Maria Verna Liza Sablan v. Sablan Corporation, Sablan Enterprises, Inc., Sablan Construction Co., Ltd., and Conrad Muna Sablan; Conrad Muna Sablan v. Maria Verna Liza Sablan

• Court: District Court, Northern Mariana Islands
• Decided: October 27, 2025
• Docket: 1:22-cv-00013
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

FILED Clerk District Court OCT 27 2025 for the Northern Mariana Islands By JP 1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT _ (Deputy Clerk) 5 FOR THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS

3 MARIA VERNA LIZA SABLAN, Case No. 1:22-cv-00013 4 Plaintiff, DECISION AND ORDER GRANTING IN 5 v. PART PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND DENYING 6 || SABLAN CORPORATION, PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SABLAN ENTERPRISES, INC., JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS SABLAN CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD., and g CONRAD MUNA SABLAN, 9 Defendants. 10 || CONRAD MUNA SABLAN,

1] Counterclaimant, 12 Vv. 13 | MARIA VERNA LIZA SABLAN, 14 Counter-defendant. 15 16 On October 31, 2024, Plaintiff Maria Verna Liza Sablan (“Maria”) filed her First Amended 17 Complaint in this action against her ex-husband—Conrad Mufia Sablan (“Conrad”)—and three 18 Defendant Corporations alleging violations of her rights based upon the Commonwealth of the 19 Northern Mariana Islands (“CNMI”) Superior Court’s division of Maria and Conrad’s marital property 20 in their divorce action. (FAC, ECF No. 33.) Now before the Court is Maria’s Motion for Summary 21 Judgment against Defendants Conrad, Sablan Corporation (“SC”), Sablan Enterprises, Inc. and Sablan

73 Construction Co., Ltd. (“SCCL”), and Maria’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Conrad’s

1 counterclaim. (Maria’s MSJ and MJP, ECF No. 63.) Conrad, SC, and SCCL opposed the Motions 2 (Conrad et al. Opp’n, ECF No. 701), to which Maria replied. (Maria’s Reply, ECF No. 75.) 3 Maria and Sablan Enterprises, Inc. reached a settlement agreement and withdrew their Cross- 4 Motions for Summary Judgment against one another the day before the motions hearing. (Not. of 5 Settlement, ECF No. 82.) At the hearing, Maria and Sablan Enterprises read the terms of their 6 settlement agreement into the record, and the Court heard counsel’s arguments as to the remaining 7 causes of action for which Maria seeks summary judgment: 1) declaratory judgment and injunctive 8 9 relief against Defendant Corporations Sablan Corporation and Sablan Construction Co., Ltd. for 10 recognition as a shareholder (see FAC 5); 2) conversion against Conrad (see id.); and 3) unjust 11 enrichment against Conrad (see id. at 7). (Mins., ECF No. 83.) The Court also heard arguments 12 regarding Maria’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Conrad’s counterclaim for unjust 13 enrichment based upon Maria’s failure to pay her share of marital debts. (Id.) Having considered the 14 briefs, the applicable law, and counsel’s arguments, the Court now GRANTS IN PART Maria’s 15 Motion for Summary Judgment on her claims, and DENIES Maria’s Motion for Judgment on the 16 Pleadings on Conrad’s counterclaim for the reasons detailed herein. 17 18 19 20

21 1 Before Conrad et al. filed their Opposition, Conrad filed a notice of his appeal of the CNMI Superior Court’s divorce case to the CNMI Supreme Court. (ECF Nos. 69–69-1.) Conrad filed his appeal on August 15, 2025, 22 challenging the Honorable Judge Teresa Kim-Tenorio’s order in the divorce action which held that the 2008 Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law was a final judgment under the Northern Mariana Islands (“NMI”) 23 Rules of Civil Procedure, or in the alternative, that it became a final judgment in 2010 after a change to the NMI Court rules. (ECF Nos. 69-3–69-4.) 24 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 In the divorce action Sablan v. Sablan, FCD-DI Civil Action No. 03-0378 (“Divorce Action”), 3 the Commonwealth Superior Court entered a decree of absolute divorce in November 2004, granting 4 Conrad’s petition for divorce from Maria. (Divorce Decree 1, ECF No. 75-1; D&O 2, ECF No. 24.) 5 In June 2008, the Superior Court entered its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (“FFCL”), 6 which purportedly resolved issues related to “custody, property distribution and division of marital 7 debts” in Maria and Conrad’s divorce. (FFCL 1, ECF No. 33-1.) In relevant part, the FFCL found that 8 9 all the stocks owned by Conrad in the three Defendant Corporations were marital property and divided 10 them equally between Conrad and Maria. (Id. at 3–4.) Further, the Superior Court’s FFCL identified 11 $428,010.90 worth of marital debt, splitting the debts equally between Conrad and Maria. (Id. at 5.) 12 Fourteen years after the Superior Court decided the distribution of marital assets, Maria 13 initiated this civil action. (See Compl., ECF No. 1.) Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint, 14 arguing that the FFCL does not constitute a final judgment in the Divorce Action, abstention is 15 appropriate, and the Defendant Corporations did not receive due process because Maria brought this 16 instant action before providing any notice of the FFCL to them. (See D&O 6–15.) The Court denied 17 the Motion as to the causes of action against Conrad for conversion and unjust enrichment, finding 18 that the FFCL constitutes a final order and that abstention was inappropriate.2 (Id. at 5.) However, the 19 20 Court granted the Motion to Dismiss all claims against the Defendant Corporations, finding there were 21 22

