Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
This was an action of trespass for the wrongful seizure and [450]*450sale of the plaintiff’s personal property, alleged in her statement of claim to have been made by virtue of an execution issued upon a judgment in favor of E. A. Bell & Company against her husband entered upon the docket of a justice of the peace. The defendants were the constable who executed the writ and the persons composing the firm of E. A. Bell & Company. The plaintiff, having testified without objection to the fact of the levy and sale by the constable, despite notice of her ownership and warning not to sell the goods for her husband’s debt, and having admitted that there was no manual seizure of her goods or disturbance of her actual possession, her counsel then called the constable and interrogated him as to whether in pursuance of an execution issued by a justice of the peace in favor of Bell & Company against Barnet Mansfield, the plaintiff’s husband, he went to the house of Barnet Mansfield and levied on household goods, and asked him to¡ state in detail what goods were comprised in the levy and sold. Objection was made that this was an attempt to prove the contents of a record by parol testimony and was not the best evidence. The overruling of the objection to this testimony is the subject of the first three assignments of error.
The fact that the witness was the constable who executed the writ and was one of the defendants in the action did not relieve the plaintiff from the duty to produce the best evidence of the facts alleged in her declaration; especially not as against the other defendants in the action. As against them, the best evidence that the levy and sale were made pursuant to an execution issued by them was the writ itself. We cannot say that, if that had been produced and offered in evidence, the admission of the testimony under consideration would have been error. It might have been admissible for some purposes, as for example to show that the goods described in the plaintiff’s declaration were within the view and power of the officer at the time the levy was made, and were the very goods levied upon and sold, and perhaps for other purposes. But standing by itself, and being unaccompanied by an offer to produce and put in evidence the writ and return thereto, the evidence was not only insufficient to establish the fact which lay at the foundation of the plaintiff’s case, but was incompetent, unless production of the primary, docúmentary and record evidence [451]*451of those facts was waived, or such evidence had been lost or destroyed. But such waiver cannot be implied from the fact that no objection was made when the plaintiff was on the stand and gave similar testimony. The defendants did not hold the objection in reserve until it was too late for the plaintiff to meet it. In view of the course of the trial, both before and after, the objection seems somewhat technical but we cannot say that it was not well taken.
It appears that the purchaser never removed the goods ; but it does not appear that he ever disclaimed the right to do so. He simply paid the amount of his bid, took from the constable a bill of sale of the goods and left them on the premises. From this fact and the fact that there was no manual seizure of the goods by the constable it is argued that the plaintiff could recover only nominal damages : first, because her right of property in the goods was not divested by the sale: second, because her possession of the goods had not been actually, but only constructively, disturbed. “It is not necessary to constitute trespass by an officer who executes a writ of attachment on chattels, to prove any manual handling of the property, or taking them into possession. The levying of the attachment may be done without these acts, and the property be fully bound by it. . . . Trespass de bonis asportatis against a sheriff is maintained by proof that he unlawfully exercised an authority over the chattels against the will, and to the exclusion of the owner, though there was no manual taking or removal when he took them under process of law, and by virtue of bis office: ” Paxton v. Steckel, 2 Pa. 93. Counsel for appellants cite Watmough v. Francis, 7 Pa. 206, as authority for the proposition that if the goods are levied on and afterward delivered to the owner without further proceeding, the damages would be nominal; but in the same connection the court said in that case: “ But if not only seized, but sold, it is a continuation and aggravation of a trespass already committed, for which the measure of damages would be the value of the goods.”
When the defendants put the plaintiff in a position where she would be compelled either to surrender the goods to the purchaser on demand, or to litigate with him the question of her ownership, her right of action was complete. It does not lie in their mouths to say, certainly not as the case is now pre[452]*452sented, that her only remedy was to fight that question out with the purchaser, or that her right to recover more than nominal damages was in abeyance until such litigation had not only been instituted but had been carried on to a conclusion. If the goods had been bought in for her for an underprice, or if she had redeemed them by paying a sum less than their value, the measure of damages would have been, in the first instance, what was paid, and in the second instance, what it cost her to redeem them: Forsyth v. Palmer, 14 Pa. 96; McInroy v. Dyer, 47 Pa. 118; Rogers v. McDowell, 134 Pa. 424. The distinction between such a case and the present is pointed out in Forsyth v. Palmer, where in concluding his opinion Chief Justice Gibson said: “But was the plaintiff bound to redeem his goods with cash diverted from his business ? Certainty not. But he did redeem them and he is. entitled only to the sum advanced by him, with interest.” In Freeman v. Apple, 99 Pa. 261, it was held that a sheriff was liable in trespass for advertising and selling personal property of a married woman upon an execution against her husband, under which a levy had been made by his predecessor in office, and this, too, notwithstanding the fact that the property was not removed by the purchaser after the sale but was leased by him to the plaintiff’s husband at a stipulated yearly rental. We have examined all the authorities cited by the appellants’ counsel and do not find that any of them sustain their position that under the facts of this case the plaintiff could recover only nominal damages. We may well conclude the discussion of the questions raised by the fourth and eighth assignments of error with the following pertinent quotation from the opinion of Justice Sterrett in Freeman v. Apple, supra: “ The wife’s right of action against the sheriff for illegally advertising and selling her property could not be defeated by the act of her husband in recognizing the right of the purchaser at sheriff’s sale and agreeing to pay him a stipulated sum for the use of the property. It would be a novel doctrine indeed to hold that her right of action against the sheriff could be preserved only by permitting the purchaser to remove the property, and thus deprive her of household furniture, beds, bedding and other articles necessary to the comfort of herself and family. No such unreasonable technicality as that can be invoked for the [453]*453protection of a wrongdoer.” These assignments are overruled.
