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FILED FEBRUARY 2, 2023 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
COURT OF APPEALS, DIVISION III, STATE OF WASHINGTON MARK GROTHE, ) No. 39010-1-III ) Appellant, ) ) ORDER DENYING v. ) MOTION FOR ) RECONSIDERATION VICTOR KUSHNIVICH, and J. ) AND AMENDING KUSHNIVICH, and the marital ) OPINION community comprised thereof, ) ) Respondents. )
The court has considered respondents’ motion for reconsideration of this court’s
opinion dated December 6, 2022, and is of the opinion the motion should be denied.
THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the motion for reconsideration is hereby
denied.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the opinion shall be amended as follows:
A footnote shall be added to the following last sentence in the first full paragraph
on page 11, to read: For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 39010-1-III Grothe v. Kushnivich
“The parties do not contest that Washington common law controls our analysis.”[Fn] _____________________ [Fn] After issuance of our opinion, Kushnivich moved for reconsideration and argues that “federal common law” of Carmack damages controls our analysis. Our review of state and federal authorities does not show any uniform “federal common law” of Carmack damages. But if there was, it would need to be “comprehensive enough to embrace all damages resulting from” a carrier’s failure to discharge its duties. N.Y., Phila. & Norfolk R.R., 240 U.S. at 38. Washington’s common law of recoverable personal property damages is consistent with this comprehensive standard.
PANEL: Judges Lawrence-Berrey, Fearing, and Pennell
FOR THE COURT:
________________________________ LAUREL SIDDOWAY CHIEF JUDGE
2 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
FILED DECEMBER 6, 2022 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
MARK GROTHE, ) No. 39010-1-III ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) PUBLISHED OPINION ) VICTOR KUSHNIVICH, and ) J. KUSHNIVICH, and the marital ) community comprised thereof, ) ) Respondents. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, A.C.J. — The Carmack Amendment to the Interstate
Commerce Act of 1887, 49 U.S.C. § 14706, provides the exclusive remedy for goods
damaged in interstate commerce by a common carrier. Carmack provides the cause of
action, but applicable common law provides the measure of damages.
The question presented is whether recoverable damages include loss of use while
the goods were being repaired and diminished value of the repaired goods. We hold they
do.
We affirm the trial court’s summary judgment dismissal of Mark Grothe’s
negligence claim, but we reverse its denial of his motion to amend to assert a claim under
Carmack for loss of use while the goods were being repaired and for diminished value of
the repaired goods. For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
No. 39010-1-III Grothe v. Kushnivich
FACTS
In 2019, Mark Grothe bought a new Volvo and had it shipped to his home by
Victor Kushnivich. Along the way, Kushnivich’s truck was involved in an accident, and
Grothe’s car suffered extensive damage. Grothe’s insurance company paid to repair the
Volvo, and it recovered the repair costs in a subrogation claim against Kushnivich’s
insurance company.
Grothe’s lawsuit against Kushnivich
In October 2020, Grothe sued Kushnivich. As relevant here, his complaint
alleged:
5. On or about April 3, 2019, the Defendant VICTOR KUSHNIVICH was driving a semi-truck pulling a trailer that was being used to transport . . . vehicles [including] Plaintiff’s recently purchased Volvo . . . . Defendant KUSHNIVICH had been hired by the Plaintiff to transport his vehicle from California to Washington State. While traveling along the interstate in California, the Defendant lost control of his vehicle, causing the truck and trailer to veer off of the road and overturn. The Plaintiff’s brand new vehicle was damaged in this incident. 6. . . . Defendant KUSHNIVICH negligently failed to maintain reasonable control of [his] vehicle and caused the Plaintiff’s vehicle to fall off of his trailer. The aforesaid collision involving the Plaintiff’s vehicle and the Defendant’s vehicle was proximately caused by the tortious conduct of the Defendant KUSHNIVICH. 7. The Plaintiff MARK GROTHE has suffered damages for injury to his property, including, without limitation, physical damage to the vehicle involved in the collision, the cost to repair said damage, loss of use, rental expenses, storage costs, reduced fair cash market value of the
2 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
damaged property, and other out of pocket expenses, in an amount to be proved at the time of trial. 8. The Plaintiff MARK GROTHE hereby notifies the Defendants . . . that he will not honor as a setoff defense to his claims any payments they or their insurers or representatives make for the damages set forth above to any party besides the Plaintiff MARK GROTHE particularly but not limited to his own auto insurer FARMERS. . . .
