the
recommendation, entered a judgment of conviction, and imposed a sentence of 10
months’ imprisonment followed by 3 years’ supervised release. Hillstrom later
violated the terms of his supervised release and was sentenced to time served and a
new period of 24 months’ supervised release, which he is currently serving.
Hillstrom did not file a direct criminal appeal. More than a year after his
conviction, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Elonis v. United States, 135 S. Ct.
3 Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 4 of 7
2001 (2015), which clarified the necessary elements for a conviction under 18
U.S.C. § 875(c). In 2016, Hillstrom moved through appointed counsel to vacate his
sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. In that motion, Hillstrom argued that the conduct
to which he pleaded guilty is not a crime because, under Elonis, the government
failed to allege the requisite mens rea in the indictment.
The magistrate judge found that Elonis applied retroactively, but that
Hillstrom’s guilty plea was nonetheless valid because he “admitted to facts
demonstrating that he knowingly transmitted a threatening communication and
specifically intended for such communication to be a threat as required under
§ 875(c).” After Hillstrom filed objections, the district court agreed with the
magistrate judge, adding that any claim for relief based on an insufficient factual
basis for the plea was procedurally barred by Hillstrom’s failure to file a direct
appeal. The court denied the § 2255 motion and denied a certificate of
appealability. Hillstrom appealed, and a judge of this Court granted a certificate of
appealability on “[w]hether, under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, Hillstrom is entitled to vacate
his guilty plea, for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c), pursuant to Elonis.” We now
consider that question.
When evaluating the denial of a § 2255 motion, we review legal conclusions
de novo and factual findings for clear error. Lynn v. United States, 365 F.3d 1225,
1232 (11th Cir. 2004). A prisoner filing his first § 2255 motion is entitled to relief
4 Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 5 of 7
if he establishes that his conviction or sentence was imposed in violation of the
Constitution or laws of the United States, so long as that motion is not untimely or
otherwise procedurally barred. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a), (f). Hillstrom argues that his
indictment was constitutionally insufficient under Elonis because it failed to allege
that he subjectively knew his communication contained a threat. 2 The problem for
Hillstrom, however, is that any Elonis error in his indictment was rendered
harmless by the factual proffer that accompanied his guilty plea.
In Elonis, the Supreme Court instructed that, although the text of § 875(c)
does not specify any particular mental state, we must read a mens rea requirement
into the statute in order to avoid criminalizing otherwise innocent conduct. 135 S.
Ct. at 2008, 2010. Thus, a conviction under § 875(c) requires proof that the
defendant knew that his communication contained a threat. Id. at 2011.
Accordingly, a § 875(c) indictment that fails to allege the defendant’s mens rea or
facts from which his intent may be inferred is constitutionally insufficient. United
States v. Martinez, 800 F.3d 1293, 1295 (11th Cir. 2015) (applying Elonis on direct
appeal when the defendant had preserved the issue in the district court).
We assume, but do not decide, that the new rule announced in Elonis is
retroactive to convictions that are already final because it appears to be the kind of
2 Before Elonis, our Circuit had required only objective intent under § 875(c): that “a reasonable person would construe [the communication] as a serious expression of an intention to inflict bodily harm.” United States v. Alaboud, 347 F.3d 1293, 1297 (11th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Callahan, 702 F.2d 964, 965 (11th Cir. 1983)).
5 Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 6 of 7
substantive rule that “narrow[s] the scope of a criminal statute by interpreting its
terms.” Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 351 (2004). We further assume that
Hillstrom had cause for procedurally defaulting this claim, given that our precedent
would have barred him from asserting it on direct appeal, in light of his guilty plea
and appeal waiver. See United States v. Brown, 752 F.3d 1344, 1354 (11th Cir.
2014) (explaining that an unconditional guilty plea waives all non-jurisdictional
defects in an indictment, including the omission of a mens rea element); but see
Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 622–23 (1998) (explaining that failure to
raise a then-futile legal argument on direct review does not establish cause for a
procedural default). Further, we assume that there actually was an Elonis problem
with Hillstrom’s indictment.
Even with the benefit of all of these assumptions, Hillstrom is not entitled to
vacatur under § 2255 because any error was harmless in light of the conduct he
admitted in his factual proffer. That statement, signed and sworn, averred that
Hillstrom “knowingly posted the threat.” To the extent the indictment failed to
allege that Hillstrom subjectively knew that his communication contained a threat,
see Elonis, 135 S. Ct. at 2011, the proffer supplies the factual basis for inferring
that scienter. See Martinez, 800 F.3d at 1295. In characterizing the interstate
communication he knowingly posted as a “threat,” Hillstrom freely and voluntarily
admitted all of the elements of the offense under § 875(c). Any error in his
6 Case: 18-10079 Date Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 7 of 7
indictment was therefore harmless. To put it another way, Hillstrom has not
established that he suffered any actual prejudice from the error, nor has he argued
that he is actually innocent of the charge. See Bousley, 523 U.S. at 622. The denial
of Hillstrom’s § 2255 motion is therefore
AFFIRMED.