Marinkovic v. Lee

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: December 19, 2024
• Docket: 3:22-cv-00998
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 M. MARINKOVIC, Case No.: 22-CV-998-JO-JLB

12 Plaintiff, ORDER (1) GRANTING 13 v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S THIRD 14 ADRIANNE LEE, KENDYL AMENDED COMPLAINT; (2) MAGNUSON, STAR RIVERA-LACEY, 15 DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION NORMA MIYAMOTO, ROBERTO TO AMEND TO ADD OLD PARTIES 16 RODRIGUEZ, KARTIK RAJU, MARK EVILSIZER, CHRISTIAN GARCIA, IN 17 THEIR PERSONAL AND INDIVIDUAL 18 CAPACITIES AND IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITIES JOINTLY 19 AND SEVERALLY, AND PALOMAR 20 COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT, 21 Defendants. 22 23 On April 26, 2024, pro se Plaintiff M. Marinkovic filed his Third Amended 24 Complaint alleging he faced discrimination on account of his disability while he was a 25 student at Palomar Community College District (“Palomar”). Dkt. 63 (“TAC”). 26 Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Third Amended Complaint pursuant to 27 Fed. R. Civ. P 12(b)(6). Dkt. 49. For the following reasons, the Court grants Defendants’ 28 motion and dismisses with prejudice the entirety of Plaintiff’s Third Amended Complaint. 1 1. Plaintiff filed his original complaint on July 7, 2022, but never served it. Dkt. 2 1. On his own accord, he filed a First Amended Complaint alleging (1) various §1983 3 claims; (2) disability discrimination claims under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities 4 Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12132 (“ADA”) and § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794 5 (“Rehabilitation Act”); and (3) several state causes of actions against Defendants Palomar 6 and various college officials and Board Members who worked at the school district 7 (collectively, “Individual Defendants”).1 Dkt. 3 (“FAC”). In support of his ADA and 8 Rehabilitation Act claims, Plaintiff alleged Defendants discriminated against him when he 9 requested additional test-taking time that would exceed the college’s standard cap for 10 disability accommodations. FAC at ¶¶ 5–6. According to Plaintiff, the Defendants 11 originally denied this request but granted the accommodation approximately three weeks 12 later. FAC ¶¶ 8, 145, 148. 13 2. On July 31, 2023, the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint. 14 Dkt. 23. The Court dismissed with prejudice Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims against the 15 Individual Defendants on the grounds that (1) Eleventh Amendment Immunity barred these 16 claims against Palomar’s employees and (2) Plaintiff lacked standing to seek a declaratory 17 judgment. Id. at 5–8. It also declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s 18 various state law claims and dismissed these claims without prejudice to refiling in state 19 court. Id. at 9–10. As to Plaintiff’s ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims, the Court noted 20 that Plaintiff himself alleged that Defendants granted his accommodation request two or 21 three weeks after he asked for it. Id. at 8–9. On this ground, the Court found that Plaintiff 22 failed to allege that Defendants acted with deliberate indifference and thus failed to 23 sufficiently state a claim under the ADA or Rehabilitation Act. Id. at 8–9. The Court 24

25 26 1 As noted in the Court’s previous order dismissing Plaintiff’s FAC, the Individual Defendants included the following state employees at Palomar: Board Members Norma Miyamoto, Roberto 27 Rodriguez, Kartik Raju, Mark Evilsizer, and Christian Garcia; College President Star Rivera-Lacy; Senior Director of Enrollment Services Kendyl Magnuson; and Director of Financial Aid Adrianne Lee. Dkt. 28 1 granted him leave to amend these two claims only. Id. 2 3. Plaintiff then filed a Second Amended Complaint alleging disability 3 discrimination claims under (1) the ADA, (2) the Rehabilitation Act, and (3) California’s 4 Unruh Act, California Civil Code § 51. Dkt. 27 (“SAC”). The Court dismissed with 5 prejudice Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claims because the Unruh Act only protects individuals 6 from discrimination by business establishments, not public schools like Palomar. Dkt. 42 7 at 2; Brennon B. v. Superior Ct., 13 Cal. 5th 662, 692 (2022), reh’g denied (Aug. 31, 2022). 