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 1-2.
In his answer, Kushnivich asserted a number of defenses, including that Grothe’s
claims were “preempted, in whole or in part, by federal statute(s), including 49 U.S.C.
§ 14706 et seq.” CP at 7 (alteration in original).1
Through discovery, Grothe provided Kushnivich with his expert’s reports on
diminished value and loss of use damages. Grothe’s expert concluded that the Volvo’s
value was diminished due to “buyers’ aversion to purchasing a vehicle that has residual
physical damage.” CP at 72. The report explained that some factory processes cannot be
replicated in a body shop and that some repaired parts, such as metal that was bent and
reshaped, “are never as strong at the molecular level as they were before they suffered
1 The federal statute is the Carmack Amendment (Carmack). Congress enacted Carmack in 1906 as part of the former Interstate Commerce Act and intended for it to provide the exclusive cause of action for loss or damage to goods arriving by interstate transportation by common carrier. Hall v. N. Am. Van Lines, Inc., 476 F.3d 683 (9th Cir. 2007). Carmack constitutes a complete defense to common law claims of negligence alleging all manner of harm arising from property damage in interstate commerce. Id. at 688-89.
3 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
damage.” CP at 72. The report stated that the Volvo’s preloss value was $44,994 and its
postloss value was $27,465, for a diminution in value of $17,529. The same expert
provided a separate report that concluded Grothe lost $93 per day for the 105 days the
Volvo was in the shop being repaired, for a total of $9,765.
Motion for summary judgment
Kushnivich moved for summary judgment, arguing that Grothe’s negligence claim
was preempted by Carmack and that even if Grothe pleaded a claim under Carmack, the
claim would be barred because Grothe was seeking a double recovery. The motion was
supported by documents showing that Kushnivich’s insurance company had already
reimbursed Grothe’s insurance company for repair costs.
In response, Grothe argued his complaint did plead a claim under Carmack. In the
alternative, he requested leave to amend his complaint, arguing that Carmack permitted
recovery for diminished value and loss of use in addition to costs of repair. His proposed
amended complaint differed from the original complaint in just two respects. It stated the
court had jurisdiction under 49 U.S.C. § 14706(d)(1) and it added the words italicized
below:
6. . . . The aforesaid collision involving the Plaintiff’s vehicle and the Defendant’s vehicle was proximately caused by conduct of the Defendant KUSHNIVICH that subjects him to liability under 49 U.S.C. [§] 14706(d)(1).
4 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
CP at 102.2 Grothe failed to file any declaration supporting his claim for damages.
In reply, Kushnivich advanced a new argument that Grothe’s request to amend his
complaint should be denied because he failed to file a notice of claim with Kushnivich
before bringing suit. He reiterated that Grothe had been fully compensated for repair
costs and that further damages would be a double recovery.
Grothe countered that he had no contractual obligation to file a notice of claim as a
prerequisite to a civil suit and that if there was a requirement, Kushnivich had waived it
by paying Grothe’s insurance company’s subrogation claim.
During oral argument of the motion, Grothe asserted he was only seeking damages
for diminished value and for loss of use. He conceded that he had been compensated for
repair costs.
The court nonetheless expressed concern that Grothe was attempting a double
recovery, “[H]asn’t your client already recovered? I mean, that’s part of what’s really
troubling me here. I mean, he got his car fixed and he’s been compensated.” Report of
Proceedings (RP) at 9. The court noted that under Carmack, damage was limited to actual
2 Grothe’s summary judgment response stated that his proposed amended complaint was attached to his proposed order. The proposed order is not in our record. We presume the proposed amended complaint is the same as the one accompanying his reconsideration motion, which is in our record.