The decision in Dixon v. White Sewing Machine Co., 128 Pa.
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Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
This was an action of trespass for the wrongful seizure and [450]*450sale of the plaintiff’s personal property, alleged in her statement of claim to have been made by virtue of an execution issued upon a judgment in favor of E. A. Bell & Company against her husband entered upon the docket of a justice of the peace. The defendants were the constable who executed the writ and the persons composing the firm of E. A. Bell & Company. The plaintiff, having testified without objection to the fact of the levy and sale by the constable, despite notice of her ownership and warning not to sell the goods for her husband’s debt, and having admitted that there was no manual seizure of her goods or disturbance of her actual possession, her counsel then called the constable and interrogated him as to whether in pursuance of an execution issued by a justice of the peace in favor of Bell & Company against Barnet Mansfield, the plaintiff’s husband, he went to the house of Barnet Mansfield and levied on household goods, and asked him to¡ state in detail what goods were comprised in the levy and sold. Objection was made that this was an attempt to prove the contents of a record by parol testimony and was not the best evidence. The overruling of the objection to this testimony is the subject of the first three assignments of error.
The fact that the witness was the constable who executed the writ and was one of the defendants in the action did not relieve the plaintiff from the duty to produce the best evidence of the facts alleged in her declaration; especially not as against the other defendants in the action. As against them, the best evidence that the levy and sale were made pursuant to an execution issued by them was the writ itself. We cannot say that, if that had been produced and offered in evidence, the admission of the testimony under consideration would have been error. It might have been admissible for some purposes, as for example to show that the goods described in the plaintiff’s declaration were within the view and power of the officer at the time the levy was made, and were the very goods levied upon and sold, and perhaps for other purposes. But standing by itself, and being unaccompanied by an offer to produce and put in evidence the writ and return thereto, the evidence was not only insufficient to establish the fact which lay at the foundation of the plaintiff’s case, but was incompetent, unless production of the primary, docúmentary and record evidence [451]*451of those facts was waived, or such evidence had been lost or destroyed. But such waiver cannot be implied from the fact that no objection was made when the plaintiff was on the stand and gave similar testimony. The defendants did not hold the objection in reserve until it was too late for the plaintiff to meet it. In view of the course of the trial, both before and after, the objection seems somewhat technical but we cannot say that it was not well taken.
It appears that the purchaser never removed the goods ; but it does not appear that he ever disclaimed the right to do so. He simply paid the amount of his bid, took from the constable a bill of sale of the goods and left them on the premises. From this fact and the fact that there was no manual seizure of the goods by the constable it is argued that the plaintiff could recover only nominal damages : first, because her right of property in the goods was not divested by the sale: second, because her possession of the goods had not been actually, but only constructively, disturbed. “It is not necessary to constitute trespass by an officer who executes a writ of attachment on chattels, to prove any manual handling of the property, or taking them into possession. The levying of the attachment may be done without these acts, and the property be fully bound by it. . . . Trespass de bonis asportatis against a sheriff is maintained by proof that he unlawfully exercised an authority over the chattels against the will, and to the exclusion of the owner, though there was no manual taking or removal when he took them under process of law, and by virtue of bis office: ” Paxton v. Steckel, 2 Pa. 93. Counsel for appellants cite Watmough v. Francis, 7 Pa. 206, as authority for the proposition that if the goods are levied on and afterward delivered to the owner without further proceeding, the damages would be nominal; but in the same connection the court said in that case: “ But if not only seized, but sold, it is a continuation and aggravation of a trespass already committed, for which the measure of damages would be the value of the goods.”
