FOLLETT, J.
But two questions are raised on this appeal: (1) Is Frank P. Manhardt entitled to retain in his possession, as administrator of the estate of Charles L. Mary with the will annexed, the choses in action which were in terms payable to Margaret Seitz, and in her possession at her death? (2) Is Frank P. Manhardt the donee of the bond and mortgage executed by Mm to Margaret Seitz to secure the payment of $2,000? It is conceded that all the property devised and bequeathed by Charles L. Mary will, on the settlement of the estate of Margaret Seitz, pass, under the will of her husband, two-thirds to his heirs and one-third to her heirs. Nevertheless she was by the will empowered to treat in her lifetime the estate left by her husband as her own, spend it, give it away, or save it. There was but one restriction,—she could not devise nor bequeath what was left at her death. During her lifetime she reduced the property which her husband left to her possession, and held it in securities payable to herself individually. She could, in her lifetime, have maintained actions in her own name to recover on the choses in action in which the estate was invested. The estate is liable for her debts, which, so far as it appears, have not been ascertained, nor even advertised for, pursuant to section 2718 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In case specific property which belonged to an estate, or choses in action payable to the decedent, are in the hands of the representative at his death, they pass to the administrator de bonis non, and not to the representative of the deceased representative. So property held in trust does not pass to the representative of the trustee, except that the representative is bound to care for it until a new trustee is appointed. These rules, however, have no application to the case at bar. There was no trust estate, and Margaret Seitz was not a trustee, and no one could call on her to account. As early as 1687 it was held that, in case an executor takes a note for a debt due the estate, payable to himself, and dies, the note goes to his representative, and not to the administrator with the will annexed of the first estate. Barker v. Talcot, 1 Vern. 473; 3 Bac. Abr. (7th Ed.) tit. “Executor” (B), 2. The rule decided in the case cited has never been departed from in England. 2 Williams’ Ex’rs (7tli Am. Ed.) 792.
As was held by the learned surrogate, the first question involved in this case was settled by Caulkins v. Bolton, 31 Hun, 458, affirmed [839]*83998 N. Y. 511, which arose out of the following facts: Zara Com-stock died, bequeathing the use of all his property to his widow, Lucinda Comstock, for her support during her natural life, with the right to use any part of the principal. Letters testamentary were granted to her. She loaned $1,000 of the money received from her husband to Ezra Caulkins, taking his bond and mortgage, payable to herself individually. She died intestate, the bond and mortgage being then unpaid. October 31,1881, letters of administration with the will annexed de bonis non were granted to Danforth D. Bolton and Mary L. Scriber. November 14, 1881, the same surrogate granted letters of administration upon the estate of Lucinda Comstock to John F. Gray. Bolton and Scriber got possession of the bond and mortgage. John F. Gray claimed that the bond and mortgage were assets in his hands. The mortgagor, being willing to pay the mortgage, and uncertain as to whom payment should be made, brought an action making the rival representatives parties. They defended; Bolton and Scriber claiming that the bond and mortgage belonged to them as representatives of the estate of Zara Comstock, the testator; John F. Gray claiming the bond and mortgage as administrator of Lucinda Comstock. It was held that the bond and mortgage belonged to John F. Gray, the administrator of Lucinda Com-stock, and not to the administrators with the will annexed of Zara Comstock. This is decisive of the case at bar. The same rule was decided in Beall v. New Mexico, 16 Wall. 535. See, also, 3 Redf. Wills (3d Ed.) p. 103, § 10, par. 8; 2 Williams, Ex’rs (7th Am. Ed.) 794, note, and 832, note.
