USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-11033 ____________________
MARCUS LAMAR GOGGINS, Petitioner-Appellant, versus SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-00104-MCR-GRJ ____________________ USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 20-11033
Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and ALTMAN,∗ Dis- trict Judge. JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judge: Marcus Goggins appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus. After careful re- view, and with the benefit of oral argument, we reverse and re- mand for further proceedings. I. BACKGROUND With the assistance of counsel, Mr. Goggins pled nolo con- tendere to Florida charges of identity fraud and admitted violations of the terms of the probation he had been serving. Mr. Goggins was sentenced to 5 years’ imprisonment on the identity fraud charges and 5 years’ imprisonment on the probation violations, to run con- secutively. Within days of his plea,1 and for the next year, Mr. Gog- gins, now pro se, sought to challenge his plea. As relevant to this appeal, he filed a state postconviction motion under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850. 2 In his motion, he asserted that his
∗ The Honorable Roy K. Altman, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Florida, sitting by designation. 1For simplicity’s sake, and because the two are interrelated, we refer to Mr. Goggins’s multiple pleas in the singular. 2 Mr. Goggins actually filed three motions, but they were identical and all filed within a period of about five weeks. For ease, we refer here to Mr. Goggins’s request for postconviction relief as one motion. USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 3 of 8
20-11033 Opinion of the Court 3
plea was involuntary and that counsel was ineffective for two rea- sons relevant to this appeal. First, he alleged, counsel was ineffec- tive in failing to move to suppress evidence relating to the identity fraud charges that was seized during a stop and search of his person and vehicle. He alleged that he asked his counsel to file a motion to suppress, but counsel “neglected to file it.” Doc. 20-1 at 247. 3 And, he alleged, if he had been able to file a motion to suppress, he “would not have ple[d] to the [identity fraud] charges but fought [his] case in trial and won.” Id. Second, Mr. Goggins alleged that counsel was ineffective in failing to pursue an entrapment defense to the charges that he vio- lated the terms of his probation. He alleged that the police had en- couraged him to break the terms of his probation when he other- wise would not have done so and that counsel gave him “egregious misadvice” as to the viability of his entrapment defense. Id. at 255. Had counsel pursued the defense, Mr. Goggins alleged, he “would have insisted on going to trial.” Id. Mr. Goggins acknowledged that one of the alleged probation violations included both of the iden- tity fraud charges—charges to which the entrapment defense would not apply. But he maintained that the circumstances leading up to his arrest (the stop and seizure) on those charges were
3 “Doc.” numbers are the district court’s docket entries. USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 4 of 8
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unlawful and counsel’s “misinformation regarding” the same “was prejudice.” Id. at 251. 4 The state postconviction court denied Mr. Goggins’s mo- tion. The court did not address his claim that his plea was involun- tary, reasoning that the trial court had previously adjudicated that claim in rejecting a motion to withdraw the plea. As to Mr. Gog- gins’s claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress, the court concluded that “the claim . . . is with- out merit,” noting that Mr. Goggins had told the court he was sat- isfied with his counsel during the plea colloquy and could not now “claim[] the plea was involuntary based on [his] allegedly perjured testimony.” Id. at 347–48 (internal quotation marks omitted). The court also concluded that “had counsel filed [a] motion to suppress the search of [Mr. Goggins’s] vehicle, the motion would have been denied,” so Mr. Goggins could not show prejudice. Id. at 348. As to Mr. Goggins’s claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue an entrapment defense, the court concluded that “had counsel pursued an entrapment defense to the violation of probation allegation, the defense would have failed,” so Mr. Goggins had “fail[ed] to show either error by counsel” or prejudice. Id. at 348–49. After unsuccessfully appealing his claims to the Florida Dis- trict Court of Appeal, see Goggins v. State, 277 So. 3d 53 (Fla. Dist.
4 The State charged Mr. Goggins with violating five conditions of his proba- tion. USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 5 of 8
20-11033 Opinion of the Court 5
Ct. App. 2017) (unpublished table decision), Mr. Goggins filed a § 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus. In Claim 1, he asserted that his plea was involuntary. In Claim 2, he asserted ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress. In support, Mr. Goggins alleged that “defense counsel’s failure to file [a] motion[] suppressing evidence from the illegal stop was in violation of [his] 6[th] Amendment rights.” Doc. 1 at 19. He argued that the stop that resulted in the allegedly unlawful seizure violated his Fourth Amendment rights, that “[t]here was no partic- ular reason or strategy in counsel’s failure to file the requested mo- tion to suppress evidence,” and that the violation “prejudice[d] [his] decision to forego [sic] trial.” Id. at 19, 22. In Claim 3, Mr. Goggins asserted ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to pursue an entrapment defense. He argued that “[t]here was no strategic thinking in counsel’s failure to pursue the defense of [e]ntrapment,” and that “it was the only viable defense available” to charges that he violated the terms of his probation. Id. at 24; see Doc. 22 at 11 (arguing, in reply, that he was “denied the requisite of the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt he was predis- posed to” commit the violations). Mr. Goggins requested an evi- dentiary hearing on his claims. In a report and recommendation, a magistrate judge recom- mended that Mr. Goggins’s habeas petition be denied without an evidentiary hearing. The magistrate judge analyzed Claim 1—that the plea was involuntary—and concluded that the state court’s re- jection of that claim withstood the deferential review prescribed by USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 6 of 8
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the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), (e). As to Claims 2 and 3, the magistrate judge determined that Mr. Goggins’s “plea forecloses federal habeas re- view” of the claims. Doc. 26 at 18. Over Mr. Goggins’s objection, the district court summarily adopted the report and recommenda- tion and denied the petition. Mr.
