USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 1 of 7
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-10589 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
MANUEL EMILIO ALVAREZ HERNANDEZ, a.k.a. Manuel Alvarez-Hernandez, Petitioner-Appellant, versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, Respondent-Appellee. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 1:23-cv-24059-WPD ____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, LUCK, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Manuel Alvarez-Hernandez, a state prisoner represented by counsel on appeal, appeals the district court’s denial of his pro se 28 USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 24-10589
U.S.C. § 2254 habeas corpus petition. We granted a certificate of appealability as to whether the district court violated Clisby v. Jones, 960 F.2d 925 (11th Cir. 1992) (en banc), by failing to address his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to properly advise him about a potential plea offer. After careful review, we see no violation of Clisby, so we affirm. I. In June 2017, Alvarez-Hernandez was charged by infor- mation with attempted second-degree murder, aggravated assault with a weapon, and aggravated battery with great bodily harm. At defense counsel’s request, the court ordered a competency evalua- tion, and Alvarez-Hernandez was found to be competent. Based on the evaluation, the trial court determined he was competent to stand trial in August 2017. The record shows that, before trial, the trial court ques- tioned Alvarez-Hernandez under oath about various plea offers on April 4, 2019; September 19, 2019; and October 1, 2019. The state made multiple offers, first for seven years of imprisonment and then for eleven years of imprisonment. In addition, it appears the trial court twice made a “court offer” of six years of imprisonment plus five years of reporting probation. On each occasion, Alvarez- Hernandez rejected the offers and said he wished to go to trial. The record indicates that Alvarez-Hernandez had discussed the offers with counsel, both inside and outside court, most notably in Sep- tember 2019. USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 3 of 7
24-10589 Opinion of the Court 3
When Alvarez-Hernandez went to trial, a jury found him guilty on all three counts. He was sentenced to a total of 25 years’ imprisonment, and his convictions and sentence were affirmed on appeal. Alvarez-Hernandez then moved pro se for post-conviction relief under Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations. He argued that counsel was in- effective for failing to raise his competency with the court during the plea colloquies, or to ensure he had a rational understanding of the state’s case and his likelihood of success at trial. The state trial court denied the motion in April 2022. The court found that Alvarez-Hernandez could not satisfy either prong of Strickland v. Washington, 488 U.S. 668 (1984), given the prior competency evaluations and Alvarez-Hernandez’s conduct during the case. The court found that he was “fully engaged in the pro- cess” of plea negotiations, that he discussed important matters about the plea offers with his attorney, and that, after acknowledg- ing he understood the proceedings, he “made an independent de- cision to go to trial.” The court also determined that Alvarez-Her- nandez could not show prejudice, finding no evidence that he was incompetent or did not understand important matters relating to his evaluation of the plea offers. The state appellate court affirmed in September 2023. Alvarez-Hernandez v. State, 386 So. 3d 1006 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2023). Alvarez-Hernandez then filed pro se the instant § 2254 peti- tion for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court. In “Ground USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 24-10589
Three” of the petition, he alleged that he was denied the “Effective Assistance of Counsel During Plea Negotiation Process.” He as- serted that he has a history of mental-health issues and had at- tempted suicide while awaiting trial on September 17, 2019, two days before the plea colloquy on September 19, 2019. Alvarez-Her- nandez further argued that, because of his mental-health issues, he did not have a rational understanding of the case against him or the consequences of not accepting the plea offer. He argued that coun- sel was ineffective for failing to raise his competency with the court during the plea colloquies, or to ensure he had a rational under- standing of the state’s case and his likelihood of success at trial. The district court denied the § 2254 petition in full. As to Ground Three, the court concluded that “Alvarez-Hernandez’s conclusory allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel are insuf- ficient upon which to base any relief.” The court noted that, in 2017, Alvarez-Hernandez was evaluated by a physician and found to be competent, and his “trial counsel said he is probably OK based on conversations between the two.” So in the court’s view, “there were no sufficient indicia of incompetence to give objectively rea- sonable counsel reason to doubt his competency anymore.” The court denied a certificate of appealability (“COA”), and Alvarez- Hernandez timely appealed. On appeal, we granted a COA on whether the district court violated the rule of our decision in Clisby, which requires courts to fully resolve all claims raised in a habeas petition. See 960 F.2d at 935–36. We appointed counsel for the appeal. USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 5 of 7
24-10589 Opinion of the Court 5