23 2 The Court did dismiss the Complaint’s cause of action for conspiracy against Conrad because it was unsupported by any factual allegations. (FAC 15.) 24 1 insufficient facts to support that the Defendant Corporations had received any notice of the FFCL’s 2 division of stocks or that the Defendant Corporations had any duty to investigate Maria’s stock 3 ownership. (Id. at 14–15.) 4 After the issuance of the Decision and Order, the Court denied Maria’s Motion for 5 Reconsideration of its dismissal of her claims against the Defendant Corporations. (Mins., ECF No. 6 32.) Maria subsequently filed her First Amended Complaint, and Conrad filed a counterclaim against 7 Maria (Conrad’s Answer 6, ECF No. 38). Defendants then moved for Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) relief from 8 9 the Court’s Decision and Order and its findings that the FFCL constituted a final order and that 10 abstention was inappropriate; the Court denied the Motion. (Mins., ECF No. 56; Transcript, ECF No. 11 57.) As of the date of the motion hearing, Maria has not tendered any written demand other than this 12 lawsuit addressed directly to the Defendant Corporations demanding to be recognized as a shareholder 13 pursuant to the FFCL. 14 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 15 A. Summary Judgment 16 The court shall grant summary judgment when the movant “shows that there is no genuine 17 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. 18 P. 56(a). The movant must support their position that a material fact is or is not genuinely disputed by 19 20 either “citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, 21 electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for 22 purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials;” or “showing that 23 the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse 24 1 party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A)–(B). “The 2 court need consider only the cited materials, but it may consider other materials in the record.” Fed. 3 R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3). 4 The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of 5 material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). “If a moving party fails to carry its 6 initial burden of production, the nonmoving party has no obligation to produce anything, even if the 7 nonmoving party would have the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial.” Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. 8 9 Co., Ltd. v. Fritz Cos., Inc., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102–03 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted). When 10 the moving party has met its burden, the non-moving party must present “specific facts showing that 11 there is a genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 12 587 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). “An issue is genuine if a reasonable trier of fact could find 13 in favor of the nonmoving party.” Rivera v. Philip Morris, Inc., 395 F.3d 1142, 1146 (9th Cir. 2005) 14 (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). A mere “scintilla of evidence” is 15 insufficient. Id. (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252). A fact is “material” if it could affect the outcome 16 of the case. Id. (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248). The court views the evidence in the light most 17 favorable to the non-moving party and draws “all justifiable inferences” in that party’s favor. Miller 18 v. Glenn Miller Prods., Inc., 454 F.3d 975, 988 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 19 20 541, 552 (1999)). However, conclusory allegations, unsupported by factual material, are insufficient 21 to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989) (internal 22 citation omitted). 23 24 1 B. Judgment on the Pleadings 2 “After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for 3 judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). Because a motion for judgment on the pleadings is 4 “functionally identical” to a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the same standard of review 5 applies to both motions. Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 1989). 6 “Judgment on the pleadings is properly granted when there is no issue of material fact in 7 dispute, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fleming v. Pickard, 581 F.3d 8 9 922, 925 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Heliotrope Gen., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 F.3d 971, 979 (9th Cir. 10 1999)). The court “must accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the 11 light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Id. (citing Turner v. Cook, 362 F.3d 1219, 1225 (9th 12 Cir. 2004)). To survive a motion for judgment on the pleadings, a complaint must contain sufficient 13 factual matter so as to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 14 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is plausible on its face when the factual allegations allow 15 the court to infer the defendant’s liability based on the alleged misconduct. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 16 662, 678 (2009). The factual allegations must present “more than a sheer possibility of misconduct.” 17 Id. 18 III. DISCUSSION 19 20 With Maria and Sablan Enterprises having settled their claims, the Court now addresses the 21 remaining causes of action against Conrad, Sablan Corporation, and Sablan Construction Co., Ltd. for 22 which Maria seeks summary judgment. For the following reasons, the Court 1) grants Maria’s Motion 23 as to the first cause of action for declaratory and injunctive relief against Defendants Sablan 24 1 Corporation and Sablan Construction Co., Ltd. for shareholder recognition; 2) denies Maria’s Motion 2 as to the second cause of action for conversion of shares against Conrad; and 3) grants Maria’s Motion 3 as to the sixth cause of action for unjust enrichment against Conrad with respect to liability only for 4 the profits and benefits derived from Maria’s shares that he received. (See Maria’s MSJ and MJP 1; 5 FAC 5–8.) As for Conrad’s counterclaim for unjust enrichment against Maria for her failure to pay 6 her share of the marital debt, the Court denies Maria’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. The 7 Court addresses each of these claims in turn. 8 9 A. Maria Is Entitled to Recognition as a Shareholder of Sablan Corporation and Sablan Construction Co., Ltd Based on the Initiation of this Action, Not the Issuance of the 10 FFCL.

