MANTON, Circuit Judge
[1] The appellant is the author of “Peg O’My Heart.” Pie is the husband of Eaurette Taylor, the star of that very successful play as dramatized.
On January 19, 1912, the parties entered into a contract which in part provided and granted to the appellee “the sole and exclusive license and liberty to produce, perform and represent the said play in [558]*558the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada.” The third paragraph provided:
“The party of the second part (appellee) agrees to produce the play not later than July 1, 1913, and to continue the said play for at least 75 performances during the season of 1913-1914 and for each theatrical season thereafter for a period of five years.”
The fifth paragraph provides:
“That the said party of the second part (appellee) further agrees that if during any one theatrical year such year to begin on the first day of October, said play has not been produced or presented for 75 performances, then all rights of the said party of the second part shall cease and determine and shall immediately revert to the said party of the first part.”
After the contract was made, the play was produced and ran continuously and successfully for a period of 74 weeks up to May 30, 1914, in New York, with Uaurette Taylor in the star part. On July 20, 1914, the parties entered into an agreement modifying in some respects the agreement of January 19, 1912. By the modification, arrangement was made for the production of the play without Uaurette Taylor in the star part and for other productions in more than one company. It was further provided that the appellee be permitted to lease, stipulate, assign, transfer, or sell to any one, any of his rights under either contract. And it was specifically covenanted that the issue now presented between the parties as to the ownership of motion picture rights was to be determined by reference to the original contract. After the execution of this contract, a number of companies gave performances in -various parts of the United States and -Ganada. Payment under the terms of the contract was duly made to tire appellant.
When the theatrical season of 1917-1918 expired, the appellant, claiming that the appellee no longer had any interest in any of the producing rights, brought this action to restrain further production of the play by the appellee, both on the stage and in motion picture form. Two questions are presented by counsel on this appeal: First, the date, if any, of the termination of the contract; and, second, whether the appellee under the contract is entitled to the motion picture rights.
It is claimed by the appellant that only a license, revocable at his option, was contracted for with the appellee under the third paragraph of the- first contract, and that the contract expired at the end of the theatrical season in May, 1918. But that is not what was contracted for. It was not an agreement for personal service or for a mere license, but was a bargain and sale of the sole and exclusive right to produce, perform,, and represent the said play in the United States and Cánada. Property was thereby granted and conveyed. It may be intangible, but it has a value and is the subject of proprietorship. It is not a conveyance which , is revocable at will or for a temporary period, but for the time provided for in the terms of the contract.
The third paragraph is a covenant setting forth the least that the appellee would do in performing the contract. In other words, it sets forth the appellee’s assurance of his bona fide endeavor or attempt to [559]*559make the play a success and thus secure to the appellant some substantial royalties. A mere reading of the paragraph will indicate that the parties fixed a minimum and not a maximum of endeavor on the part of the appellee to make for success. It is not an agreement of the most that the appellee agreed to do to make for success. In this connection, the fifth paragraph must be considered and read with the*third paragraph. Plainly, if the appellee had failed to present 75 performances of the play “during any one theatrical year,” then all rights of the appellee ceased and determined and the play reverted to the appellant. There is harmony between the first and third paragraphs and the intent of the parties that the appellee’s rights should not be limited to any definite period is quite plain. The grant was perpetual if the obligations of the contract, particularly paragraphs 3 and 5, were complied with.
[2] The modified contract made on July 20, 1914, reaffirmed the first contract and provided in the ninth paragraph that, at least four years after its date, the original contract was still in force, as a conveyance of all the production rights, and that neither party would produce the play in motion picture form without the consent of the other and until such time, when, after the expiration of -four years, the question of motion picture rights should be determined pursuant to the terms of the original agreement.
This clearly negatives the claim of the appellant that under the third paragraph the contract expired after five years from January 19, 1912. An agreement for production rights binding the parties’ heirs, executors, assignees, administrators, and successors, is an assignment and not a mere license. Photo Drama Motion Picture Co. v. U-Film Corp. (D. C.) 213 Fed. 374, affirmed 220 Fed. 448, 137 C. C. A. 42.
Since the contract is not revocable by will by either party or otherwise limited as to its duration by its express terms or by the inherent nature of the contract itself with reference to its subject-matter, it is presumably intended to be permanent or perpetual in the obligation it imposes. Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Penn. Co., 129 Fed. 849, 64 C. C. A. 285, 68 L. R. A. 968.
[3] In determining the production rights conveyed, whether it included the right to produce in motion picture form or not, we must confine our study to the contract itself. The intention of the parties must be secured from the language employed in the instrument itself. Such intention means the accepted reasonable and judicial settled content of the words employed. If the parties have erred in the use-of the words, this kind of action cannot grant relief. The words employed, “the sole and exclusive license and liberty to produce, perform and represent the said play,” have received judicial construction. A motion picture performance is a stage representation of the play and violative of the rights of an owner-of the exclusive right of production. Frohman v. Fitch, 164 App. Div. 231, 149 N. Y. Supp. 633.