8 4. Regarding these ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims, the Court ruled that 9 Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint similarly lacked factual allegations concerning 10 Palomar’s discriminatory intent or deliberate indifference. Dkt. 42. Again, Plaintiff 11 admitted that he received his desired accommodation—giving him more test-taking time 12 than allowed by the school’s cap of double time—approximately three weeks after he 13 requested it. SAC ¶¶ 7, 39. Additionally, Plaintiff failed to plead that he could not access 14 certain services or benefits during those three weeks. See Dkt. 42; SAC. The SAC also 15 failed to plead facts showing that Palomar knew Plaintiff needed accommodations prior to 16 the three-week period and ignored that need. See Dkt. 42. 17 5. At oral argument and through written order, the Court instructed Plaintiff that 18 it would dismiss his ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims but give him another chance to 19 amend. Dkts. 40, 42. The Court explained to Plaintiff that his amended complaint needed 20 to plead facts that (1) he had “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one 21 or more of [his] major life activities,” Thompson v. Davis, 295 F.3d 890, 896 (9th Cir. 22 2002); (2) he had been denied services or benefits by Palomar during the three week period 23 he was waiting for his accommodation; and (3) Palomar had been deliberately indifferent 24 to his need for an accommodation during the two or three week period before he received 25 his test-taking accommodation. Dkt. 42 at 2–3. 26 6. Additionally, because it appeared that Plaintiff also sought to file a claim 27 alleging that Palomar retaliated against him for seeking a disability accommodation, the 28 Court instructed Plaintiff that he must plead the following required elements: (1) Plaintiff 1 was engaged in protected activity; (2) Palomar took adverse action against Plaintiff; and 2 (3) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse action, 3 i.e., that a retaliatory motive played a part in the adverse action. Id. at 3. Plaintiff was 4 given leave to amend his SAC only with regard to his disability discrimination and 5 retaliation claims against Palomar. Id. The Court also denied Plaintiff’s request to revive 6 his previously dismissed § 1983 claims by re-serving the Individual Defendants and 7 conducting discovery. Id. 8 7. In his Third Amended Complaint, Plaintiff realleges his disability 9 discrimination claims based on the Rehabilitation Act and ADA against Defendant 10 Palomar. Dkt. 63 (“TAC”) at 32–42, 45–47. He also alleges a retaliation claim in violation 11 of the First and Fourteenth Amendments against the Individual Defendants. Id. at 42–45. 12 He also filed other causes of action for which he did not have leave to amend. Id. at 47– 13 52; Dkt. 42. The Court addresses each of these claims in turn. 14 8. Disability Discrimination and Retaliation Claims: While the Third Amended 15 Complaint pleads numerous additional facts in an attempt to cure the deficiencies 16 previously identified by the Court, the central allegations regarding Plaintiff’s request for 17 a test-taking accommodation remain largely the same. Cf. Dkts. 3, 27, 63. Once again, 18 Plaintiff alleges that (1) he sought a test-taking accommodation that exceeded the school’s 19 standard allowance of double the test-taking time; (2) the request was denied; (3) he 20 complained to various employees at Palomar; and (4) he received this accommodation four 21 to five weeks later.2 TAC ¶¶ 7–15; 32, 34–35, 73, 99 cf. with SAC ¶¶ 9–14, 39 and FAC 22 ¶¶ 6–8, 145, 148. The Court dismisses these claims for failure state a claim pursuant to 23 Federal Rule of Civil 12(b)(6). 24 Under Title II of the ADA, a disability discrimination claim may be based on “one 25

26 2 In his Third Amended Complaint, Plaintiff appears to change his previous allegations that he was 27 granted this accommodation two to three weeks after he made his initial request. See FAC ¶¶ 6–8, 145, 148 (alleging two weeks until accommodation granted); SAC ¶¶ 7, 39 (alleging a three-week timeframe); 28 1 of three theories of liability: disparate treatment, disparate impact, or failure to make a 2 reasonable accommodation.” Payan v. Los Angeles Cmty. Coll. Dist., 11 F.4th 729, 738 3 (9th Cir. 2021) (citing to Davis v. Shah, 821 F.3d 231, 260 (2d Cir. 2016)). 