UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 18-6289
MARION L. SHERROD,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
SID HARKLEROAD, Superintendent at North Carolina Department of Correction; JOHN MORGAN, Medical Provider at North Carolina Department of Correction; EDWARDS; STEPHEN SHOOK, Sgt. Officer at North Carolina Department of Correction; PATRICIA MCENTIRE, E-Unit Manager at North Carolina Department of Correction; MARGARET JOHNSON, Nurse at North Carolina Department of Correction; LARRY BASS, Nurse at North Carolina Department of Correction,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at Asheville. Robert J. Conrad, Jr., District Judge. (1:12-cv-00048-RJC)
Argued: September 18, 2019 Decided: November 5, 2019
Before MOTZ, HARRIS, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Quattlebaum wrote the opinion, in which Judge Motz and Judge Harris joined.
ARGUED: Anthony John Dick, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Elizabeth Pharr McCullough, YOUNG MOORE AND HENDERSON, P.A., Raleigh, North Carolina; Corrine Lenore Lusic, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: C. Kevin Marshall, Caleb P. Redmond, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Madeleine Pfefferle, YOUNG MOORE AND HENDERSON, P.A., Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee John Morgan, N.P. Joseph Finarelli, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellees Patricia McEntire, Sid Harkleroad, Gregory Edwards, Stephen Shook, and Margaret Johnson. Martha Thompson, STOTT, HOLLOWELL, PALMER & WINDHAM, L.L.P., Gastonia, North Carolina, for Appellee Larry Bass.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge:
On September 2, 2009, Marion Sherrod, previously convicted of robbery with a
dangerous weapon, was transferred to Marion Correctional Institution (“MCI”) from
another prison. At the time of the transfer, he suffered from a chronic seizure disorder. On
November 9, 2009, Sherrod experienced seizures in his cell requiring him to be taken to an
outside hospital for treatment. Five days later, Sherrod was transferred from his ground-
floor cell to an upstairs cell. Because of his disorder, Sherrod asked that he not be moved
to the upstairs cell. John Morgan, a medical provider in the unit where Sherrod’s cell was
located, did not stop the transfer.
On November 15, 2009, Sherrod was placed in restraints and transported down the
steps from his cell towards the prison’s recreation area. As Sherrod neared the bottom of
the staircase, he suffered a seizure, causing him to fall down the remaining steps. After
receiving an alert about Sherrod’s fall, nurses Larry Bass and Margaret Johnson came to
Sherrod’s assistance. Bass and Johnson worked with other prison personnel at the scene to
get Sherrod into a wheelchair. He was then transported to a nearby hospital, where his
seizure disorder was treated.
Bass and Johnson executed witness statements about their interaction with Sherrod.
They reported that they found Sherrod face down on the floor near the bottom of the stairs.
They wrote that after he sat up, Sherrod “lunged back at [another officer] with force.” J.A.
307–08. The statements do not mention Sherrod’s seizure disorder.
Later, Sherrod filed a pro se complaint against prison officials at MCI alleging they
were deliberately indifferent towards his chronic seizure disorder violating his Eighth
3 Amendment rights against cruel and unusual punishment. In addition to Morgan, Bass and
Johnson, Sherrod asserted claims against Superintendent Sid Harkleroad and prison
employees Patricia McEntire, Edwards 1 and Stephen Shook (collectively “Defendants”).
On appeal, we consider whether the district court properly dismissed the claims against
Morgan, Johnson and Bass. Finding no error, we affirm.
I.
We begin with a review of the procedural history of this case. In Sherrod’s
Complaint, he alleges that Morgan knew of his seizure disorder. Despite this, Sherrod
alleges he ignored his “physical disability” and assigned him to a cell located in an upper-
tier of the prison. This, according to Sherrod, required him to traverse stairs while
handcuffed. He claims this “deliberate indifference” caused “substantial harm,” including
the fall on November 15, 2009, which resulted in serious physical injuries. J.A. 28–32.
Sherrod also alleged that Johnson and Bass conspired with the custody staff by
making false witness statements. He claims the statements contained no information about
his seizure disorder despite the fact that his disability was documented in prison records.
Sherrod claims the statements falsely “depict him as being intentionally ‘aggressive.’” J.A.