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USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-11033 ____________________
MARCUS LAMAR GOGGINS, Petitioner-Appellant, versus SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-00104-MCR-GRJ ____________________ USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 20-11033
Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and ALTMAN,∗ Dis- trict Judge. JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judge: Marcus Goggins appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus. After careful re- view, and with the benefit of oral argument, we reverse and re- mand for further proceedings. I. BACKGROUND With the assistance of counsel, Mr. Goggins pled nolo con- tendere to Florida charges of identity fraud and admitted violations of the terms of the probation he had been serving. Mr. Goggins was sentenced to 5 years’ imprisonment on the identity fraud charges and 5 years’ imprisonment on the probation violations, to run con- secutively. Within days of his plea,1 and for the next year, Mr. Gog- gins, now pro se, sought to challenge his plea. As relevant to this appeal, he filed a state postconviction motion under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850. 2 In his motion, he asserted that his
∗ The Honorable Roy K. Altman, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Florida, sitting by designation. 1For simplicity’s sake, and because the two are interrelated, we refer to Mr. Goggins’s multiple pleas in the singular. 2 Mr. Goggins actually filed three motions, but they were identical and all filed within a period of about five weeks. For ease, we refer here to Mr. Goggins’s request for postconviction relief as one motion. USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 3 of 8
20-11033 Opinion of the Court 3
plea was involuntary and that counsel was ineffective for two rea- sons relevant to this appeal. First, he alleged, counsel was ineffec- tive in failing to move to suppress evidence relating to the identity fraud charges that was seized during a stop and search of his person and vehicle. He alleged that he asked his counsel to file a motion to suppress, but counsel “neglected to file it.” Doc. 20-1 at 247. 3 And, he alleged, if he had been able to file a motion to suppress, he “would not have ple[d] to the [identity fraud] charges but fought [his] case in trial and won.” Id. Second, Mr. Goggins alleged that counsel was ineffective in failing to pursue an entrapment defense to the charges that he vio- lated the terms of his probation. He alleged that the police had en- couraged him to break the terms of his probation when he other- wise would not have done so and that counsel gave him “egregious misadvice” as to the viability of his entrapment defense. Id. at 255. Had counsel pursued the defense, Mr. Goggins alleged, he “would have insisted on going to trial.” Id. Mr. Goggins acknowledged that one of the alleged probation violations included both of the iden- tity fraud charges—charges to which the entrapment defense would not apply. But he maintained that the circumstances leading up to his arrest (the stop and seizure) on those charges were
3 “Doc.” numbers are the district court’s docket entries. USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 20-11033
unlawful and counsel’s “misinformation regarding” the same “was prejudice.” Id. at 251. 4 The state postconviction court denied Mr. Goggins’s mo- tion. The court did not address his claim that his plea was involun- tary, reasoning that the trial court had previously adjudicated that claim in rejecting a motion to withdraw the plea. As to Mr. Gog- gins’s claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress, the court concluded that “the claim . . . is with- out merit,” noting that Mr. Goggins had told the court he was sat- isfied with his counsel during the plea colloquy and could not now “claim[] the plea was involuntary based on [his] allegedly perjured testimony.” Id. at 347–48 (internal quotation marks omitted). The court also concluded that “had counsel filed [a] motion to suppress the search of [Mr. Goggins’s] vehicle, the motion would have been denied,” so Mr. Goggins could not show prejudice. Id. at 348. As to Mr. Goggins’s claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue an entrapment defense, the court concluded that “had counsel pursued an entrapment defense to the violation of probation allegation, the defense would have failed,” so Mr. Goggins had “fail[ed] to show either error by counsel” or prejudice. Id. at 348–49. After unsuccessfully appealing his claims to the Florida Dis- trict Court of Appeal, see Goggins v. State, 277 So. 3d 53 (Fla. Dist.
