Marcus Dewayne Nickerson v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: February 17, 2021
• Docket: 10-18-00158-CR
• Status: Published

Opinion

IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-18-00158-CR

MARCUS DEWAYNE NICKERSON, Appellant v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

From the 85th District Court Brazos County, Texas Trial Court No. 16-01998-CRF-85

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In one issue, appellant, Marcus Dewayne Nickerson, challenges his conviction for

aggravated assault family violence causing serious bodily injury with a deadly weapon.

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(b)(1). We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In the instant case, appellant was charged by indictment with one count of

aggravated assault family violence causing serious bodily injury, a first-degree felony, and one count of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. The indictment also

included a deadly-weapon notice, as well as an enhancement paragraph. Thereafter,

appellant filed a motion to sever and to elect, and the State responded by dropping the

one count of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon.

This matter proceeded to a trial before a jury. At the charge conference, appellant

orally objected to the charge and requested that, in addition to the lesser-included offense

of second-degree aggravated assault family violence causing bodily injury with a deadly

weapon that was included in the charge, the charge also include instructions on

misdemeanor and felony deadly conduct. The trial court denied appellant’s requests for

instructions on misdemeanor and felony deadly conduct.

Thereafter, the jury found appellant guilty of aggravated assault family violence

causing serious bodily injury with a deadly weapon and sentenced appellant to twenty-

seven-and-a-half years’ incarceration in the Institutional Division of the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice. The trial court certified appellant’s right of appeal, and

this appeal followed.

II. CHARGE ERROR

In his sole issue on appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred by failing to

provide instructions on the lesser-included offenses of felony and misdemeanor deadly

conduct in the jury charge. We disagree.

Nickerson v. State Page 2 A. Applicable Law

We review a trial court’s refusal to include a lesser-included-offense instruction

for an abuse of discretion. See Threadgill v. State, 146 S.W.3d 654, 666 (Tex. Crim. App.

2004). An offense is a lesser-included offense if, among other things, it is established by

proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the

offense charged. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09(1); Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d

524, 527 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The Court of Criminal Appeals has set forth a two-step

analysis to determine whether the defendant is entitled to a lesser-included-offense

instruction. Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535-36; see Jones v. State, 241 S.W.3d 666, 670 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2007, no pet.). Under the “cognate-pleadings” test, as set forth in Hall, the first

step concerns whether a lesser-included offense exists based on a comparison of the

greater offense, as contained in the charging document, and the lesser offense, without

looking to the evidence adduced in that particular case. Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 526; see Jones,

241 S.W.3d at 670. “This is a question of law, and it does not depend on the evidence to

be produced at trial.” Rice v. State, 333 S.W.3d 140, 144 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Only after

the first step is answered positively do we proceed to the second step of conducting an

inquiry concerning whether there was sufficient evidence at trial to have required the

court to submit to the jury the issue of the lesser-included offense. Jones, 241 S.W.3d at

670-71.

Nickerson v. State Page 3 Appellant argues, and the State concedes, that felony and misdemeanor deadly

conduct are lesser-included offenses of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon-family

violence. Because the focus of the parties’ arguments is on the second step, we will

assume, without deciding, that misdemeanor and felony deadly conduct are lesser-

included offenses of aggravated assault family violence causing serious bodily injury

with a deadly weapon.1

B. Discussion

Under step two, appellant is entitled to a deadly-conduct instruction if “‘there is

some evidence in the record that would permit a jury rationally to find that if the

defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser-included offense.’” Hall, 225 S.W.3d at

536 (quoting Bignall, 887 S.W.2d at 23) (emphasis added); see Cavazos v. State, 382 S.W.3d

377, 383 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). “This second step is a question of fact and is based on

the evidence presented at trial.” Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 383. A defendant is entitled to a

1 Section 22.02(a) states that a person commits the offense of aggravated assault if the person causes serious bodily injury to another, including the person’s spouse, or uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a). The offense is elevated to a first-degree felony if the actor uses a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault and causes serious bodily injury to a person whose relationship or association with the defendant is described in sections 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005 of the Family Code. Id. § 22.02(b).