11 In the FAC’s first cause of action, Maria alleges that she “is entitled to a declaratory judgment, 12 declaring that she is a shareholder of the Defendant Corporations . . . and that she holds shares in at 13 least the amounts provided by the Superior Court in its Order3 . . . .” (FAC 5.) Further, the FAC alleges 14 that Maria “is entitled to a mandatory injunction, commanding Defendant Corporations . . . to 15 recognize Plaintiff as a shareholder . . . and to provide her henceforward with all the rights, notices 16 and funds to which such a shareholder is entitled.” (Id.) 17 Maria moves for summary judgment on this cause of action, arguing that she “became a 18 shareholder of the three corporate Defendants upon the property division in her divorce from 19 20 Defendant Conrad[,]” and as this Court already recognized in its prior Decision and Order on 21 22 3 The FAC and FFCL enumerate Maria’s entitlement to shares as “12,532 shares of Defendant Sablan 23 Corporation, 750 shares of Defendant Sablan Enterprises, Inc., and 1563 shares of Defendant Sablan Construction Co., Ltd.” (FAC 5; FFCL 3–4.) 24 1 Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss when it noted that “the Superior Court has already [declared Maria to 2 be owner of the corporate shares] in its FFCL.” (Maria’s MSJ and MJP 1–2.) In opposition, Defendant 3 Corporations SC and SCCL argue that Maria is barred from shareholder recognition because she has 4 not taken the requisite steps under the corporate bylaws. (Conrad et al. Opp’n 2.) In reply and relying 5 on case law from other states, Maria argues that the corporations’ bylaws regarding shareholder 6 recognition by their own terms govern “except as expressly provided by the laws of the place of 7 incorporation,” and the FFCL outlining Maria’s shareholder rights constitutes CNMI law. (Maria’s 8 9 Reply 4–5.) Further, Maria argues that the corporations’ bylaws regarding “transfer restrictions” do 10 not apply to “transfers by operation of law[,]” which include “transfers by court order at dissolution 11 of marriage . . . .” (Id. at 2–4.) The Court grants Maria’s Motion for Summary Judgment on this cause 12 of action, finding that Maria is entitled to recognition as a shareholder of SC and SCCL based solely 13 on the initiation of this action, and that Maria has failed to demonstrate she is entitled to shareholder 14 recognition as of any earlier date. 15 1. The Bylaws’ Registration Requirement Protects the Corporations from 16 Recognizing Maria as a Shareholder Until She Presents Herself for Registration or Secures a Court Order Requiring the Corporations to Register 17 Her.

18 Article IX, § 5 of the corporations’ bylaws outline each corporation’s right to rely on “its 19 books” in recognizing shareholders: 20 The corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered 21 on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends, and to vote as owner. Registered shareholders only shall be entitled to be treated by the corporation as the 22 holders in fact of the stock standing in their respective names. The corporation shall 23 24 1 not be bound4 to recognize any equitable or other claim to5 or interest in6 any share on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice 2 therefore7, except as expressly provided by the laws of the state8 of incorporation.