4 Because Plaintiff’s allegations appear to be centered on his claims that Palomar and the 5 Individual Defendants intentionally delayed in granting his test-taking accommodation 6 request, the Court construes Plaintiff’s allegations as a disparate treatment or intentional 7 discrimination claim and addresses the claim accordingly.3 8 To state a prima facie case for an intentional discrimination claim in violation of 9 Title II of the ADA, a plaintiff must show: 10 (1) he is a “qualified individual with a disability”; (2) he was either excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of a 11 public entity’s services, programs, or activities, or was otherwise 12 discriminated against by the public entity; and (3) such exclusion, denial of benefits, or discrimination was by reason of 13 his disability. 14 Duvall v. County of Kitsap, 260 F.3d 1124, 1135 (9th Cir. 2001), as amended on denial of 15 reh’g (Oct. 11, 2001) (internal citation omitted). The elements of a prima facie Section 16 504 claim are similar, with the additional requirement that the plaintiff prove that “the 17 program receives federal financial assistance.” Id. (internal citation omitted). “A plaintiff 18 may satisfy this second requirement by showing that the federally funded program denied 19 [him] services that []he needed to enjoy meaningful access to the benefits of a public 20 education and that were available as reasonable accommodations.” A.G. v. Paradise Valley 21 Unified Sch. Dist. No. 69, 815 F.3d 1195, 1204 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing to Mark H. v. 22 Hamamoto, 620 F.3d 1090, 1097–98 (9th Cir. 2010)). Because the elements of Plaintiff’s 23 24 25 3 Because disparate impact claims require a showing that a specific policy caused significant 26 adverse or disparate effect on a protected group and failure to make reasonable accommodation claims are premised on the defendant’s failure to provide an individualized need, the Court finds neither theory to be 27 applicable here considering Plaintiff’s TAC focuses on an individual test-taking accommodation that he did receive. Payan, 11 F.4th at 738 (explaining that the difference between the two legal theories focuses 28 1 § 504 Rehabilitation Act claim and ADA claim do not differ in respect to the relevant 2 resolution of this motion, the Court addresses these claims together. See Zukle v. Regents 3 of Univ. of California, 166 F.3d 1041, 1045 n.11 (9th Cir. 1999). 4 Here, Plaintiff fails to adequately allege the second element of a disability 5 discrimination claim—that he was denied meaningful access to a service or benefit 6 normally provided by Palomar because of the delay in his accommodation. Plaintiff’s 7 Third Amended Complaint appears to allege that he was denied the ability to register for 8 upper-level science classes because of this delay. TAC ¶¶ 34–55. However, Plaintiff’s 9 contention that he could not sign up for biology classes because he had not yet been granted 10 a test-taking accommodation is unsupported by any factual allegations. While he alleges 11 that he anticipated needing the accommodation once the class started because the course 12 syllabus showed that graded assignments were due in the early weeks of the class, id. ¶ 50, 13 he does not allege that he was barred from registering from the biology class because he 14 needed full accommodation approval prior to signing up. Further, by his own allegations, 15 it appears that his inability to sign up for this particular biology class was due to the 16 school’s need to verify that he had taken the appropriate prerequisites for the upper-level 17 biology class, id. ¶ 45, not because he could not register before receiving accommodation 18 approval. Id. ¶¶ 45–55. He therefore fails to allege that he was denied any services or 19 benefits because of the four or five-week delay in processing his accommodation request. 20 Aside from alleging that he was not granted his accommodation in time to register for an 21 upper-level biology class, id. ¶¶ 45–47, Plaintiff fails to identify any other services or 22 benefits that Palomar denied him during the four or five-week time frame he was waiting 23 to hear about this test-taking accommodation. Plaintiff therefore fails to plausibly allege 24 he was excluded from participating in or denied the benefits of a public entity’s services, 25 programs, or activities. 