II. We review de novo the legal question of whether the district court violated the rule in Clisby by failing to address a claim. Dupree v. Warden, 715 F.3d 1295, 1298–99 (11th Cir. 2013). In Clisby, we held that district courts must “resolve all claims for relief raised” in a § 2254 habeas petition. Clisby, 960 F.2d at 936. A “claim for relief” means “any allegation of a constitutional viola- tion.” Id. When a district court fails to address all claims presented in a § 2254 petition, we will vacate the judgment without prejudice and remand for further consideration of any unresolved claims. Id. at 937–38. No Clisby error occurs, however, when the habeas petitioner fails to present the claim clearly to the district court as an independ- ent claim. Barritt v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 968 F.3d 1246, 1251-52 (11th Cir. 2020). The petitioner “must present a claim in clear and simple language such that the district court may not misunderstand it.” Dupree, 715 F.3d at 1299. Nonetheless, we liberally construe documents written by pro se parties. Id. In Dupree, for example, we concluded that a pro se litigant had adequately presented his ineffective-assistance claim when, in an attached memorandum, he wrote that his attorney “also failed to go into detail as to exactly what it was that Dupree failed to un- derstand about the plea agreement. Instead he allowed Dupree, in his inexperience, and under a state of duress to testify on his own behalf.” Id. In contrast, in Barritt, we found that a passing reference to coercion in an ineffective-assistance claim was not sufficient to USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 6 of 7
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USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 1 of 7
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-10589 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
MANUEL EMILIO ALVAREZ HERNANDEZ, a.k.a. Manuel Alvarez-Hernandez, Petitioner-Appellant, versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, Respondent-Appellee. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 1:23-cv-24059-WPD ____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, LUCK, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Manuel Alvarez-Hernandez, a state prisoner represented by counsel on appeal, appeals the district court’s denial of his pro se 28 USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 24-10589
U.S.C. § 2254 habeas corpus petition. We granted a certificate of appealability as to whether the district court violated Clisby v. Jones, 960 F.2d 925 (11th Cir. 1992) (en banc), by failing to address his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to properly advise him about a potential plea offer. After careful review, we see no violation of Clisby, so we affirm. I. In June 2017, Alvarez-Hernandez was charged by infor- mation with attempted second-degree murder, aggravated assault with a weapon, and aggravated battery with great bodily harm. At defense counsel’s request, the court ordered a competency evalua- tion, and Alvarez-Hernandez was found to be competent. Based on the evaluation, the trial court determined he was competent to stand trial in August 2017. The record shows that, before trial, the trial court ques- tioned Alvarez-Hernandez under oath about various plea offers on April 4, 2019; September 19, 2019; and October 1, 2019. The state made multiple offers, first for seven years of imprisonment and then for eleven years of imprisonment. In addition, it appears the trial court twice made a “court offer” of six years of imprisonment plus five years of reporting probation. On each occasion, Alvarez- Hernandez rejected the offers and said he wished to go to trial. The record indicates that Alvarez-Hernandez had discussed the offers with counsel, both inside and outside court, most notably in Sep- tember 2019. USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 3 of 7
24-10589 Opinion of the Court 3
When Alvarez-Hernandez went to trial, a jury found him guilty on all three counts. He was sentenced to a total of 25 years’ imprisonment, and his convictions and sentence were affirmed on appeal. Alvarez-Hernandez then moved pro se for post-conviction relief under Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations. He argued that counsel was in- effective for failing to raise his competency with the court during the plea colloquies, or to ensure he had a rational understanding of the state’s case and his likelihood of success at trial. The state trial court denied the motion in April 2022. The court found that Alvarez-Hernandez could not satisfy either prong of Strickland v. Washington, 488 U.S. 668 (1984), given the prior competency evaluations and Alvarez-Hernandez’s conduct during the case. The court found that he was “fully engaged in the pro- cess” of plea negotiations, that he discussed important matters about the plea offers with his attorney, and that, after acknowledg- ing he understood the proceedings, he “made an independent de- cision to go to trial.” The court also determined that Alvarez-Her- nandez could not show prejudice, finding no evidence that he was incompetent or did not understand important matters relating to his evaluation of the plea offers. The state appellate court affirmed in September 2023. Alvarez-Hernandez v. State, 386 So. 3d 1006 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2023). Alvarez-Hernandez then filed pro se the instant § 2254 peti- tion for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court. In “Ground USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 24-10589