On the other hand, section 22.05(a) of the Penal Code provides that a person commits the offense of deadly conduct “if he recklessly engages in conduct that places another in imminent danger of serious bodily injury.” Id. § 22.05(a). This is commonly referred to as misdemeanor deadly conduct. Section 22.05(b) further provides that a person commits deadly conduct if he knowingly discharges a firearm at or in the direction of one or more individuals or a habitation, building, or vehicle and is reckless as to whether the habitation, building, or vehicle is occupied. Id. § 22.05(b). This is commonly referred to as felony deadly conduct.

Nickerson v. State Page 4 lesser-included-offense instruction if some evidence from any source raises a fact issue

on whether he is guilty of only the lesser offense, regardless of whether such evidence is

weak, impeached, or contradicted. Id. “‘[A]nything more than a scintilla of evidence may

be sufficient to entitle a defendant to a lesser charge.’” Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536 (quoting

Bignall, 887 S.W.2d at 23). However, a defendant is not entitled to a lesser-included-

offense instruction simply because the evidence supporting the greater offense is weak,

the evidence supporting the greater charge is discredited or weakened during cross-

examination, or the jury might disbelieve crucial evidence pertaining to the greater

offense. See Bignall v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21, 24 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). That is, “there must

be some evidence directly germane to a lesser included offense for the factfinder to

consider before an instruction on a lesser included offense is warranted.” Id. “The

evidence must establish the lesser-included offense as ‘a valid, rational alternative to the

charged offense.’” Rice, 333 S.W.3d at 145 (quoting Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536). Such is not

the case here.

Specifically, the evidence established that appellant and the complainant, C.K.,

were arguing on C.K.’s porch. During the argument, appellant repeatedly told C.K. that

“if I can’t be with you, nobody else is going to be with you.” Then, appellant turned and

walked away towards the parking lot of the duplex. However, prior to arriving at his

vehicle, appellant turned around and fired his gun at C.K. Investigators determined that

appellant fired four shots at C.K. and that one of the shots struck C.K. in the leg, near her

Nickerson v. State Page 5 knee. C.K.’s neighbor, Jessica Balderas, indicated that C.K.’s knee was bleeding due to

the gunshot. C.K. went to Balderas’s house after being shot and left a trail of blood from

her porch to the sidewalk between Balderas’s house and C.K.’s house. Balderas took C.K.

to the hospital for treatment.

Medical records indicated that the billing code used for C.K.’s injury was

“accidental discharge from unspecified firearms or gun initial encounter.” However, Dr.

Sarah Rapp, an emergency medicine physician at St. Joseph’s Hospital in Bryan, Texas,

explained that this was “something that billing did upon review of the chart.” Medical

records also indicated that C.K. denied the “presence of domestic violence,” But Dr. Rapp

countered that this designation was entered by a nurse, not her. Furthermore, C.K. told

Dr. Rapp that she did not feel any pain as a result of the gunshot wound and that the

person who shot her was “playing.” Dr. Rapp recalled being suspicious of C.K.’s

statements and the circumstances surrounding the gunshot wound. Moreover, in her

testimony, C.K. denied saying that this was an “accidental discharge from a gun” and

that appellant was just “playing.”

Wade Whitmer, M.D., was the orthopedic surgeon who treated C.K.’s injuries. Dr.

Whitmer described C.K.’s injury and showed it to be a serious bodily injury. He also

emphasized that the entrance wound on C.K.’s leg would have been larger than he

observed it to be if the bullet had struck asphalt or brick prior to hitting C.K.

Nickerson v. State Page 6 Regarding misdemeanor deadly conduct, there is no evidence from which the jury

rationally could conclude that appellant recklessly engaged in conduct that placed C.K.

in imminent danger of serious bodily injury, without intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly causing serious bodily injury to C.K. when he did so. Likewise, there was no

evidence from which a jury rationally could conclude that appellant knowingly

discharged a firearm at or in the direction of C.K., without intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly causing serious bodily injury to C.K. when he did so. In other words, there is

not more than a scintilla of evidence that would permit a jury rationally to find that if

appellant is guilty, he is guilty of only misdemeanor or felony deadly conduct, rather than

aggravated assault family violence with a deadly weapon.2 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§

22.02(a)-(b), 22.05(a)-(b); Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 383, 385 (“Meeting this threshold requires

more than mere speculation—it requires affirmative evidence that both raises the lesser-

included offense and rebuts or negates an element of the greater offense.”); Hall, 225

S.W.3d at 536; Bignall, 887 S.W.2d at 23; see also Guzman v. State, 188 S.W.3d 185, 197-98

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (Keller, P.J., concurring) 3; Walker v. State, 994 S.W.2d 199, 203 (Tex.