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Additionally, Plaintiff fails to plead that Palomar acted with deliberate indifference 2 toward his disability needs in delaying their grant of his accommodation request by four or 3 five weeks. To establish that a defendant has been “deliberatively indifferent” in violation 4 of the ADA and Rehabilitation Act, the plaintiff must prove (1) the defendant was on notice 5 that the accommodation was required; (2) his failure to act was a result of conduct that was 6 more than negligent; and (3) the conduct involved an element of deliberateness. Updike v. 7 Multnomah Cnty., 870 F.3d 939, 950–51 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing to Duvall, 260 F.3d at 8 1139) (“[D]eliberate indifference does not occur where a duty to act may simply have been 9 overlooked, or a complaint may reasonably have been deemed to result from events taking 10 their normal course.”)) This “failure to act must be a result of conduct that is more than 11 negligent[,]” and it requires both knowledge that a protected right is substantially likely to 12 be infringed upon, and a failure to act upon that knowledge. Duval, 260 F.3d at 1139. 13 Here, Plaintiff fails to allege that Palomar withheld the test-taking accommodations 14 for four or five weeks knowing that Plaintiff’s rights would be infringed in the meantime. 15 Instead, his allegations show that the school promptly responded to his complaints rather 16 than ignore them. See TAC ¶¶ 35, 40–42, 61–74. When he protested the school’s denial 17 of his initial request for an accommodation, he was informed that his complaints would be 18 conveyed to the office director. Id. ¶¶ 61, 63. Plaintiff was able to speak with the disability 19 office director, Dr. Moriarty just one week after the initial denial. Id. Additionally, after 20 he complained, Palomar then fully granted his request for extra test-taking time— 21 exceeding the school’s usual policy of a maximum of double the test-taking time— 22 23 24 4 While Plaintiff’s Fourth Claim pleads a separate claim for “reckless or deliberate indifference” 25 against the Individual Defendants, TAC ¶¶ 45–47, deliberate indifference is not a separate cause of action but a specific pleading requirement for a plaintiff to obtain compensatory damages under the ADA or § 26 504 Rehabilitation Act. Lovell v. Chandler, 303 F.3d 1039, 1056 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[C]ompensatory damages are not available under Title II or § 504 absent a showing of discriminatory intent.”(quoting 27 Ferguson v. City of Phoenix, 157 F.3d 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1998))). Thus, the Court will construe the facts alleged in Plaintiff’s Fourth Claim as additional support for Plaintiff’s ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims 28 1 approximately four or five weeks after he made his original request. See id. ¶¶ 61–74. 2 Beyond conclusory allegations, Plaintiff alleges no facts that indicate that Palomar 3 employees acted in knowing disregard of his needs. Moreover, he alleges no facts that 4 demonstrate that he suffered any prejudice as a result of this delay—as discussed above he 5 was unable to register for upper-level biology courses due to his lack of prerequisites, not 6 because he did not receive the accommodation—much less that Palomar knew about the 7 harmful impact on him and failed to act. See id. ¶ 45. 8 In an attempt to cure the pleading deficiencies previously noted by the Court, 9 Plaintiff added new factual allegations about several new discriminatory policies in his 10 Third Amended Complaint. Id. ¶¶ 34, 37, 44, 57–60. These additional allegations, 11 however, do not address how Palomar’s approximately four-week delay in granting test- 12 taking accommodations deprived him of services or constituted deliberate indifference to 13 his needs during this time period. To the extent Plaintiff sought to plead other theories of 14 deliberate indifference against the Individual Defendants or Palomar, Plaintiff was neither 15 given leave to amend to assert these new claims, nor has he pled facts to make the nature 16 of these claims intelligible—violating Rule 8’s requirement for “a short and plain statement 17 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Ashcroft 18 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 687 (2009). 