Is the evidence sufficient to establish a valid gift of the bond and mortgage by Margaret Seitz to Frank P. Manhardt? The surrogate’s court determined this issue in favor of the administrator and against Manhardt. “Where an appeal (from a decree of a surrogate’s court) is taken upon the facts, the appellate court has the same power to decide the questions of fact which the surrogate had.” Code Civ. Proc. § 2586. The notice of appeal does not state whether the appeal is “taken upon questions of law, or upon the facts, or upon both,” as authorized by section 2576 of the 'Code of Civil Procedure, but it is assumed by the counsel of the litigants that the appeal is upon both questions, and the case will be considered on that theory. Margaret Seitz became ill on Saturday, November 25, 1893, at her rooms on Walnut street, in the city of Buffalo. At 5 o’clock her case became critical, and at 11 o’clock she was taken to the Buffalo General Hospital, where she died the next day, Sunday, November 26, 1893. Her age and the nature of her illness are not disclosed by the record. The appellant asserts that “on Friday, two weeks before Mrs. Seitz died” (which would be November 10, 1893), she gave him the mortgage. The evidence does not show that she was ill at this time, or that she was apprehensive that death from any cause was likely soon to overtake her. The gift sought to be established is a gift inter vivos, and is to be governed by the rules relating to that species of gift instead of those relating to gifts causa mortis. The chief difference between the two is that a completed gift inter vivos is irrevocable, while a gift causa mortis may be revoked by the [840]*840donor, and is revoked by the recovery of the donor from the sickness during which the gift was made. To establish this gift the appellant first seeks to show a sufficient motive on the part of the alleged donor to make it. He was permitted to testify, over the objection of the administrator, that when 3 years of age his mother died, after which he lived with Margaret Mary for a year and a half; then lived in Connecticut for a while (how long does not appear); then returned and lived with her until he was 14 years old; that after her marriage with Joseph Seitz, which was in 1875, he learned the trade of a harness maker of him. How long he lived with Margaret Mary before her marriage with Joseph Seitz, or how long he lived with Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Seitz, does not appear. After serving his apprenticeship, he went to Buffalo, and worked at his trade, and about a year after he went to that city Mr. and Mrs. Seitz moved to Buffalo, and he boarded with them until his marriage, the date of which is not shown. It does not appear that the alleged donor and donee were in any wise related. Josephine Manhardt, the wife of the appellant, testified that “Mr. Manhardt did her (Mrs. Seitz) business,— what business a woman who has a little money to look after,—and I always did what little things I could for her, and see to her cooking, so far as I could, during the week, and brought her different things almost every day.” Her attentions were on an occasion, as we understand the evidence, when Mrs. Seitz was confined to her bed for two weeks from the effects of a fall. At the time these services were rendered, the mortgage was outstanding, and interest was thereafter paid thereon. Mrs. Manhardt testified that about two years before the trial her husband made a payment of $200, which Mrs. Seitz gave to their children. In respect to the gift she testified that on Friday, two weeks before Mrs. Seitz died, she and her husband called upon Mrs.
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FOLLETT, J.
But two questions are raised on this appeal: (1) Is Frank P. Manhardt entitled to retain in his possession, as administrator of the estate of Charles L. Mary with the will annexed, the choses in action which were in terms payable to Margaret Seitz, and in her possession at her death? (2) Is Frank P. Manhardt the donee of the bond and mortgage executed by Mm to Margaret Seitz to secure the payment of $2,000? It is conceded that all the property devised and bequeathed by Charles L. Mary will, on the settlement of the estate of Margaret Seitz, pass, under the will of her husband, two-thirds to his heirs and one-third to her heirs. Nevertheless she was by the will empowered to treat in her lifetime the estate left by her husband as her own, spend it, give it away, or save it. There was but one restriction,—she could not devise nor bequeath what was left at her death. During her lifetime she reduced the property which her husband left to her possession, and held it in securities payable to herself individually. She could, in her lifetime, have maintained actions in her own name to recover on the choses in action in which the estate was invested. The estate is liable for her debts, which, so far as it appears, have not been ascertained, nor even advertised for, pursuant to section 2718 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In case specific property which belonged to an estate, or choses in action payable to the decedent, are in the hands of the representative at his death, they pass to the administrator de bonis non, and not to the representative of the deceased representative. So property held in trust does not pass to the representative of the trustee, except that the representative is bound to care for it until a new trustee is appointed. These rules, however, have no application to the case at bar. There was no trust estate, and Margaret Seitz was not a trustee, and no one could call on her to account. As early as 1687 it was held that, in case an executor takes a note for a debt due the estate, payable to himself, and dies, the note goes to his representative, and not to the administrator with the will annexed of the first estate. Barker v. Talcot, 1 Vern. 473; 3 Bac. Abr. (7th Ed.) tit. “Executor” (B), 2. The rule decided in the case cited has never been departed from in England. 2 Williams’ Ex’rs (7tli Am. Ed.) 792.