3 (SC Bylaws 3, ECF No. 70-3; SCCL Bylaws 2–3, ECF No. 70-4.) 4 Maria recognizes that the registration requirement in the bylaws protects, “at most,” only SC 5 and SCCL, not Conrad himself. (Maria’s Reply 4.) However, she argues that not even SC and SCCL 6 are protected in this case because the registration requirement in the bylaws applies only “except as 7 expressly provided by the laws of the state of incorporation,” and the FFCL constitutes such a law. 8 9 (Id. at 5.) 10 a. Legal Standard 11 Requiring registration of transfers of shares on the books of a corporation protects the 12 corporation, “so that it may have the means of knowing at any time who . . . its shareholders are, and 13 as such entitled to receive dividends, vote at corporate meetings, and otherwise participate in the 14 management of the corporation . . . .” See 12 Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations § 5489 15 (updated 2025) (collecting cases).9 “Although a transfer of stock between individuals must be 16 registered on the corporation’s books to receive recognition by the corporation, an unregistered 17 18 19 4 SCCL’s bylaws use the word “found” rather than “bound.” 20 5 SCCL’s bylaws insert a comma here. 6 SCCL’s bylaws insert a comma here. 21 7 SCCL’s bylaws spell the word as “therefor.” 8 SCCL’s bylaws use the word “place” rather than “state.” 22 9 By Commonwealth statute, “the rules of the common law, as expressed in the restatements of the law approved by the American Law Institute and, to the extent not so expressed as generally understood and applied in the 23 United States, shall be the rules of decision in the courts of the Commonwealth, in the absence of written law or local customary law to the contrary . . . .” 7 CMC § 3401. 24 1 transfer is nevertheless binding between the parties, with equitable title passing to the transferee.” Id. 2 § 5496 (collecting cases). “This rule applies even where the charter or bylaws provide that an effective 3 transfer of stock requires a transfer on the corporate books, since such a provision is solely for the 4 protection of the corporation and hence irrelevant to issues between the transferor and transferee.” Id. 5 (collecting cases). 6 a. Analysis 7 Assuming that the FFCL constitutes a law of the Commonwealth so as to fall within the 8 9 Defendant Corporations’ bylaws’ exception to the registration requirement, the FFCL merely 10 recognized the distribution of marital property––the corporate shares––between Conrad and Maria. 11 (FFCL 3–4.) The FFCL did not order Conrad or the Defendant Corporations to register Maria on the 12 corporations’ books, nor did it even formally declare Maria to be a shareholder of the corporations. 13 The FFCL only decided the “property distribution” between Conrad and Maria, ultimately dividing 14 the corporate stocks owned by Conrad equally between the two as marital property (Id. at 1, 3). “The 15 [Superior] Court retain[ed] jurisdiction of th[e] matter for the entry of such further orders as it may 16 deem fair and necessary.” (Id. at 6.) 17 Based on the FFCL’s judicial partition, Maria could have at any time after the FFCL’s issuance 18 sought recognition as a shareholder by presenting herself for registration on the books. See e.g., 19 20 Earthman’s, Inc. v. Earthman, 526 S.W.2d 192, 196 (Tex. Civ. App. 1975) (“Subsequent to the entry 21 of the divorce decree, Mrs. Earthman and her attorneys sought to have the stock which had been 22 awarded to her transferred into her name on the corporate records of the three corporations.”). In the 23 alternative, Maria also could have sought a court order––from the family court judge who distributed 24 1 the shares––compelling the corporations to register her ownership of shares on their books and to 2 recognize her as a shareholder. See e.g., Pollock v. Pollock Eng’g Co., Inc., 365 So. 2d 1186, 1188 3 (La. Ct. App. 1978) (after judicial partition, corporation and officers could be compelled by mandamus 4 to recognize shareholder and issue certificate); Earthman, 526 S.W.2d at 196 (petitioner alleged that 5 corporations refused to transfer stock that had been awarded to her under the decree, requesting that 6 the court declare her rights and order delivery of certificates). It is undisputed that Maria did not pursue 7 either of these avenues (see Conrad et al. Opp’n 4; Palacios Decl. 2, ECF No. 70-2), and thus under 8 9 the corporations’ bylaws and principles of corporate law, it would be improper for SC and SCCL to 10 recognize her as a shareholder as of the date of the FFCL in 2008 or any time before the initiation of 11 this civil action. See id. at 1189. However, the Court at this time grants Maria’s Motion for Summary 12 Judgment on her first cause of action, finding she is entitled to declaratory and injunctive relief against 13 SC and SCCL to formally recognize her as a shareholder henceforward based on the FFCL. 14 2. The Bylaws’ Procedural Requirements for Effectuating Valid Transfers 15 Recognized by the Corporations Apply to Transfers by Operation of Law and Are Not “Transfer Restrictions.” 16 Article IX, § 4 of SC and SCCL’s bylaws discuss the transfer of stock in the corporations: 17 Shares of the corporation may be transferred by endorsement by the signature of the 18 owner, his agent or attorney or legal representatives, and the delivery of the certificate; but such transfer is not valid except as to the parties thereto, until the same is so entered 19 upon the books of the corporation as to show the names of the parties by whom and to 20 whom transferred, the number of certificates, and the number or10 designation of shares and the date11 of transfer, and until the old certificates are surrendered and cancelled. 21 22