19 Because Plaintiff fails to plead that Palomar denied him a service or benefit and that 20 the Individual Defendants were deliberately indifferent to his disability needs when they 21 delayed in granting his test-taking accommodation request, the Court dismisses with 22 prejudice Plaintiff’s First, Second, and Fourth Claims for disability discrimination under 23 the ADA and Rehabilitation Act. 24 9. Plaintiff’s Retaliation Claim: Although the Court granted Plaintiff leave to 25 amend his retaliation claim under the ADA or Rehabilitation Act, Plaintiff’s Third Claim 26 instead alleges a retaliation claim based on the First and Fourteenth Amendment. Dkts. 42 27 at 2–3; 63 at 42–45. Plaintiff alleges that the Individual Defendants retaliated against him 28 for seeking a test-taking accommodation by denying his tuition discount requests and not 1 allowing him to drop his philosophy class. TAC ¶¶ 86–158, 212–227. For the below 2 reasons, the Court dismisses Plaintiff’s First and Fourteenth Amendment retaliation claim 3 for failure state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 12(b)(6). 5 4 To state a First Amendment retaliation claim, “a plaintiff must plausibly allege that 5 (1) he was engaged in a constitutionally protected activity, (2) the defendant’s actions 6 would chill a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in the protected 7 activity[,] and (3) the protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the 8 defendant’s conduct.” Capp v. County of San Diego, 940 F.3d 1046, 1053 (9th Cir. 2019) 9 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). In order to find a defendant directly liable, 10 a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant had an “intent to inhibit speech,” 11 Mendocino Env’t Ctr. v. Mendocino County, 192 F.3d 1283, 1302 (9th Cir. 1999), and that 12 there was a “causal connection between the government defendant’s retaliatory animus and 13 the plaintiff’s subsequent injury.” Nieves v. Bartlett, 587 U.S. 391, 398 (2019) (internal 14 citation and quotation marks omitted). Additionally, a plaintiff must show that the 15 defendant’s retaliatory animus was “a ‘but-for’ cause, meaning that the adverse action 16 against the plaintiff would not have been taken absent the retaliatory motive.” Id. at 399. 17 “An allegation is not plausible where there is an obvious alternative explanation for alleged 18 [retaliatory] misconduct.” Capp, 940 F.3d at 1055 (internal citations and quotation marks 19 omitted). 20 Here, Plaintiff’s retaliation claim fails because he has not pled any facts to establish 21 that the Individual Defendants denied his tuition discount request in order to punish 22 Plaintiff for requesting a disability accommodation and complaining about the initial denial 23 or to deter such actions. Mendocino, 192 F.3d at 1032. He makes conclusory allegations 24

25 26 5 The Court focuses its analysis on Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim although his Third Claim states he is asserting a cause of action “For Retaliation In Violation of the 1st and 14th 27 Amendments,” because the essence of his claim against the Individual Defendants centers on allegations that he faced retaliation after requesting his test-taking accommodation, not that his due process or equal 28 1 that the delays in processing his tuition discount request were pretextual because “the 2 Palomar TRUSTEES swung into action to cover up the illegality of their custom and 3 practice,” TAC ¶ 76, but offers no facts to support a causal connection between any 4 retaliatory animus and the denial of the tuition discount requests. In fact, Plaintiff’s own 5 pleadings establish that the college’s employees denied the tuition discount requests for a 6 host of reasons, including Plaintiff’s refusal to comply with the standard application 7 process and provide a Social Security number, a government ID, a home address, and a 8 phone number. Id. ¶¶ 88, 93, 102–103, 109–110, 112, 115. Given the obvious alternative 9 explanation for the denial of the tuition discount requests and the absence of any facts 10 showing an intent by the Individual Defendants to discourage protected activities like 11 requesting disability accommodations, Plaintiff fails to state a plausible First Amendment 12 retaliation claim on this ground. See, e.g., Gonzalez v. Planned Parenthood of L.A., 759 13 F.3d 1112, 1116 (9th Cir. 2014) (affirming dismissal where plaintiff’s allegation was only 14 “merely possible rather than plausible” in face of obvious alternative explanation). 