30−31. He also claims because of the statements, he did not receive proper medical care. 2
1 Edwards’ first name is not contained in the record. 2 Sherrod further alleged that, as a result of his complaints about this incident and his medical care, Defendants engaged in a course of retaliatory conduct. J.A. 33−38. Sherrod also claimed that Defendants violated his right of access to the courts by interfering (Continued) 4 The district court dismissed Sherrod’s claims in three orders across three years. In
February 2013, it dismissed the claims against Morgan, finding Sherrod failed to state a
claim against him. Although the court acknowledged that Sherrod’s allegations “tend to
show that Defendant Morgan knew of Plaintiff’s seizure disorder[,]” it reasoned that
Sherrod “is presently receiving treatment to address his seizure disorder . . . was treated at
Marion Correctional and the hospital following the occurrence of his seizures,” and
“continued to receive treatment following his release from the hospital.” J.A. 337. Thus,
the district court concluded that Sherrod’s allegations were essentially a disagreement
about the treatment Sherrod received, which is, at best, a claim for medical malpractice
falling short of the allegations needed for an Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference
claim.
On March 30, 2015, the district court granted Bass’ Motion for Judgment on the
Pleadings. J.A. 379−84. In dismissing the claims against Bass, the court held the Complaint
was “conclusory in its contention that Defendant Bass may have provided inadequate
medical treatment.” J.A. 382.
On March 30, 2016, the district court granted the Motion for Judgment on the
Pleadings by Johnson, Harkleroad, Edwards, Shook and McEntire. The court held that
Sherrod’s allegations were “speculative” and failed to offer “sufficient factual support” as
to knowledge of Sherrod’s seizure disorder and deliberate indifference related to it. J.A.
394. The district court concluded that the allegations, “[a]t best,” amounted only to a
with his legal mail. J.A. 35−37. On appeal, however, Sherrod does not challenge the dismissal of these claims. 5 dissatisfaction “with the scope and course of his treatment[,]” which failed to satisfy the
requirements for a deliberate indifference claim. J.A. 394.
Sherrod moved to alter or amend the judgment. Importantly, in that motion, while
pursuing his claims against the other Defendants, Sherrod specifically indicated that he did
not seek relief for the dismissal or judgment entered as to Morgan. He stated “Defendant
John Morgan . . . was no longer an issue or Defendant in my claim. Since he was dismissed
earlier as a defendant. In which I did not argue.” J.A. 403–04. The district court denied this
motion.
Sherrod then filed a timely Notice of Appeal. In it, he sought appeal “from the final
judgment, dismissal with prejudice entered in this action on the 30th day of March 2016.”
J.A. 409.
In his Informal Opening Brief, Sherrod raised the following issues: (1) “District
courts error in not allowing new evidence into arbitration[;] . . . (2) District Court failed to
arbitrate over clear discrimination of prisoners mental and physical disabilities[;] . . . (3)
District Court made an error in not arbitrating on clear evidence of First Amendment-
Access to Courts violations[;] . . . (4) Error in not reviewing and arbitrating on a
‘institutional’ policy of racial profiling through classification.” Informal Brief of Plaintiff-
Appellant at i–ii, Sherrod v. Harkleroad, 674 Fed. App’x 265 (4th Cir. Jan. 3, 2017) (No.
16-7045). He identified no issues concerning his deliberate indifference claims related to
Morgan, Bass or Johnson. Likewise, he argued no such issues in that brief.
After Sherrod, Edwards, Harkleroad, Johnson, McEntire and Shook submitted their
briefs, we issued a per curiam opinion. We considered the district court’s order that
6 “granted the Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings under Fed. R.Civ. P. 12(c),
finding that Sherrod’s complaint failed because he simply assumed in his complaint,
without sufficient factual support, that all of the Defendants had intimate knowledge about
his seizure disorder.” J.A. 435. We then explained the allegations in Sherrod’s complaint
and accompanying declaration “that medical provider John Morgan and manager Patricia
McEntire, 3 both named Defendants, had knowledge of his seizure disorder but failed to
accommodate his disability, leading to his serious injuries due to a fall . . . [were] enough
to survive the Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings.” J.A. 436. We then,
without specifying whether the remand applied to all or some of the defendants, vacated
and remanded for proceedings consistent with the opinion.