When the defendants put the plaintiff in a position where she would be compelled either to surrender the goods to the purchaser on demand, or to litigate with him the question of her ownership, her right of action was complete. It does not lie in their mouths to say, certainly not as the case is now pre[452]*452sented, that her only remedy was to fight that question out with the purchaser, or that her right to recover more than nominal damages was in abeyance until such litigation had not only been instituted but had been carried on to a conclusion. If the goods had been bought in for her for an underprice, or if she had redeemed them by paying a sum less than their value, the measure of damages would have been, in the first instance, what was paid, and in the second instance, what it cost her to redeem them: Forsyth v. Palmer, 14 Pa. 96; McInroy v. Dyer, 47 Pa. 118; Rogers v. McDowell, 134 Pa. 424. The distinction between such a case and the present is pointed out in Forsyth v. Palmer, where in concluding his opinion Chief Justice Gibson said: “But was the plaintiff bound to redeem his goods with cash diverted from his business ? Certainty not. But he did redeem them and he is. entitled only to the sum advanced by him, with interest.” In Freeman v. Apple, 99 Pa. 261, it was held that a sheriff was liable in trespass for advertising and selling personal property of a married woman upon an execution against her husband, under which a levy had been made by his predecessor in office, and this, too, notwithstanding the fact that the property was not removed by the purchaser after the sale but was leased by him to the plaintiff’s husband at a stipulated yearly rental. We have examined all the authorities cited by the appellants’ counsel and do not find that any of them sustain their position that under the facts of this case the plaintiff could recover only nominal damages. We may well conclude the discussion of the questions raised by the fourth and eighth assignments of error with the following pertinent quotation from the opinion of Justice Sterrett in Freeman v. Apple, supra: “ The wife’s right of action against the sheriff for illegally advertising and selling her property could not be defeated by the act of her husband in recognizing the right of the purchaser at sheriff’s sale and agreeing to pay him a stipulated sum for the use of the property. It would be a novel doctrine indeed to hold that her right of action against the sheriff could be preserved only by permitting the purchaser to remove the property, and thus deprive her of household furniture, beds, bedding and other articles necessary to the comfort of herself and family. No such unreasonable technicality as that can be invoked for the [453]*453protection of a wrongdoer.” These assignments are overruled.
The decision in Dixon v. White Sewing Machine Co., 128 Pa. 897, that if goods levied upon be claimed by a stranger, the sheriff may either abandon the levy or restrict it to defendant’s interest, and may correspondingly alter his levy, cannot be invoked here, because there is no evidence that the constable thus changed and restricted his levy to a conditional or reversionary interest of Barnet Mansfield. It was not asserted on the trial that he had such an interest. What was claimed was that he owned the goods. The goods and not some especial interest of Barnet Mansfield in them constituted the subject of the levy and sale. Therefore the point quoted in the seventh assignment was inapplicable and there was no error in refusing it.
The court instructed the jury that the measure of damages, in case they found for the plaintiff, was the value of the property at the time of the sale. If the instructions upon that point had ended there, there would have been nothing in the charge or in the answers to the points of which the defendants could justly complain; but the learned judge later in his charge said that in addition to the value of the goods, the jury might award such amount as they thought “ plaintiff suffered by reason of the deprivation of the property from the time of the sale.” It is to be noticed that the court did not confine the jury to an allowance of interest on the value of the goods; also, that there is no evidence whatever that the plaintiff had been deprived of the use and enjoyment of the property, or that she had made herself liable to compensate the purchaser therefor. It would seem that the instruction was based on a misapprehension by the learned judge of the effect of the testimony of James Kautz, the purchaser. This is shown by the excerpt from the charge quoted in the fifth assignment, in which he says that presumably the goods were left on the premises “ by reason of the agreement which was made between James Kautz and Barnet Mansfield, the husband of the plaintiff.” The only testimony bearing upon the proposition suggested by these instructions is that of Mr. Kautz, as follows: “ Q. Did you ever do anything to disturb the possession of the plaintiff, Florinda Mansfield? A. No, sir. 'Q. Did she come to you and [454]*454ask you to come over and buy those in at the sale ? A. No, sir. Q. Who did ? A. Mr. Mansfield. Q. Barnet Mansfield ? A. Yes, sir.” This testimony fails to show an agreement on the part of the witness to buy the goods in for the plaintiff’s husband or to transfer the custody of them to him. Therefore the fifth and sixth assignments are sustained. There was no error in striking out the testimony of E. A. Bell quoted in the ninth assignment.
Judgment reversed and a venire facias de novo awarded.