15 Plaintiff’s retaliation claim also fails because he has not sufficiently pled any facts 16 to support a causal link between his inability to drop out of his last philosophy class and 17 his test-taking accommodation requests. See TAC ¶¶ 117–125. While he makes 18 conclusory allegations that the “TRUSTEES themselves also prevented plaintiff from 19 dropping classes” in order to “intentionally hurt plaintiff and destroy his career,” id. ¶ 121, 20 he alleges no facts to support a causal connection between this action and any retaliatory 21 animus stemming from his accommodation requests. In fact, his complaint demonstrates 22 that all students, not just Plaintiff, were subject to the same mandatory deadline to drop 23 classes without the penalty of a negative grade. Id. ¶¶ 121, 123. Moreover, his pleadings 24 appear to indicate that he may not have been able to drop the last philosophy class because 25 of outstanding fees owed to Palomar, as he alleges “he was not allowed to reach the page 26 to drop classes unless he (1) acknowledged through the computer that he owed the college 27 $500 and (2) paid it and (3) agreed to obey all other college rules whether legal or not.” 28 Id. ¶ 118. Given the obvious alternative explanations for Plaintiff’s inability to drop his 1 last philosophy class and the absence of any facts showing an intent to deter speech, 2 Plaintiff fails to state a plausible First Amendment and Fourteenth Amended retaliation 3 claim on this ground. See, e.g., Gonzalez, 759 F.3d at 1116. Because Plaintiff fails to 4 plausibly plead a claim for First and Fourteenth Amendment retaliation, the Court 5 dismisses these claims with prejudice. 6 10. Section 1983 Claims: Plaintiff’s Fifth Claim alleges a new theory of § 1983 7 violation against the Individual Defendants in their individual capacities. TAC at 47–51. 8 Although the Court previously dismissed Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims against the Individual 9 Defendants with prejudice on the grounds that Plaintiff’s tuition discount claims were 10 barred by the Eleventh Amendment, Plaintiff now asserts this claim based on his 11 dissatisfaction with the length of time the Individual Defendants took to process his test- 12 taking accommodation request. Id. ¶¶ 236–248. First, Plaintiff was neither given leave to 13 amend his prior § 1983 claims nor was he given leave to add new claims. See Dkts. 23, 14 42. Second, because Plaintiff’s new § 1983 claim appears to seek to hold the Individual 15 Defendants liable for violations of the ADA and Rehabilitation Act based on their actions 16 when processing his accommodation request, Plaintiff cannot proceed on this claim. 17 Vinson v. Thomas, 288 F.3d 1145, 1156 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding that “a plaintiff cannot 18 bring an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against a state official in her individual capacity to 19 vindicate rights created by Title II of the ADA or section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.”). 20 Because Plaintiff fails to sufficiently plead a viable § 1983 claim pursuant to Federal 21 Rule of Civil 12(b)(6), the Court dismisses this claim with prejudice. 22 11. State Claim: Because the Court has dismissed Plaintiff’s federal claims, it 23 declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s remaining state law claim. 24 A Court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction to hear a plaintiff’s state law claims that 25 “derive from a common nucleus of operative fact[s]” as his or her federal claims. 28 U.S.C. 26 § 1367(c); Mendoza v. Zirkle Fruit Co., 301 F.3d 1163, 1174 (9th Cir. 2002). But where 27 it has dismissed all federal claims over which it had original jurisdiction, it may decline to 28 extend its jurisdiction to the remaining state claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c); Sanford v. 1 MemberWorks, Inc., 625 F.3d 550, 561 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[I]n the usual case in which all 2 federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors to be considered under 3 the pendent jurisdiction doctrine—judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity— 4 will point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.” 5 (quoting Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988))). In deciding 6 whether to continue to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, the court considers the interests 7 of judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity. City of Chicago v. Int’l College 8 of Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 173 (1997); Smith v. Lenches, 263 F.3d 972, 977 (9th Cir. 9 2001). Here, the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s 10 remaining state law claim for “interference with prospective economic advantage and 11 career.” TAC at 51–52. Because the Court has dismissed all of Plaintiff’s federal claims— 12 the claims that conferred original jurisdiction—the Court need not exercise supplemental 13 jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c); Sanford, 625 14 F.3d at 561. Thus, Plaintiff’s state law claim is dismissed without prejudice to refiling in 15 state court. 