Manuel Pantoja v. Portfolio Recovery Associates

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedMarch 29, 2017
Docket15-1567
StatusPublished

This text of Manuel Pantoja v. Portfolio Recovery Associates (Manuel Pantoja v. Portfolio Recovery Associates) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Manuel Pantoja v. Portfolio Recovery Associates, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 15‐1567 MANUEL PANTOJA, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

PORTFOLIO RECOVERY ASSOCIATES, LLC, Defendant‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:13‐cv‐07667 — Robert W. Gettleman, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED DECEMBER 11, 2015 — DECIDED MARCH 29, 2017 ____________________

Before KANNE, ROVNER, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. Back in 1993, according to de‐ fendant Portfolio Recovery Associates, plaintiff Manuel Pan‐ toja incurred a debt for a Capital One credit card that he ap‐ plied for but never actually used. Twenty years later, long af‐ ter the statute of limitations had run, Portfolio Recovery had bought Capital One’s rights to this old debt and sent Pantoja a dunning letter trying to collect. The federal Fair Debt Col‐ 2 No. 15‐1567

lection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) prohibits collectors of con‐ sumer debts from, among other things, using “any false, de‐ ceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e. This appeal concerns the practice of attempting to collect an old consumer debt that is clearly unenforceable under the applicable statute of limitations. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiff Pantoja on his claim under § 1692e. The court found the dunning letter was deceptive or misleading because (a) it did not tell the consumer that the defendant could not sue on this time‐barred debt and (b) it did not tell the consumer that if he made, or even just agreed to make, a partial payment on the debt, he could restart the clock on the long‐expired statute of limitations, in effect bringing a long‐dead debt back to life. Pantoja v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, 78 F. Supp. 3d 743 (N.D. Ill. 2015). We affirm, essentially for the reasons ex‐ plained concisely by Judge Gettleman. I. Factual and Procedural Background We review de novo a grant of summary judgment, consid‐ ering facts that are not disputed and giving the non‐moving party the benefit of conflicts in the evidence and reasonable inferences that might be drawn from the evidence. Ruth v. Tri‐ umph P’ships, 577 F.3d 790, 794 (7th Cir. 2009), quoting Belcher v. Norton, 497 F.3d 742, 747 (7th Cir. 2007). In 1993, plaintiff Manuel Pantoja applied for a credit card from Capital One Bank. He was approved for the credit card, but he never acti‐ vated the account or used the card for any purpose. Neverthe‐ less, Capital One assessed annual fees, late fees, and activa‐ tion fees against Pantoja’s account. Not surprisingly, he never No. 15‐1567 3

made any payment on the account. Defendant Portfolio Re‐ covery Associates purchased a portfolio of consumer debts in‐ cluding the debt allegedly owed by Pantoja. In 1998, Portfolio Recovery attempted to collect the alleged debt by telephone calls but apparently stopped in fairly short order without suc‐ cess. Nothing more happened with the account until April 2013, when Portfolio Recovery sent a dunning letter to Pantoja claiming he owed $1,903.15. The letter said: We are offering to settle this account FOR GOOD! Life happens and at times you may fall behind on your commitments. We understand and are offering you the opportunity to lock in this settlement offer with a low down payment of $60.00. If settling this account with the op‐ tions that we are offering is difficult for you, give us a call. Other payment options may be available so please call 1‐800‐772‐1413 for more infor‐ mation. Please understand, we can’t help you resolve this debt if you don’t call, our friendly repre‐ sentatives are waiting. Because of the age of your debt, we will not sue you for it and we will not report it to any credit reporting agency. The letter also proposed three “settlement offers” to choose among. The first called for a “down payment” of $60.00 and payment of an additional $511.00 within a month, with the claim that this would “save” Pantoja $1,332.15. The second option called for a down payment of $45.00 and six monthly payments of $104.00 each, to “save” Pantoja $1,234.15. The 4 No. 15‐1567

third option called for a down payment of $40.00 and twelve monthly payments of $60.00, to “save” Pantoja $1,143.15. The offers added: “Once the full settlement payment is received your account will be considered settled in full.” The second page of the letter cautioned: “We are not obligated to renew this offer.” See Evory v. RJM Acquisitions Funding L.L.C., 505 F.3d 769, 776 (7th Cir. 2007) (stating that this sentence, word‐ for‐word, would protect consumers from false impressions concerning collectors’ supposedly “one‐time” settlement of‐ fers). Our principal focus is on the following language in the dunning letter: “Because of the age of your debt, we will not sue you for it and we will not report it to any credit reporting agency.” The parties filed cross‐motions for summary judg‐ ment. Portfolio Recovery pointed out that the dunning letter said the debt was so old that it would not sue the debtor, and it argued that the letter was at worst ambiguous as to whether it could have sued to collect the debt. As noted, the district court granted summary judgment for Pantoja on his claim under the FDCPA. The court offered two independent reasons, and we agree with both. The first is that the dunning letter failed to warn Pantoja that if he ac‐ cepted any of the settlement offers, whether by making a par‐ tial payment or even by just agreeing to make a payment, he would lose the protection of the statute of limitations. The sec‐ ond is that the letter deceptively said that Portfolio Recovery had chosen not to sue Pantoja, rather than saying that the debt was so old that Portfolio Recovery could not sue him for the alleged debt. The court entered a final judgment in favor of No. 15‐1567 5

Pantoja for statutory damages of $1,000 but deferred until af‐ ter this appeal any action on Pantoja’s claim for attorney fees under 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3).1 II. Analysis The purposes of the FDCPA are “to eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors, to insure that those debt collectors who refrain from using abusive debt collection practices are not competitively disadvantaged, and to pro‐ mote consistent State action to protect consumers against debt collection abuses.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692(e). To accomplish those purposes, the Act provides in sweeping terms: “A debt collec‐ tor may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading represen‐ tation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e. The question is how that language applies to the dunning letter here, which attempted to collect a debt barred by the applicable statute of limitations. We start with law that we believe is settled. First, a debt collector violates the Act by suing to collect a consumer debt after the statute of limitations has run and bars the suit. Phil‐ lips v. Asset Acceptance, LLC, 736 F.3d 1076

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