5 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
loss and opined that if Grothe had already received the cost of repair, he could not receive
diminished value as well, “It’s one or the other, right?” RP at 10.
Kushnivich argued that if Grothe was seeking diminished value, he should have
elected that as his measure of damages after the crash and should not have also repaired
his car. Kushnivich asserted that despite the allegations in Grothe’s complaint and the
statement he would not honor a setoff defense, “in the face of summary judgment” Grothe
had “suddenly pivoted” to accept a setoff for the cost of repairs. RP at 14.
The court concluded, “I believe that plaintiff’s claims are preempted by Carmack
and I will—I’m going to grant the motion.” RP at 15. Its order granting summary
judgment did not further explain its reasoning. The court without explanation also denied
Grothe’s request to file his proposed amended complaint.
Motion for reconsideration
Grothe moved for reconsideration of the court’s decision, arguing it was contrary
to law under CR 59(a)(7). For the first time, Grothe included his expert’s reports on
diminished value and loss of use damages. Grothe largely repeated his arguments in
opposition to the motion for summary judgment, arguing that diminished value and loss
of use damages were recoverable even where a plaintiff had received the costs of repair
and that there was no notice of claim requirement.
6 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
The court, without hearing argument, denied Grothe’s motion for reconsideration.
Its written order stated:
Plaintiff’s state law negligence claim was preempted by the Carmack Amendment, 49 U.S.C. § 14706 et seq. (“Carmack”), warranting summary judgment, and Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend Complaint was denied on the grounds the proposed amendment to add a Carmack claim was meritless, duplicative, and/or futile.
CP at 125 (alteration in original).
Grothe timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
A. OBJECTION TO GROTHE’S BRIEF
Kushnivich objects to our consideration of Grothe’s opening brief, which was filed
four days late. To the extent this objection is meant as a motion to strike the brief, we
deny it.
Under RAP 10.2(i), we may impose sanctions under RAP 18.9 “for failure to
timely file and serve a brief.” RAP 18.9(a) in turn provides for the imposition of
monetary sanctions for a party “who uses these rules for the purpose of delay, files a
frivolous appeal, or fails to comply with these rules to pay terms or compensatory
damages to any other party who has been harmed by the delay or the failure to comply or
to pay sanctions to the court.” Striking Grothe’s late-filed brief is not an appropriate
7 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
remedy under RAP 10.2 and RAP 18.9, and Kushnivich identifies no harm caused by
Grothe’s delay that requires monetary compensation. We therefore deny Kushnivich’s
motion to strike Grothe’s brief.
B. GRANT OF SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Grothe argues the trial court erred by construing his original complaint as not
asserting a cause of action under Carmack. We disagree.
Washington is a notice pleading state. Champagne v. Thurston Cnty.,
163 Wn.2d 69, 84, 178 P.3d 936 (2008). An action is not dismissed simply because a
complaint fails to artfully state each element of a particular cause of action. Id. at 84-87.
Rather, notice pleading must “adequately inform the defendant of the nature of the
plaintiff’s claims as well as the legal grounds upon which those claims rest.” Reagan v.
Newton, 7 Wn. App. 2d 781, 801, 436 P.3d 411 (2019).
Here, Grothe’s complaint repeatedly references negligence and never references
Carmack. The parties—both below and on appeal—agree that Carmack preempts state
negligence claims. We conclude, even under the generous notice pleading standards, that
Grothe’s complaint failed to assert a Carmack claim and the trial court did not err in
dismissing it.
8 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
C. DENIAL OF REQUEST TO FILE PROPOSED AMENDED COMPLAINT
Grothe argues the trial court erred by denying his request that he be allowed to file
his proposed amended complaint. We agree.