In response, Morgan sought clarification of the opinion. Morgan alleged that
Sherrod did not appeal the February 2013 order dismissing him and Sherrod’s Initial
Informal Brief did not raise any issues related to that order or to Morgan. He asked that our
opinion vacating and remanding be clarified as not applicable to Morgan.
Sherrod responded and agreed with Morgan, repeating what he said in his Motion
to Alter or Amend the Judgment before the district court. While he claimed his appeal
should continue as to the other defendants, Sherrod stated: “I do not wish to attempt to hold
Defendant Morgan responsible for correctional staff, or making them follow orders.
Especially when not under doctors care. So I ask the Honorable Court of Appeals to remove
3 McEntire was a manager in the unit where Sherrod’s cell was located.
7 Defendant Morgan from the claim.” Declaration of Plaintiff-Appellant at 1, Sherrod v.
Harkleroad, 674 Fed. App’x 265 (4th Cir. Jan 3, 2017) (No. 16-7045).
We granted Morgan’s Motion for Clarification. We issued an order explaining that,
because Sherrod had not appealed the February 2013 order dismissing Morgan, Morgan
was not a party to the appeal. Thus, we concluded that our opinion vacating the district
court’s March 30, 2016, order “does not affect the dismissal of Morgan as a party to this
action.” J.A. 455-56.
On remand, the district court—aware of our per curiam opinion but not our
clarification order—interpreted our per curiam opinion to mean that Sherrod’s claim
against Morgan should be revived and that his claim against McEntire should proceed. The
district court further determined that our per curiam opinion “did not . . . disturb the grant
of summary judgment in favor of Defendants Harkleroad, Edwards, Shook, and Johnson,
or the earlier dismissal in favor of Defendant Bass.” J.A. 444.
In response, relying on our clarification order, Morgan moved before the district
court to be dismissed. On August 8, 2017, the district court, now aware of the clarification
order, agreed and directed the Clerk of Court to again terminate Morgan as a defendant.
The district court case proceeded only as to McEntire, concluding in a trial with judgment
entered in her favor on March 6, 2018. Sherrod timely appealed.
8 II.
On appeal, Sherrod challenges the district court’s dismissal of the claims as to
Morgan, Bass and Johnson. This Court reviews de novo a grant of a motion to dismiss or
judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(b)(6) or 12(c). Burbach Broad. Co. of Delaware
v. Elkins Radio Corp., 278 F.3d 401, 405–06 (4th Cir. 2002).
But before we can consider the merits of Sherrod’s arguments, we first must
determine whether we have appellate jurisdiction. In their brief, and in a Motion to Dismiss
for Lack of Jurisdiction, Morgan and Bass argue that Sherrod only noticed the order entered
on March 30, 2016, as the basis for his appeal, and not the earlier orders related to Morgan
and Bass. Thus, they argue, this Court lacks jurisdiction to review those earlier dismissals.
We disagree. Morgan and Bass conflate the discretionary doctrine of waiver with
mandatory jurisdictional rules. Sherrod timely appealed “from the final judgment,
dismissal with prejudice entered in this action on the 30th day of March 2016.” J.A. 409.
Until that time, Sherrod was unable to appeal the earlier dismissals of Morgan and Bass.
Under the “merger rule,” Sherrod’s appeal from the final judgment gave this Court
jurisdiction to review the dismissal of claims against all defendants. See Quackenbush v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 712 (1996). Accordingly, we have jurisdiction to consider
Sherrod’s appeal as to Morgan and Bass and hereby deny their motion to dismiss.
9 III.
But the fact that we have jurisdiction does not mean we proceed to the merits of
Sherrod’s appeal. Morgan, Bass and Johnson contend Sherrod waived his rights to appeal
their dismissals. 4
A.
We first consider this issue as to Morgan. Sherrod raised four issues in his Informal
Brief—all unrelated to his deliberate indifference claim against Morgan. Morgan contends
that Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(a)(9)(A) requires that the argument section of
appellant’s opening brief contain his contentions and reasons for them. Morgan’s argument
is compelling. We have long held that “[f]ailure to comply with the specific dictates of this
rule with respect to a particular claim triggers abandonment of that claim on appeal.”
Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 231, 241 n.6 (4th Cir. 1999). Further, this Court’s
Local Rules make clear that “[t]he Court will limit its review to the issues raised in the
informal brief.” 4th Cir. R. 34(b); Jackson v. Lightsey, 775 F.3d 170, 177 (4th Cir. 2014)
(“The informal brief is an important document; under Fourth Circuit rules, our review is
limited to issues preserved in that brief.”).
4 The parties at times use the terms waiver and forfeiture interchangeably in their briefs. During oral argument, Morgan’s attorney specified that they were pursuing a forfeiture theory. While the distinction between waiver and forfeiture is significant in determining the standard of review of an issue not raised before the district court, the distinction is less important in this context. When a party fails to raise an issue in its opening brief, it is considered waived or abandoned. Grayson O Company v. Agadir Int’l LLC, 856 F.3d 307, 316 (4th Cir. 2017); Brown v. Nucor Corp., 785 F.3d 895, 923 (4th Cir. 2015).
10 In an attempt to defeat Morgan’s waiver contention, Sherrod makes several
arguments. He first argues that, despite his failure to specify any issue related to Morgan,
he adequately pressed his deliberate indifference claim by stating in his Initial Informal
Brief that he “filed a § 1983 action claiming deliberate indifference to a serious medical
need . . . .” Informal Brief of Plaintiff-Appellant at 1, Sherrod v. Harkleroad, 674 Fed.
App’x 265 (4th Cir. Jan. 3, 2017) (No. 16-7045). But that statement, which is the only
place in his Initial Informal Brief where Sherrod mentions “deliberate indifference,” is in
the procedural history section. Id. at 1. The issue is not addressed in his identification of
issues or in his arguments. As such, we agree with Morgan that Sherrod waived his rights
to appeal Morgan’s dismissal by failing to raise the issue in his brief.
Sherrod next argues that while his deficiencies might normally constitute waiver,
we should find otherwise because of his status as a pro se litigant during that portion of
this litigation. He is correct that pro se filings are to be liberally construed. Erickson v.
Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). But we have done that. And to the extent there was any
question on the issue of waiver from his Informal Initial Brief, Sherrod cleared the matter
up by stating that he did not intend to pursue Morgan on appeal in response to Morgan’s
Motion for Clarification. To repeat, Sherrod stated “I ask the Honorable Court of Appeals
to remove Defendant Morgan from the claim.” Declaration of Plaintiff-Appellant at 1,
Sherrod v. Harkleroad, 674 Fed. App’x 265 (4th Cir. Jan 3, 2017) (No. 16-7045). Even a
liberal construction of his filings leads to the conclusion that Sherrod did not intend to
pursue Morgan in his earlier appeal. After all, pro se appellants are subject to the basic
requirements of Local Rule 34(b).
11 Next, Sherrod claims that if he did waive his appellate rights regarding Morgan,
Sherrod was induced into doing so by an error of this Court. More specifically, he claims
we erred in listing Harkleroad, Edwards, Shook, McEntire and Johnson as “appellees” and
Johnson and Bass as “defendants” in the caption for Sherrod’s appeal. He claims omitting
Morgan’s name in the case caption caused Sherrod to think he was not able to pursue his
appeal as to Morgan. Therefore, he argues, we should excuse his waiver of those claims.
While we agree that Morgan and Bass should have been formally listed as appellees
in the caption, we see no indication that Sherrod was confused or misled in any way by the
caption of the appeal. After carefully reviewing Sherrod’s own words not only in his Initial
Informal Brief but also in his response to Morgan’s Motion for Clarification, and in his
Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment below, it is clear Sherrod did not intend to appeal
as to Morgan.
Sherrod then argues that even if he waived his rights to appeal the district court’s
dismissal of Morgan, we already exercised jurisdiction over his appeal as to Morgan and
accordingly, implicitly excused any waiver. In support of this position, Sherrod points out
that we stated in our per curiam opinion that Sherrod “alleged that medical provider John
Morgan and manager Patricia McEntire . . . had knowledge of his seizure disorder but failed
to accommodate his disability” which was “enough to survive the Defendants’ motion for
judgment on the pleadings.” J.A. 436. While Sherrod accurately quotes our per curiam
opinion, he overlooks our order granting Morgan’s Motion for Clarification. In it, we
clarified that the per curiam opinion “does not affect the dismissal of Morgan as a party to
this action.” J.A. 456. Had we not done so, Sherrod’s argument would be more persuasive.