23 10 SCCL’s bylaws use the conjunction “or” rather than the conjunction “and.” 11 SCCL’s bylaws use the word “day” rather than “date.” 24 1 (SC’s Bylaws 2–3; SCCL’s Bylaws 2.) 2 Maria characterizes Article IX, § 4 of the corporations’ bylaws––which provide that transfers 3 are invalid “except as to the parties thereto” until the transfer is entered upon the books of the 4 corporations––as a “transfer restriction” which does not apply to “transfers by operation of law.” 5 (Maria’s Reply 2–3.) Maria argues that “the transfer restriction at Section 4 of both corporations’ by- 6 laws applies on its face only to transfers ‘by endorsement by the signature of the owner, his agent or 7 attorney or legal representatives, and the delivery of the certificate.’” (Id. at 2 (quoting the bylaws).) 8 9 a. Legal Standard 10 “Corporate stock is generally subject to division in an action for divorce or dissolution of 11 marriage.” 11 Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations § 5102 (collecting cases). Under 12 Commonwealth law, corporate bylaws “may impose restrictions on the transfer or registration of 13 transfer of shares of the corporation.” 4 CMC § 4358. However, “[a] restrictive stock transfer 14 agreement is not binding on a court-ordered interspousal transfer pursuant to a divorce settlement.” 15 11 Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations § 5102 (collecting cases). 16 a. Analysis 17 Maria’s cited authorities are inapposite because the corporate bylaws here do not limit the 18 alienability of shares––they merely outline the procedural requirements for the corporations to 19 20 recognize a valid transfer.12 Indeed, the bylaws expressly provide that transfers which do not follow 21 22 12 The “transfer restrictions” at issue in Maria’s cited cases limit whom corporate shares can be transferred to; 23 they do not outline the procedural requirements for effectuating a valid transfer. Lehtinen v. Drs. Lehtinen, 99 Ohio St.3d 69, 73 (Ohio 2003) (statute prohibiting transfers to nonprofessional); Witte v. Beverly Lakes Inv. 24 1 the procedural requirements are nonetheless valid “as to the parties thereto.” (SC’s Bylaws 3; SCCL’s 2 Bylaws 2.) See Castonguay v. Castonguay, 306 N.W.2d 143, 146 (Minn. 1981) (holding that the “trial 3 court’s decree ordering transfer of the shares from Mr. Castonguay to Mrs. Castonguay is effective”) 4 (emphasis added). Maria’s cited authorities do not hold that compliance with procedural requirements 5 for corporate recognition of transfers (i.e., delivery of certificates and entering the transfer on the 6 books) is unnecessary for transfers by operation of law. In fact, fulfillment of those procedural 7 requirements is requested by the plaintiff and granted as the relief in one of Maria’s cited cases. Witte 8 9 v. Beverly Lakes Inv. Co., 715 S.W.2d 286, 294–95 (Mo. Ct. App. 1986) (holding that plaintiff was 10 entitled to declaration that corporation issue a certificate to her in her name and that the company 11 books show her as the holder of the certificate). Because it is undisputed that Maria never presented 12 herself for registration as a shareholder (see Conrad et al. Opp’n 4; Palacios Decl. 2) or secured a court 13 order directing the corporations to recognize her as a shareholder,13 it would be improper to recognize 14 her as a shareholder as of the date of the FFCL in 2008 or any time before the initiation of this civil 15 action. However, as stated above, the Court at this time finds Maria is entitled to declaratory and 16 17 18