Standard of review
An appellate court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s denial of a
motion to amend a pleading. Specialty Asphalt & Constr., LLC v. Lincoln Cnty., 191
Wn.2d 182, 199, 421 P.3d 925 (2018). To constitute an abuse of discretion, the trial
court’s decision must be manifestly unreasonable, based on untenable grounds, or made
for untenable reasons. Wilson v. Horsley, 137 Wn.2d 500, 505, 974 P.2d 316 (1999). If
the trial court’s ruling is based on an erroneous view of the law or involves application of
an incorrect legal analysis, it necessarily abuses its discretion. Dix v. ICT Grp., Inc., 160
Wn.2d 826, 833, 161 P.3d 1016 (2007).
The amendment was not meritless, duplicative, and/or futile
The trial court denied Grothe’s request that he be allowed to file his proposed
amended complaint because it believed the amended pleading was meritless, duplicative,
and/or futile. We presume its reasons for believing this were based on Kushnivich’s
arguments that (1) the damages sought by Grothe were barred by Carmack or amounted to
9 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
a double recovery, and (2) Grothe failed to file a prelitigation claim. We address each
argument in turn.
1. Recoverable damages under Carmack
Carmack permits recovery of “actual loss or injury to the property” caused by a
carrier over whose line or route the property is transported in the United States when
transported under a bill of lading. 49 U.S.C. § 14706(a)(1). The statute does not define
“actual loss or injury to the property.” Nevertheless, the Supreme Court of the United
States long ago construed similar language consistent with our view that the damages
recoverable under Carmack extend beyond property damage.
In New York, Philadelphia, & Norfolk Railroad Co. v. Peninsula Produce
Exchange of Maryland, 240 U.S. 34, 38, 36 S. Ct. 230, 60 L. Ed. 511 (1916), the Supreme
Court construed an early version of Carmack that permitted recovery of “‘any loss,
damage, or injury to such property.’” The high court reasoned, “It is not necessary, nor is
it natural, in view of the general purpose of the statute, to take the words ‘to the property’
as limiting the word ‘damage’ as well as the word ‘injury,’ and thus as rendering the
former wholly superfluous.” Id. Construing “any loss, damage, or injury to such
property” broadly, it concluded that the phrase is “comprehensive enough to embrace all
damages resulting from any failure to discharge a carrier’s duty with respect to any part of
10 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
the transportation to the agreed destination.” Id. Specifically, the court held that the
shipper was entitled to recover for a carrier’s failure to deliver the goods within a
reasonable time. Id. Similarly, we construe the modern phrase, “actual loss or injury to
the property” in a disjunctive manner, so as to permit recovery for “actual loss.”
Carmack provides the cause of action but applicable common law provides the
measure of damages. Hector Martinez & Co. v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 606 F.2d 106, 108
(5th Cir. 1979) (Carmack Amendment incorporates common law principles for damages).
The parties do not contest that Washington common law controls our analysis.
In Washington, the measure of damages for loss caused to personal property is
arrived at by a three-part analysis:
“[1] If the property is a total loss the measure of damages is the value of the property destroyed or damaged. This is its market value, if it has a market value. [2] If the property is damaged but not destroyed, the measure of damages is the difference between the market value of the property before the injury and its market value after the injury. . . . [3] If the property does not have a market value, then if a total loss, the measure of damages is the cost to replace or reproduce the article. If it cannot be reproduced or replaced, then its value for the owner may be considered in fixing damages.”
Sherman v. Kissinger, 146 Wn. App. 855, 871, 195 P.3d 539 (2008) (quoting McCurdy v.
Union Pac. R.R., 68 Wn.2d 457, 467, 413 P.2d 617 (1966)).
11 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Here, the property is not a total loss and a market value for the repaired Volvo
exists. Thus, recoverable damages are measured by the property’s diminished value, i.e.,
the difference between the market value of the property before the loss and its market
value after the loss. This is consistent with our holding in Moeller v. Farmers Insurance
Co., 155 Wn. App. 133, 142, 229 P.3d 857 (2010), that diminution in value is recoverable
if a repaired car cannot be fully restored to its preloss condition.
To the extent that Grothe pleads or requests double recovery, it must be denied. “It
is a basic principle of damages, both tort and contract, that there shall be no double
recovery for the same injury.” Eagle Point Condo. Owners Ass’n v. Coy, 102 Wn. App.