2 The evidence does not demonstrate that appellant pointed his gun elsewhere to avoid hitting C.K., see Bell v. State, 693 S.W.2d 434, 443 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985), or that appellant’s gun discharged accidentally during a struggle over the gun, see Isaac v. State, 167 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). Rather, as noted above, it was undisputed that appellant knowingly discharged the gun at or in the direction of C.K.

3 In her concurring opinion in Guzman v. State, Presiding Judge Keller noted the following, which is relevant to the case at bar:

Under Harrell, Forest, and Jackson, the rule the State proposes follows logically from the elements of aggravated assault and misdemeanor deadly conduct. Misdemeanor deadly

Nickerson v. State Page 7 App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d) (“Section 22.05 of the Texas Penal Code covers

intent that falls short of harming another: that is, although no physical harm results, the

acts are highly dangerous. . . . If injury actually occurs from appellant’s deliberate

conduct, the act of shooting towards the victim constitutes more than deadly conduct.”);

Ramirez v. State, 976 S.W.2d 219, 227 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1998, pet. ref’d) (“Once appellant

conduct is committed if the defendant recklessly engages in conduct that places another in imminent danger of serious bodily injury. If, in committing that offense, the defendant inflicts serious bodily injury, there can be no question that he has at least committed aggravated assault by recklessly inflicting serious bodily injury. That being so, the evidence cannot support a rational inference that the defendant is guilty only of deadly conduct.

Although less obvious, it is also true that inflicting bodily injury while engaging in an act that places the victim in danger of serious bodily injury constitutes the offense of aggravated assault by recklessly inflicting bodily injury and using a deadly weapon. This is so because the definition of deadly weapon encompasses anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. Our cases have made clear that anything means anything. An act that places someone in danger of serious bodily injury (relied upon to establish deadly conduct) necessarily entails using something that, in its manner of use, is capable of causing serious bodily injury—and so establishes the use of a deadly weapon.

...

Certainly the State could choose to charge conduct that inflicts injury as deadly conduct rather than aggravated assault, just as the State could choose to charge conduct that inflicts serious bodily injury as a simple assault rather than an aggravated assault. The question is not whether the State could have prosecuted deadly conduct in the first instance but whether a party is entitled to the submission of deadly conduct as a lesser-included offense in the face of a fact that necessarily raises an offense greater than deadly conduct.

I would hold that, when a defendant is charged with committing an act that causes bodily injury—e.g., aggravated assault—the second prong of the lesser included offense test is never met when the evidence that the victim was injured is undisputed. Because that it is the case here, I agree that appellant was not entitled to the instruction.

188 S.W.3d 185, 197-98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (Keller, P.J., concurring) (internal citations and quotations omitted).

Nickerson v. State Page 8 fired the gun and shot Rodrigo Ramirez, Rodrigo Ramirez was no longer merely in

imminent danger of serious bodily injury. . . . If injury results from Appellant’s conduct,

the act of shooting at Rodrigo Ramirez constitutes more than deadly conduct. The

evidence cannot support a rational inference by the jury that Appellant was guilty only

of deadly conduct.” (internal citations omitted)); Mares v. State, 903 S.W.2d 419, 422 (Tex.

App.—Eastland 1995, pet. ref’d) (“Section 22.05 covers intent which falls short of harming

another: that is, although no physical harm results, the acts are highly dangerous.”).

Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to include

appellant’s requested instructions on misdemeanor and felony deadly conduct in the jury

charge. See Threadgill, 146 S.W.3d at 666. We overrule appellant’s sole issue on appeal.

III. CONCLUSION

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

JOHN E. NEILL Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Neill, and Justice Johnson Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed February 17, 2021 Do not publish [CRPM]

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