As was held by the learned surrogate, the first question involved in this case was settled by Caulkins v. Bolton, 31 Hun, 458, affirmed [839]*83998 N. Y. 511, which arose out of the following facts: Zara Com-stock died, bequeathing the use of all his property to his widow, Lucinda Comstock, for her support during her natural life, with the right to use any part of the principal. Letters testamentary were granted to her. She loaned $1,000 of the money received from her husband to Ezra Caulkins, taking his bond and mortgage, payable to herself individually. She died intestate, the bond and mortgage being then unpaid. October 31,1881, letters of administration with the will annexed de bonis non were granted to Danforth D. Bolton and Mary L. Scriber. November 14, 1881, the same surrogate granted letters of administration upon the estate of Lucinda Comstock to John F. Gray. Bolton and Scriber got possession of the bond and mortgage. John F. Gray claimed that the bond and mortgage were assets in his hands. The mortgagor, being willing to pay the mortgage, and uncertain as to whom payment should be made, brought an action making the rival representatives parties. They defended; Bolton and Scriber claiming that the bond and mortgage belonged to them as representatives of the estate of Zara Comstock, the testator; John F. Gray claiming the bond and mortgage as administrator of Lucinda Comstock. It was held that the bond and mortgage belonged to John F. Gray, the administrator of Lucinda Com-stock, and not to the administrators with the will annexed of Zara Comstock. This is decisive of the case at bar. The same rule was decided in Beall v. New Mexico, 16 Wall. 535. See, also, 3 Redf. Wills (3d Ed.) p. 103, § 10, par. 8; 2 Williams, Ex’rs (7th Am. Ed.) 794, note, and 832, note.
Is the evidence sufficient to establish a valid gift of the bond and mortgage by Margaret Seitz to Frank P. Manhardt? The surrogate’s court determined this issue in favor of the administrator and against Manhardt. “Where an appeal (from a decree of a surrogate’s court) is taken upon the facts, the appellate court has the same power to decide the questions of fact which the surrogate had.” Code Civ. Proc. § 2586. The notice of appeal does not state whether the appeal is “taken upon questions of law, or upon the facts, or upon both,” as authorized by section 2576 of the 'Code of Civil Procedure, but it is assumed by the counsel of the litigants that the appeal is upon both questions, and the case will be considered on that theory. Margaret Seitz became ill on Saturday, November 25, 1893, at her rooms on Walnut street, in the city of Buffalo. At 5 o’clock her case became critical, and at 11 o’clock she was taken to the Buffalo General Hospital, where she died the next day, Sunday, November 26, 1893. Her age and the nature of her illness are not disclosed by the record. The appellant asserts that “on Friday, two weeks before Mrs. Seitz died” (which would be November 10, 1893), she gave him the mortgage. The evidence does not show that she was ill at this time, or that she was apprehensive that death from any cause was likely soon to overtake her. The gift sought to be established is a gift inter vivos, and is to be governed by the rules relating to that species of gift instead of those relating to gifts causa mortis. The chief difference between the two is that a completed gift inter vivos is irrevocable, while a gift causa mortis may be revoked by the [840]*840donor, and is revoked by the recovery of the donor from the sickness during which the gift was made. To establish this gift the appellant first seeks to show a sufficient motive on the part of the alleged donor to make it. He was permitted to testify, over the objection of the administrator, that when 3 years of age his mother died, after which he lived with Margaret Mary for a year and a half; then lived in Connecticut for a while (how long does not appear); then returned and lived with her until he was 14 years old; that after her marriage with Joseph Seitz, which was in 1875, he learned the trade of a harness maker of him. How long he lived with Margaret Mary before her marriage with Joseph Seitz, or how long he lived with Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Seitz, does not appear. After serving his apprenticeship, he went to Buffalo, and worked at his trade, and about a year after he went to that city Mr. and Mrs. Seitz moved to Buffalo, and he boarded with them until his marriage, the date of which is not shown. It does not appear that the alleged donor and donee were in any wise related. Josephine Manhardt, the wife of the appellant, testified that “Mr. Manhardt did her (Mrs. Seitz) business,— what business a woman who has a little money to look after,—and I always did what little things I could for her, and see to her cooking, so far as I could, during the week, and brought her different things almost every day.” Her attentions were on an occasion, as we understand the evidence, when Mrs. Seitz was confined to her bed for two weeks from the effects of a fall. At the time these services were rendered, the mortgage was outstanding, and interest was thereafter paid thereon. Mrs. Manhardt testified that about two years before the trial her husband made a payment of $200, which Mrs. Seitz gave to their children. In respect to the gift she testified that on Friday, two weeks before Mrs. Seitz died, she and her husband called