Three” of the petition, he alleged that he was denied the “Effective Assistance of Counsel During Plea Negotiation Process.” He as- serted that he has a history of mental-health issues and had at- tempted suicide while awaiting trial on September 17, 2019, two days before the plea colloquy on September 19, 2019. Alvarez-Her- nandez further argued that, because of his mental-health issues, he did not have a rational understanding of the case against him or the consequences of not accepting the plea offer. He argued that coun- sel was ineffective for failing to raise his competency with the court during the plea colloquies, or to ensure he had a rational under- standing of the state’s case and his likelihood of success at trial. The district court denied the § 2254 petition in full. As to Ground Three, the court concluded that “Alvarez-Hernandez’s conclusory allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel are insuf- ficient upon which to base any relief.” The court noted that, in 2017, Alvarez-Hernandez was evaluated by a physician and found to be competent, and his “trial counsel said he is probably OK based on conversations between the two.” So in the court’s view, “there were no sufficient indicia of incompetence to give objectively rea- sonable counsel reason to doubt his competency anymore.” The court denied a certificate of appealability (“COA”), and Alvarez- Hernandez timely appealed. On appeal, we granted a COA on whether the district court violated the rule of our decision in Clisby, which requires courts to fully resolve all claims raised in a habeas petition. See 960 F.2d at 935–36. We appointed counsel for the appeal. USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 5 of 7
24-10589 Opinion of the Court 5
II. We review de novo the legal question of whether the district court violated the rule in Clisby by failing to address a claim. Dupree v. Warden, 715 F.3d 1295, 1298–99 (11th Cir. 2013). In Clisby, we held that district courts must “resolve all claims for relief raised” in a § 2254 habeas petition. Clisby, 960 F.2d at 936. A “claim for relief” means “any allegation of a constitutional viola- tion.” Id. When a district court fails to address all claims presented in a § 2254 petition, we will vacate the judgment without prejudice and remand for further consideration of any unresolved claims. Id. at 937–38. No Clisby error occurs, however, when the habeas petitioner fails to present the claim clearly to the district court as an independ- ent claim. Barritt v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 968 F.3d 1246, 1251-52 (11th Cir. 2020). The petitioner “must present a claim in clear and simple language such that the district court may not misunderstand it.” Dupree, 715 F.3d at 1299. Nonetheless, we liberally construe documents written by pro se parties. Id. In Dupree, for example, we concluded that a pro se litigant had adequately presented his ineffective-assistance claim when, in an attached memorandum, he wrote that his attorney “also failed to go into detail as to exactly what it was that Dupree failed to un- derstand about the plea agreement. Instead he allowed Dupree, in his inexperience, and under a state of duress to testify on his own behalf.” Id. In contrast, in Barritt, we found that a passing reference to coercion in an ineffective-assistance claim was not sufficient to USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 6 of 7
6 Opinion of the Court 24-10589
raise an independent coercion claim for Clisby purposes. 968 F.3d at 1251. We noted that the petitioner’s references to coercion were in support of an ineffective-assistance claim based on the failure to advise of a prosecutorial vindictiveness defense, and that “the dis- trict court did fully address that claim, when it determined that there was no prosecutorial vindictiveness.” Id. Thus, the court “addressed each of Barritt’s claims that were actually presented.” Id. at 1252. Through counsel on appeal, Alvarez-Hernandez contends that the district court committed a Clisby error because it failed to address whether counsel was ineffective by not adequately advis- ing him about potential plea offers. He asserts that he sufficiently raised this claim in his § 2254 petition, and that the court only ad- dressed whether counsel was ineffective for not questioning his competency at the September 2019 plea colloquy. Here, the district court did not violate the rule of Clisby. Even liberally construed, Alvarez-Hernandez’s § 2254 petition did not clearly raise an independent ineffective-assistance claim based on counsel’s failure to adequately advise him about the plea offers. Nothing in his petition suggests that counsel provided deficient ad- vice in relation to the plea offers, including the court offer on Sep- tember 19, 2019. Rather, Alvarez-Hernandez alleged that, “because of his mental health issues, he did not have an understanding of the es- sence of the State’s case and the consequences of not accepting the [c]ourt’s plea offer.” See Noetzel v. State, 328 So. 3d 933, 945–46 (Fla. USCA11 Case: 24-10589 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 11/07/2025 Page: 7 of 7
24-10589 Opinion of the Court 7
2021) (explaining that “the standard for competence to stand trial” is “whether the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understand- ing” and has “a rational as well as factual understanding of the pro- ceedings against him”). And he noted that, at the September 2019 hearing, there were “never any question(s) by defense counsel and/or the Court concerning his mental health status despite the fact that the Court had the deputies retrieve him from the mental health floor of the jail.” In other words, his claim that he was de- nied “[e]ffective [a]ssistance of counsel [d]uring [p]lea [n]egotiation [p]rocess” hinged entirely on his competency at the September 2019 hearing and counsel’s failure to take some action in relation to his alleged incompetency. Thus, as in Barritt, “the district court did fully address that claim,” see Barritt, 968 F.3d at 1251, when it determined that “there were no sufficient indicia of incompetence to give objectively rea- sonable counsel reason to doubt his competency” following the evaluations that found him competent to stand trial. As a result, the district court addressed the claims “that were actually pre- sented.” Id. Whether the court properly denied those claims on the merits falls outside the scope of the COA. For these reasons, Alvarez-Hernandez has not established a Clisby violation. We affirm. AFFIRMED.