Ordinarily, one may “produce -or, perform” a spoken play upon the stage, but “to represent” seems to be peculiarly appropriate to a motion picture representation of a play. Dramatic rights were held to include the motion picture rights in Frohman v. Fitch, supra, in the [560]*560absence of other words narrowing the meaning of the contract. An author of dramatic composition is protected by section 4952 of the Revised Statutes of the United States as to not only the sole right of printing it, but also the sole right of “publishing, performing or representing it or causing it to be performed or represented by others.” Nor need we be confined in our determination to a strict legal use of the words employed as heretofore judicially determined. It is apparent that the parties intended the results here pronounced.
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MANTON, Circuit Judge
[1] The appellant is the author of “Peg O’My Heart.” Pie is the husband of Eaurette Taylor, the star of that very successful play as dramatized.
On January 19, 1912, the parties entered into a contract which in part provided and granted to the appellee “the sole and exclusive license and liberty to produce, perform and represent the said play in [558]*558the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada.” The third paragraph provided:
“The party of the second part (appellee) agrees to produce the play not later than July 1, 1913, and to continue the said play for at least 75 performances during the season of 1913-1914 and for each theatrical season thereafter for a period of five years.”
The fifth paragraph provides:
“That the said party of the second part (appellee) further agrees that if during any one theatrical year such year to begin on the first day of October, said play has not been produced or presented for 75 performances, then all rights of the said party of the second part shall cease and determine and shall immediately revert to the said party of the first part.”
After the contract was made, the play was produced and ran continuously and successfully for a period of 74 weeks up to May 30, 1914, in New York, with Uaurette Taylor in the star part. On July 20, 1914, the parties entered into an agreement modifying in some respects the agreement of January 19, 1912. By the modification, arrangement was made for the production of the play without Uaurette Taylor in the star part and for other productions in more than one company. It was further provided that the appellee be permitted to lease, stipulate, assign, transfer, or sell to any one, any of his rights under either contract. And it was specifically covenanted that the issue now presented between the parties as to the ownership of motion picture rights was to be determined by reference to the original contract. After the execution of this contract, a number of companies gave performances in -various parts of the United States and -Ganada. Payment under the terms of the contract was duly made to tire appellant.
When the theatrical season of 1917-1918 expired, the appellant, claiming that the appellee no longer had any interest in any of the producing rights, brought this action to restrain further production of the play by the appellee, both on the stage and in motion picture form. Two questions are presented by counsel on this appeal: First, the date, if any, of the termination of the contract; and, second, whether the appellee under the contract is entitled to the motion picture rights.
It is claimed by the appellant that only a license, revocable at his option, was contracted for with the appellee under the third paragraph of the- first contract, and that the contract expired at the end of the theatrical season in May, 1918. But that is not what was contracted for. It was not an agreement for personal service or for a mere license, but was a bargain and sale of the sole and exclusive right to produce, perform,, and represent the said play in the United States and Cánada. Property was thereby granted and conveyed. It may be intangible, but it has a value and is the subject of proprietorship. It is not a conveyance which , is revocable at will or for a temporary period, but for the time provided for in the terms of the contract.
The third paragraph is a covenant setting forth the least that the appellee would do in performing the contract. In other words, it sets forth the appellee’s assurance of his bona fide endeavor or attempt to [559]*559make the play a success and thus secure to the appellant some substantial royalties. A mere reading of the paragraph will indicate that the parties fixed a minimum and not a maximum of endeavor on the part of the appellee to make for success. It is not an agreement of the most that the appellee agreed to do to make for success. In this connection, the fifth paragraph must be considered and read with the*third paragraph. Plainly, if the appellee had failed to present 75 performances of the play “during any one theatrical year,” then all rights of the appellee ceased and determined and the play reverted to the appellant. There is harmony between the first and third paragraphs and the intent of the parties that the appellee’s rights should not be limited to any definite period is quite plain. The grant was perpetual if the obligations of the contract, particularly paragraphs 3 and 5, were complied with.
[2] The modified contract made on July 20, 1914, reaffirmed the first contract and provided in the ninth paragraph that, at least four years after its date, the original contract was still in force, as a conveyance of all the production rights, and that neither party would produce the play in motion picture form without the consent of the other and until such time, when, after the expiration of -four years, the question of motion picture rights should be determined pursuant to the terms of the original agreement.
This clearly negatives the claim of the appellant that under the third paragraph the contract expired after five years from January 19, 1912. An agreement for production rights binding the parties’ heirs, executors, assignees, administrators, and successors, is an assignment and not a mere license. Photo Drama Motion Picture Co. v. U-Film Corp. (D. C.) 213 Fed. 374, affirmed 220 Fed. 448, 137 C. C. A. 42.