12 But we of course have the right to clarify our opinions and Sherrod does not suggest
otherwise. Read together, our per curiam opinion and our clarification order make clear
that we did not excuse the waiver.
To be sure, under appropriate circumstances, we can exercise our discretion and
excuse a party’s waiver. Manning v. Caldwell for City of Roanoke, 930 F.3d 264, 271 (4th
Cir. 2019). For example, we have excused waiver when the “record provides an adequate
basis to consider an alternative legal theory and when neither party is prejudiced by such
consideration.” Id. We find neither of these factors present in this case. As such, we follow
the normal rule that failure to raise an issue for review constitutes a waiver.
Finally, Sherrod argues that even if we decline to look past the fact that he waived
his appeal of the district court’s February 2013 order dismissing Morgan, we have
jurisdiction to review the district court’s August 8, 2017, order terminating Morgan as a
defendant. But all the waiver problems that exist with respect to the February 2013 order
also apply to the district court’s order of August 8, 2017. As set forth above, Sherrod made
it clear that he did not intend to appeal the district court’s dismissal of Morgan. Therefore,
for the same reasons as set forth above, Morgan has waived any rights he had to appeal the
August 8, 2017, order.
In conclusion, while we have jurisdiction over Sherrod’s appeal of the district
court’s order dismissing Morgan, Sherrod waived his rights to appeal that order.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Morgan.
13 B.
We now turn to the issue of waiver as it relates to Sherrod’s appeal of the orders
dismissing Johnson and Bass. Sherrod argues he did not waive those rights, and emphasizes
that he pressed his deliberate indifference claims against Johnson and Bass by arguing in
his Initial Informal Brief that Bass wrote fraudulent witness statements. But this assertion
is contained in Sherrod’s argument that the district court erred in denying his Motion for
Summary Judgment. Sherrod does not link the alleged fraudulent statements to his
deliberate indifference claims or to the orders dismissing Bass or Johnson. Therefore, like
his appeal of the order dismissing Morgan, Sherrod waived his right to appeal the
dismissals of Johnson and Bass when he failed to raise them in his Initial Informal Brief.
But even if Sherrod did not waive his rights to appeal the orders dismissing Bass
and Johnson, we find that the district court did not err in concluding that our per curiam
opinion did not affect the dismissal of Bass and Johnson. And not only did the district court
properly construe our per curiam opinion, the district court correctly concluded in the first
place that Sherrod did not sufficiently plead deliberate indifference against Johnson and
Bass. Claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 based on an alleged lack of or inappropriate medical
treatment must fall within the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual
punishment. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). In order to state a valid claim,
Sherrod must allege “acts or omissions sufficiently harmful to evidence deliberate
indifference to serious medical needs.” Id. at 106. “The deliberate indifference standard
applies to cases alleging failures to safeguard the inmate's health and safety, including
failing to protect inmates from attack, maintaining inhumane conditions of confinement,
14 or failing to render medical assistance.” Thompson v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 878 F.3d
89, 97 (4th Cir. 2017). “The deliberate indifference standard is a two-pronged test: (1) the
prisoner must be exposed to a substantial risk of serious harm, and (2) the prison official
must know of and disregard that substantial risk to the inmate's health or safety.” Id. at 97–
98.
The standard for this claim is high. Disagreement over the quality of care he
received is insufficient to state a constitutional claim under § 1983. See Wright v. Collins,
766 F.2d 841, 849 (4th Cir. 1985). And allegations that might be sufficient to support
negligence and medical malpractice claims do not, without more, rise to the level of a §
1983 claim. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104–06.
Sherrod alleges because Johnson and Bass made false statements, he did not receive
proper medical care. Even if Sherrod is correct in stating that Johnson and Bass offered
false statements, he does not link the false statement to any of the harms he alleges. In other
words, he fails to explain how the false statement affected his treatment. Considering this
deficiency, we agree with the district court’s dismissal of Johnson and Bass pursuant to
Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.