19 Co., 715 S.W.2d 286, 289 (Mo. Ct. App. 1986) (articles of association prohibiting transfers to nonmembers of social club); Castonguay v. Castonguay, 306 N.W.2d 143, 144 (Minn. 1981) (articles of incorporation 20 prohibiting transfers without first offering shares to corporation); Bryan-Barber Realty, Inc. v. Fryar, 120 N.C.App. 178, 181 (N.C. Ct. App. 1995) (shareholder agreement requiring written consent of shareholders for 21 transfer); In re Marriage of Devick, 315 Ill.App.3d 908, 918–19 (Ill. App. Ct. 2000) (affiliate agreement providing corporation with right to impose restrictive legend on shares). 22 13 See e.g., Earthman, 526 S.W.2d at 196–97 (court of domestic relations initially entered divorce decree 23 ordering husband to transfer shares, and upon motions for contempt, corporate certificates and assignments were tendered into registry of court pursuant to order of the court). 24 1 injunctive relief against SC and SCCL for the corporations to formally recognize her as a shareholder 2 henceforward based on the FFCL. 3 B. Summary Judgment on Maria’s Conversion Claim Against Conrad Is Inappropriate. 4 In the FAC’s second cause of action, Maria alleges that “[b]y retaining record ownership of 5 the stock in the Defendant Corporations that was distributed to Plaintiff by the . . . [FFCL], and 6 obtaining the profits and other benefits deriving from ownership of that stock, Defendant Conrad 7 Sablan has taken Plaintiff’s property, and wrongfully converted it to his own use.” (FAC 5.) The FAC 8 9 also alleges punitive damages based on Conrad’s conduct. (Id. at 6.) 10 Maria moves for summary judgment on this cause of action, but does not make any arguments 11 specific to Conrad’s liability for conversion. Instead, Maria combines her arguments against Conrad 12 and Sablan Enterprises for the second through sixth causes to actions,14 ultimately arguing that as a 13 holder of 750 shares of Sablan Enterprises, she is entitled to “damages and/or restitution” of 14 $63,300.00 “on her claims against Sablan Enterprises and Conrad.” (Maria’s MSJ and MJP 3–4.) 15 Further, Maria argues that she is entitled to punitive damages from Sablan Enterprises and Conrad 16 based on their conduct in the amount of $513,375.00. (Id. at 4–8.) In opposition, Conrad argues that 17 Maria has not established that Sablan Enterprises recognizes her as a shareholder, challenges Maria’s 18 damages/restitution calculation because Conrad never received the cash alleged, and argues that 19 20 punitive damages are inappropriate because he has not acted with “evil motive” or “reckless 21 22

23 14 Maria’s arguments against Sablan Enterprises have since been withdrawn due to the parties’ settlement agreement. (Not. of Settlement 1.) 24 1 indifference.” (Conrad et al. Opp’n 4–7.) In reply, Maria maintains that her calculation of 2 damages/restitution is correct because while Conrad did not receive all his dividends in cash, he 3 received land of equivalent value. (Maria’s Reply 5–6.) Lastly, Maria argues that Conrad’s “personal 4 animosity” supports her claim for punitive damages. (Id. at 6–7.) 5 1. Legal Standard 6 The Restatement defines conversion as “an intentional exercise of dominion or control over a 7 chattel which so seriously interferes with the right of another to control it that the actor may justly be 8 9 required to pay the other the full value of the chattel.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 222A (1965).15 10 “Although a share of stock is intangible property, the Restatement provides that a share certificate, 11 and the intangible rights it represents, can be the subject of a conversion.” 11 Fletcher Cyclopedia of 12 the Law of Corporations § 5114 (updated 2025) (citing id. § 242). 13 Courts consider the following factors in determining whether a conversion as taken 14 place: the duration or extent of the defendant’s dominion or control over the shares; whether the owner demanded that the shares be turned over; the actor’s intent to assert 15 a right in fact inconsistent with the other’s right of control; the actor’s good faith; the extent and duration of the resulting interference with the other’s right of control; 16 whether the shares were sold; and the inconvenience and expense caused to the owner.