Since the contract is not revocable by will by either party or otherwise limited as to its duration by its express terms or by the inherent nature of the contract itself with reference to its subject-matter, it is presumably intended to be permanent or perpetual in the obligation it imposes. Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Penn. Co., 129 Fed. 849, 64 C. C. A. 285, 68 L. R. A. 968.
[3] In determining the production rights conveyed, whether it included the right to produce in motion picture form or not, we must confine our study to the contract itself. The intention of the parties must be secured from the language employed in the instrument itself. Such intention means the accepted reasonable and judicial settled content of the words employed. If the parties have erred in the use-of the words, this kind of action cannot grant relief. The words employed, “the sole and exclusive license and liberty to produce, perform and represent the said play,” have received judicial construction. A motion picture performance is a stage representation of the play and violative of the rights of an owner-of the exclusive right of production. Frohman v. Fitch, 164 App. Div. 231, 149 N. Y. Supp. 633.
Ordinarily, one may “produce -or, perform” a spoken play upon the stage, but “to represent” seems to be peculiarly appropriate to a motion picture representation of a play. Dramatic rights were held to include the motion picture rights in Frohman v. Fitch, supra, in the [560]*560absence of other words narrowing the meaning of the contract. An author of dramatic composition is protected by section 4952 of the Revised Statutes of the United States as to not only the sole right of printing it, but also the sole right of “publishing, performing or representing it or causing it to be performed or represented by others.” Nor need we be confined in our determination to a strict legal use of the words employed as heretofore judicially determined. It is apparent that the parties intended the results here pronounced. We think the parties intended a conveyance of the entire right to place the play before the American public in any form. It seems inconceivable that the parties intended to reserve to the appellant the right of production in motion picture form when they gave no such expression of reservation in the language of the contract, and particularly when the language employed indicated a comprehensive grant of all producing rights. - s
In paragraph 10 of the first contract, the author reserved the right to print and publish the play, but his right was not to be exercised within six months after the production of such play in New York City unless by written consent of the manager. So, too, reservations were made as to leasing and sub-letting the play. By the tenth paragraph, the author reserved the right of publication in book form.
An expression in the contract of one or more things of a class implies the exclusion of all not expressed, although all would have been implied had none been expressed. 13 Corpus Juris, 537.
In view of what appears in this record of the cost and expense of successfully dramatizing this play and what appears to be a lucrative contract resulting to the appellant, this court should be reluctant to give a construction not warranted by the language nor intended by the parties, which would permit of competition by the appellant in the production of this play in motion pictures. Frohman v. Fitch, 164 App. Div. 231, 149 N. Y. Sup. 633.
Appellant, however, says that Klein v. Beach, 239 Fed. 108, 151 C. C. A. 282, supports his views. In that case, it was recited, “whereas the manager wishes to engage the .services of the author to dramatize the said book for presentation on the stage,” and the novelist granted to the author “the sole and exclusive right to dramatize the said book for presentation on the stage,” and the parties agreed to grant to the manager “the sole and exclusive license and liberty to produce, perform and represent the said play or dramatic composition on the stage,” the right to dramatize the novel for presentation on the stage was held not to carry the right to produce in motion pictures. This court, in considering Klein v. Beach, supra, said:
“The turning point in this case, is the scope of the grant, whether by its terms it conferred upon Klein'dramatic rights in the larger sense including presentation, not only by living actors, but also by motion pictures, or whether it was'limited to the ‘stage’ proper."
This court approved Frohman v. Fitch, supra, and upon the authority of Kalem v. Harper, 222 U. S. 55, 32 Sup. Ct. 20, 56 L. Ed. 92, Ann. Cas. 1913A, 1285, stated that the dramatic rights included motion picture rights, but su'ch a conveyance of dramatic rights to have [561]*561such meaning cannot be narrowed by other limitations. In Klein v. Beach, supra, stage rights only were granted, and this was made plain in the preamble and the provisions of the contract. This court there said in so holding: “In general it is quite clear that this was the prevailing purpose of the parties.”
In the case at bar, no distinction is made between the producing rights which the appellant had and those which he conveyed, except where the parties themselves defined it, such as in paragraph 10, to wit, reserving the right to publish the play in book form under conditions there expressed.
We find no error in excluding the contract with Raurette Taylor. This was a contract for the services of Raurette Taylor to perform as a leading female character, not only in this play, but in other plays that might be suited to her talent and ability. It provided for a three-year period with an option of three more.. It was no evidence indicating a limitation upon the contract between the parties to this litigation and was properly excluded.
The identity of-the person who drew the agreement of January 19, 1912, was unimportant. The contract was bilateral. Responsibility for ambiguity in a contract should be borne by the party who caused it, but there is no ambiguity. It was not important to know the identity of the party who drew the contract.
Holding these views as we do, the decree must be affirmed.