16 12. Motion to Amend: Finally, the Court denies Plaintiff’s motion to “Amend to 17 Add Old Parties,” Dkt. 54, to the extent Plaintiff is attempting to revive his previous §1983 18 claims against the Individual Defendants in their official capacity. These claims were 19 previously dismissed with prejudice from Plaintiff’s FAC on the grounds that the Eleventh 20 Amendment bars such claims, and any further amendment would have been futile. See 21 Dkt. 23. The Court will not authorize Plaintiff to reallege the same previously dismissed 22 claims. 23 13. Leave to Amend: Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 states that courts 24 “should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” Moreover, “[t]he Ninth 25 Circuit has instructed that the policy favoring amendments ‘is to be applied with extreme 26 liberality.’” Abels v. JBC Legal Grp., P.C., 229 F.R.D. 152, 155 (N.D. Cal. 2005) (quoting 27 Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. Rose, 893 F.2d 1074, 1079 (9th Cir.1990)). “But a 28 district court need not grant leave to amend where the amendment: (1) prejudices the 1 opposing party; (2) is sought in bad faith; (3) produces an undue delay in litigation; or (4) 2 is futile.” AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. Dialysist W., Inc., 465 F.3d 946, 951 (9th Cir. 3 2006). “[W]hen the district court has already afforded a plaintiff an opportunity to amend 4 the complaint, it has ‘wide discretion in granting or refusing leave to amend after the first 5 amendment, and only upon gross abuse will [its] rulings be disturbed.’” Rich v. Shrader, 6 823 F.3d 1205, 1209 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Heay v. Phillips, 201 F.2d 220, 222 (9th Cir. 7 1952)). 8 Here, the Court has afforded Plaintiff multiple opportunities to amend the complaint 9 and address his discrimination claims under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act. See Dkts. 10 23, 42. Despite the opportunities afforded to Plaintiff, he has repeatedly failed to state a 11 claim for discrimination under the ADA or Rehabilitation Act. See id. Additionally, even 12 though Plaintiff failed to properly assert a retaliation claim under the ADA or 13 Rehabilitation Act in his Second Amended Complaint, the Court afforded Plaintiff an 14 opportunity to reframe and sufficiently plead his retaliation claim. Dkt. 42. Despite this 15 opportunity, Plaintiff continues to fail to properly assert a retaliation claim. Accordingly, 16 the Court, exercising its “wide discretion,” finds that further leave to amend Plaintiff’s 17 claims would be futile. Allen v. Diaz, No. 20-CV-1389 JLS (LR), 2023 WL 4728794, at 18 *10 (S.D. Cal. July 24, 2023) (dismissing third amended complaint without leave to amend 19 after plaintiff failed to cure pleading defects despite three opportunities to amend) 20 reconsideration denied, No. 20-CV-1389 JLS (MDD), 2023 WL 6593834 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 21 5, 2023); see also Zucco Partners, LLC v. Digimarc Corp., 552 F.3d 981, 1007 (9th Cir. 22 2009) (“[W]here the plaintiff has previously been granted leave to amend and has 23 subsequently failed to add the requisite particularity to its claims, [t]he district court’s 24 discretion to deny leave to amend is particularly broad.”) (internal quotation marks 25 omitted) (second alteration in original). 26 In sum, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Third 27 Amended Complaint. Dkt. 49. The Court dismisses with prejudice Plaintiff’s First, 28 Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth claims. Plaintiff’s Sixth Claim is dismissed without | || prejudice to refiling in state court. The Court also DENIES Plaintiffs request to revive his 2 previously dismissed § 1983 claims. Dkt. 54. The Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE 3 || the case. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 || Dated: December 19, 2024 6 “Tinsook Ohta 7 United States District Judge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28