4 The State charged Mr. Goggins with violating five conditions of his proba- tion. USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 5 of 8
20-11033 Opinion of the Court 5
Ct. App. 2017) (unpublished table decision), Mr. Goggins filed a § 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus. In Claim 1, he asserted that his plea was involuntary. In Claim 2, he asserted ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress. In support, Mr. Goggins alleged that “defense counsel’s failure to file [a] motion[] suppressing evidence from the illegal stop was in violation of [his] 6[th] Amendment rights.” Doc. 1 at 19. He argued that the stop that resulted in the allegedly unlawful seizure violated his Fourth Amendment rights, that “[t]here was no partic- ular reason or strategy in counsel’s failure to file the requested mo- tion to suppress evidence,” and that the violation “prejudice[d] [his] decision to forego [sic] trial.” Id. at 19, 22. In Claim 3, Mr. Goggins asserted ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to pursue an entrapment defense. He argued that “[t]here was no strategic thinking in counsel’s failure to pursue the defense of [e]ntrapment,” and that “it was the only viable defense available” to charges that he violated the terms of his probation. Id. at 24; see Doc. 22 at 11 (arguing, in reply, that he was “denied the requisite of the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt he was predis- posed to” commit the violations). Mr. Goggins requested an evi- dentiary hearing on his claims. In a report and recommendation, a magistrate judge recom- mended that Mr. Goggins’s habeas petition be denied without an evidentiary hearing. The magistrate judge analyzed Claim 1—that the plea was involuntary—and concluded that the state court’s re- jection of that claim withstood the deferential review prescribed by USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 6 of 8
6 Opinion of the Court 20-11033
the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), (e). As to Claims 2 and 3, the magistrate judge determined that Mr. Goggins’s “plea forecloses federal habeas re- view” of the claims. Doc. 26 at 18. Over Mr. Goggins’s objection, the district court summarily adopted the report and recommenda- tion and denied the petition. Mr. Goggins appealed, and a two-judge panel of this Court granted him a certificate of appealability on two issues: whether reasonable jurists would find debatable or wrong the district court’s (1) conclusion that Claims 2 and 3 were foreclosed by the entry of his plea, and (2) failure to analyze the merits of those claims, in light of this Court’s precedent in Arvelo v. Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, 788 F.3d 1345 (11th Cir. 2015). Counsel was appointed to represent Mr. Goggins. As we explain below, we hold that the district court erred in concluding that Claims 2 and 3 were foreclosed by the entry of the plea and that the district court should have analyzed the merits of those claims. We therefore reverse and remand for further pro- ceedings consistent with this opinion.5
5 We review the district court’s denial of a § 2254 habeas petition de novo. McNair v. Campbell, 416 F.3d 1291, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005). We liberally con- strue pro se habeas petitions. See Williams v. Griswald, 743 F.2d 1533, 1542 (11th Cir. 1984) (“It is well established that the standards governing the suffi- ciency of habeas corpus petitions are less stringent when the petition is drafted pro se and without the aid of counsel.”). USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 7 of 8
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II. DISCUSSION The district court in this case determined that Mr. Goggins’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims were outside the scope of federal habeas review because of his plea in state court. This was error. “[T]he Supreme Court has expressly held that a defendant does not waive an ineffective assistance of counsel claim simply by entering a plea.” Arvelo, 788 F.3d at 1348 (citing Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56–57 (1985)); see id. at 1349 (“[I]neffective assistance of counsel claims are not waived by entering a plea.”). “Instead, because ‘voluntariness of the plea depends on whether counsel’s advice was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases,’ courts must continue to apply the familiar two- part test provided by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).” Id. at 1348 (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 56–57). “In the context of guilty pleas,” the test for whether counsel was deficient is whether counsel satisfied “the standard of attorney competence” set forth in Strickland and its predecessor decisions. Hill, 474 U.S. at 58. “The second, or ‘prejudice,’ requirement,” is satisfied if a pe- titioner shows “there is a reasonable probability that, but for coun- sel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have in- sisted on going to trial.” Id. at 59. Mr. Goggins, pro se at the time, alleged in his state postcon- viction motion that trial counsel was deficient in advising him about whether to file a motion to suppress and whether to pursue an entrapment defense. Mr. Goggins alleged that but for counsel’s deficient performance, he would have tried his luck at trial. The USCA11 Case: 20-11033 Date Filed: 02/14/2022 Page: 8 of 8
8 Opinion of the Court 20-11033
state postconviction court’s decision suggests it assessed the “merit” of these claims, Doc. 20-1 at 348–49, but the district court declined altogether to review the decision of the state court, con- cluding instead that Mr. Goggins’s plea had resulted in a complete waiver of his claims. This was error under Hill and Arvelo. Because the district court erred in failing to address Mr. Gog- gins’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims, we remand this case for further proceedings. Arvelo, 788 F.3d at 1349–50; cf. Clisby v. Jones, 960 F.2d 925, 936 (11th Cir. 1992) (en banc) (instructing “the district courts to resolve all claims for relief raised in a petition for writ of habeas corpus” and explaining that, when a court fails to do so, we “will vacate the district court’s judgment without prejudice and remand the case for reconsideration”). We express no opinion on the merits of Mr. Goggins’s claims. Nor do we order the district court to conduct an evidentiary hearing; rather, that matter is left to the district court’s sound discretion. See Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473–74 (2007). REVERSED AND REMANDED.