17 Id. (collecting cases). “In general, the conversion dates from the time when the shareholder, being 18 entitled to the immediate possession of the shares or of the certificate, makes a demand for it that is 19 refused.” Id. (collecting cases). However, “no demand is necessary where the taking of possession and 20 21 22 15 As noted above, by Commonwealth statute, “the rules of the common law, as expressed in the restatements 23 of the law approved by the American Law Institute . . . shall be the rules of decision in the courts of the Commonwealth, in the absence of written law or local customary law to the contrary . . . .” 7 CMC § 3401. 24 1 conversion is wrongful, since the wrongful taking and converting is in itself an assertion of 2 ownership.” Id. (collecting cases). “But where an actual conversion is not proven, a demand and 3 refusal made at a time when the defendant had the power to give up the shares must be shown.” Id. 4 (collecting cases). 5 2. Analysis 6 The Court denies Maria’s Motion for Summary Judgment on this cause of action for 7 conversion against Conrad. Maria’s sole argument is that Conrad’s retention of record ownership over 8 9 the corporate shares that the FFCL declared as her interest amounted to conversion. Although the 10 FFCL established Maria’s equitable ownership interest in the corporate shares, see 11 12 Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations § 5497 (updated 2025) (“unregistered transfer 12 passes equitable title as between the transferor and transferee”); Milstead v. Bradshaw, 43 Va. Cir. 13 428, 1997 WL 33616661, at * 3 (Va. Cir. Ct. 1997) (final divorce decree transferred “an equitable 14 ownership interest”), Conrad’s continued retention of record ownership did not deprive Maria of her 15 “dominion” over the shares absent evidence that she made a demand to Conrad for the share 16 certificates which he refused. See Eureka Cnty. Bank v. Clarke, 130 F. 325, 326–28 (9th Cir. 1904) 17 (affirming that defendant’s actions amounted to conversion, depriving her of dominion over shares, 18 after plaintiff demanded delivery of stock and payment of dividends and defendant refused). Maria 19 20 has not presented any evidence of a demand and subsequent refusal, nor any evidence at all as to the 21 possession of the share certificates at issue. Accordingly, the Court denies Maria’s Motion for 22 Summary Judgment, and this cause of action for conversion may proceed to trial. 23 24 1 C. The Court Grants Maria Summary Judgment on her Unjust Enrichment Claim Against Conrad as to Liability Only. 2 In the FAC’s sixth cause of action, Maria alleges that “[b]y retaining record ownership of the 3 4 stock and obtaining the profits and other benefits deriving from ownership of the stock in Defendant 5 Corporations, Defendant Conrad Sablan has unjustly enriched himself at Plaintiff’s expense, entitling 6 Plaintiff to restitution.” (FAC 8.) Maria does not allege punitive damages in relation to this unjust 7 enrichment cause of action. (See id. at 7–9.) Similarly to Maria’s summary judgment arguments with 8 respect to the conversion cause of action, Maria moves for summary judgment on this unjust 9 enrichment cause of action but does not make any arguments specific to Conrad’s liability for unjust 10 enrichment. (See Maria’s MSJ and MJP 2.) The parties’ briefing on this issue is identical to that for 11 the conversion cause of action, outlined supra § III.B. 12 1. Legal Standard 13 14 To state a claim for unjust enrichment under Commonwealth law, the claimant must show: 15 (1) the defendant was enriched; (2) the enrichment came at the plaintiff’s expense; and (3) equity and good conscience militate against permitting the defendant to retain what 16 the plaintiff seeks to recover.

17 Syed v. Mobil Oil Mariana Islands, Inc., 2012 MP 20 ¶ 41 (citing Restatement (Third) of 18 Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 1 (2011)). 19 “While the paradigm case of unjust enrichment is one in which the benefit on one side of the 20 transaction corresponds to an observable loss on the other, the consecrated formula ‘at the expense of 21 another’ can also mean ‘in violation of the other’s legally protected rights,’ without the need to show 22 that the claimant has suffered a loss.” Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 1 23 24 1 cmt.a (2011). “The usual consequence of a liability in restitution is that the defendant must restore the 2 benefit in question or its traceable product, or else pay money in the amount necessary to eliminate 3 unjust enrichment.” Id. 4 2. Analysis 5 The Court grants Maria summary judgment on her unjust enrichment claim against Conrad as 6 to liability. As stated above, the FFCL established Maria’s equitable ownership interest in the 7 corporate shares. Supra § III.B.2. Despite Maria’s equitable title to shares, Maria never received any 8 9 dividend payments from Sablan Enterprises; Conrad did, as the registered owner of the shares that 10 Maria held an equitable interest in. (Maria’s MSJ and MJP 2–3; Gregory Ledger 2, ECF No. 64-1; 11 Conrad Dep. 4, ECF No. 64-3; Corp. Reso. 2, ECF No. 64-4.) 12 However, genuine issues of material facts exist as to how much Conrad was unjustly enriched. 13 Maria calculates restitution to be $63,300.00––the total value of dividends she was entitled to as a 14 shareholder of 750 shares in Sablan Enterprises. (Maria’s MSJ and MJP 3–4.) Her calculation is based 15 on the $844,000 in value paid to all shareholders of record––$211,000 to the four individuals––in 2018 16 and 2019. (Id. at 3.) Aside from an initial $25,000 cash payment to Conrad on June 15, 2018 (Gregory 17 Ledger 2), Conrad received subsequent dividends in the form of property transferred by Sablan 18 Enterprises––the As Lito site––rather than as cash. (Conrad Dep. 4.) Maria’s ultimate restitution 19 20 calculation is premised upon the fact that on top of $25,000 in cash, Conrad received $186,000 value 21 in the form of property from SE’s dividends. However, the record shows that Conrad was only credited 22 $135,500 towards his $200,000 purchase of the As Lito property as a dividend payment, not $186,000. 23 (Corp. Reso. 2.) Thus, Maria’s calculated total value of dividends is not sufficiently supported by 24 1 undisputed facts. Further, it is unclear to what extent Maria seeks additional sums from Conrad based 2 on his profit from the sale of the V.S. Sablan Building. (See Maria’s MSJ and MJP 6–8.) The question 3 of the appropriate amount of restitution will proceed to trial. 4 D. The Court Denies Maria’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Conrad’s 5 Unjust Enrichment Counterclaim.