697, 702, 9 P.3d 898 (2000). But as explained above, Grothe’s claim of damages for
diminished value is not a double recovery. If the evidence shows his repaired Volvo has a
lower market value than the new Volvo he purchased, recovery for the difference is
proper.
Loss of use is also a recoverable component of damages. We have previously
explained:
“In general, the plaintiff can almost always recover some measure of damages for a reasonable period of lost use. Loss of use claims are appropriate in the case of private chattels, such as the family car or the pleasure boat. . . .
12 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Loss of use may be measured by (1) lost profit, (2) cost of renting a substitute chattel, (3) rental valued of the plaintiff’s own chattel, or (4) interest.”
Straka Trucking, Inc. v. Estate of Peterson, 98 Wn. App. 209, 211, 989 P.2d 1181 (1999)
(quoting DAN B. DOBBS, LAW OF REMEDIES § 5.15(1), at 875 (2d ed. 1993)). Here,
Grothe may recover the rental value of a new Volvo for a reasonable period of nonuse,
likely the period during which the Volvo was being repaired. We conclude the trial court
abused its discretion if it concluded that Grothe’s request for damages was barred by
Carmack or amounted to a double recovery.
2. Prelitigation claim
Kushnivich argues the amended complaint would have been futile because
Carmack requires a plaintiff to file a prelitigation claim, and Grothe failed to do so. We
disagree that Carmack requires plaintiffs to file a prelitigation claim.
Carmack permits carriers “to impose contractual time limitations for bringing suit,
subject only to the statutory minimum of ‘9 months for filing a claim’ and ‘2 years for
bringing a civil action.’” 5K Logistics, Inc. v. Daily Express, Inc., 659 F.3d 331, 336 (4th
Cir. 2011) (quoting 49 U.S.C. § 14706(e)(1)). The statute “‘contemplates that limitation
periods are to be bargained over between shipper and carrier’” and does not itself impose
a limitation. Id. (quoting Shao v. Link Cargo (Taiwan) Ltd., 986 F.2d 700, 707-08 (4th
13 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
Cir. 1993)). Rather, the limitations are to come from the “bill of lading or other contract
of carriage.” 49 C.F.R. § 1005.2(a) (2021).
In support of his motion for summary judgment, Kushnivich asserted that Grothe
failed to file a prelitigation claim with him. However, Kushnivich provided no bill of
lading or other contract of carriage that imposed a prelitigation claim requirement on
Grothe. In the absence of an agreement between Kushnivich and Grothe imposing a
prelitigation claim requirement, Grothe’s failure to file a claim with Kushnivich was not a
prerequisite to bringing this suit.
Kushnivich argues that his failure to issue a bill of lading does not impact the
prelitigation claim requirement, pointing to 49 U.S.C. § 14706(a)(1): “[f]ailure to issue a
receipt or bill of lading does not affect the liability of a carrier.” This provision does not
support Kushnivich’s argument; indeed, it contradicts it. That provision more fully reads:
A carrier . . . shall issue a receipt or bill of lading for property it receives for transportation . . . . That carrier and any other carrier that [transports or delivers the property] are liable to the person entitled to recover under the receipt or bill of lading. The liability imposed under this paragraph is for the actual loss or injury to the property . . . . Failure to issue a receipt or bill of lading does not affect the liability of a carrier.
49 U.S.C. § 14706(a)(1). Put another way, the last line means that a carrier is liable for
damage to a shipper’s property even if the carrier does not issue a receipt or bill of
lading—as appears to be the case here. It does not impose a prelitigation claim
14 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.
requirement. We conclude the trial court abused its discretion if it believed a prelitigation
claim was necessary in the absence of a contractual provision.
We remand for the trial court to allow Grothe to file his amended complaint and to
proceed in a manner consistent with this opinion.
Lawrence-Berrey, A~.J.
WE CONCUR:
. f ~ ,.::r. Fearing, j-_ Pennell, J.