6 Conrad’s counterclaim alleges that Maria, by failing to pay . . . her just share of the marital 7 debt in the amount of $214,005.45 as found by AJ Govendo, has unjustly enriched herself at [his] 8 expense,” warranting an award of restitution to Conrad by Maria. (Conrad’s Answer 6.) Maria moves 9 for judgment on the pleadings on Conrad’s counterclaim because he has failed to plead any facts 10 demonstrating that Maria’s enrichment came at his expense––one of the elements of an unjust 11 enrichment claim under CNMI law. (Maria’s MSJ and MJP 8–9.) Maria argues that “[e]ven if Maria 12 has paid none of her share of the debts,” Conrad fails to state a claim for unjust enrichment because 13 14 he “makes no allegation that he was forced to pay any more than his own share . . . .” (Id. at 9.) In 15 opposition, Conrad asserts that he has “more than alleged a claim for unjust enrichment against the 16 Plaintiff in this case” because he has stated the amount of his claim. (Conrad et al. Opp’n 9–10.) In 17 reply, Maria maintains that Conrad has failed to state a claim because there is no allegation that Conrad 18 incurred damages. (Maria’s Reply 8.) 19 1. Legal Standard 20 The legal standard for an unjust enrichment claim under Commonwealth law is articulated 21 supra § III.C.1. 22 2. Analysis 23 24 1 The Court denies Maria’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings as to Conrad’s counterclaim 2 for unjust enrichment. First, contrary to Maria’s assertions (see Maria’s MSJ and MJP 9), Conrad has 3 adequately pled that that Maria “unjustly enriched herself at Counterclaim Plaintiff’s expense[.]” . 4 (Conrad’s Answer 6 (emphasis added).) Just as Maria’s unjust enrichment claim––asserting that 5 “Defendant Conrad Sablan has unjustly enriched himself at Plaintiff’s expense, entitling Plaintiff to 6 restitution” (FAC ¶ 45)––can stand on the pleadings, so too can Conrad’s similar claim, which asserts 7 that Maria “has failed and continues to fail to make any payments toward her share of the $214,005.45 8 9 in marital debts” as ordered in the FFCL. (Conrad’s Answer, ¶¶ 7–9.) Further, Conrad is not required 10 to prove at this stage that “he was forced to pay more than his own share” as a matter of law. (See 11 Maria’s MSP and MJP 9.) “While the paradigm case of unjust enrichment is one in which the benefit 12 on one side of the transaction corresponds to an observable loss on the other, the consecrated formula 13 ‘at the expense of another’ can also mean ‘in violation of the other’s legally protected rights,’ without 14 the need to show that the claimant has suffered a loss.” Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust 15 Enrichment § 1 cmt.a (2011). Thus, Conrad can succeed on his unjust enrichment claim by 16 demonstrating that Maria violated his legal rights, as protected by the FFCL. For these reasons, Maria’s 17 motion for judgment on the pleadings as to Conrad’s counterclaim for unjust enrichment fails and 18 must therefore be denied. 19 20 IV. CONCLUSION 21 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Maria’s Motion for Summary Judgment on her 22 first cause of action for recognition as a shareholder against the remaining Defendant Corporations 23 and her sixth cause of action for unjust enrichment against Conrad as to liability only. The calculation 24 1 of restitution remains an issue for trial. The Court DENIES Maria’s Motion for Summary Judgment 2 on her second cause of action for conversion against Conrad and her Motion for Judgment on the 3 Pleadings as to Conrad’s Counterclaim for unjust enrichment. Those claims may also proceed to trial. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED this 27th day of October, 2025. 5

6 _______________________ RAMONA V. MANGLONA 7 Chief Judge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24