upon Mrs. Seitz at her rooms, and that before they left she saw Mrs. Seitz give her husband the mortgage, and heard her say that it was his; that he was deserving of it, and that she intended to give it to him; that Mrs. Seitz said that when she came to their place it would be canceled. Her husband took the mortgage, thanked her, and carried it home. This is the only evidence tending to support a gift and a delivery of the mortgage. It was shown, and was not disputed, that the evening Mrs. Seitz was taken to the hospital Mr. Manhardt took possession of the satchel in which she kept her papers, and carried them home with him, and has ever since retained them. Mr. Stern testified that in January, 1896, he called on Manhardt in the interest of one of the sisters of Mrs. Seitz, and asked what property she left; that Manhardt exhibited the bank books, and produced the mortgage, and said that the mortgage and the bank books were the only property he had belonging to the estate. Theresa Miller, a niece of Mrs. Seitz, testified that she and her mother attended the funeral, and that after it Mr. Manhardt and her mother had a conversation about the estate. “He [Manhardt] asked us if we knew what Margaret Seitz was worth, and my mother said, ‘About $6,000’; and he said: ‘More. What she saved from $6,000 that went to her two sisters, and I owed her $1,300.’ ” Mrs. Miller, the mother of the last witness, and a sister of Mrs. Seitz, tes[841]*841tified to tlie same conversation, and also that Manhardt subsequently said at the office of Mr. Greiner that the estate amounted to between $7,500 and $8,000. After this evidence had been given, Manhardt was recalled, and admitted that he made these statements, but said in explanation that he did not claim the mortgage because, it not having been discharged of record, he thought it belonged to the estate; and that he never claimed that the bond and mortgage had been given to him until after he had consulted counsel. The significance of this testimony is greatly emphasized by the course of the proceedings in the surrogate’s court. By the account sworn to by Manhardt March 30, 1896, he did not claim to be the owner of the bond and mortgage, and, although the respondent, by his -objections to Manhardt’s account, expressly claimed that it belonged to the estate, no reference was made to Manhardt’s ownership until after-April 20, 1896, when the surrogate’s court filed its memorandum, holding that Manhardt must turn over the assets of the estate to the respondent. After this, and on the 27th of April, Manhardt asked to have the hearing opened so as to give evidence upon the question of ownership of the bond and mortgage. On the 19th of May, Manhardt filed a verified answer, alleging that he was the lawful owner of the bond and mortgage, and the proceedings were opened “for the purpose of allowing testimony to be given -upon the question of the gift of the mortgage from Margaret Seitz to Frank P. Manhardt, and on no other subject.” Subsequently the testimony hereinbefore referred to was given, and September 16,1896, a decision stating separately the facts found and the conclusions of law upon all the issues was filed. The fact that the appellant never claimed to be the owner of the bond and mortgage until after he had been beaten in the surrogate’s court upon the issue as to whether he or the respondent was entitled to administer upon the estate of Margaret Seitz is very significant.
A gift causa mortis takes effect only upon the death of the donor; is deemed to be in the nature of a legacy (Miller v. Miller. 3 P. Wms. 356; Jones v. Brown, 34 N. H. 439; Hunter, Rom. Law [2d Ed.] 913; 3 Redf. Wills [3d Ed.] 321; 1 Williams, Ex’rs [7th Am. Ed.] 887 et seq.; 21 Am. Law Rev. 732); and it may be doubted whether Margaret Seitz had any greater right to dispose of any part of the estate by such a gift than she had to dispose of it by her will, which seems to compel the appellant to take the position that he acquired the bond and mortgage by a gift inter vivos, which position seems not entirely consistent with his position on the first question that Margaret Seitz was the trustee of the estate for the remainder-men, with the right to use so much of it only as was necessary for her support. A trustee cannot dispose of the trust estate in any way not authorized by the terms of the trust.
The appellant asserts that the relations existing between Margaret Seitz and himself were of a confidential nature, and thus he brings himself within the rule that when such relations exist between an alleged donor and donee, and the latter, after the death of' the former, claims title to the estate, or to part of it, by a gift, it must be established by evidence which is clear, strong, satisfactory,. [842]*842and convincing. In such cases the law “does not so much consider the bearing or hardship of its doctrine upon particular cases as it -does the importance of preventing a general public mischief which may be brought about by means secret and inaccessible to judicial scrutiny, from the dangerous influences arising from the confidential relation of the parties.” Story, Eq. Jur. § 310; Case v. Case, 49 Hun, 83, 1 N. Y. Supp. 714. The rule in such cases is that the gift must be established by evidence possessing the highest degree of probative force. All the authorities agree in this, though the rule is expressed in various forms. Scoville v. Post, 3 Edw. Ch. 203; Grey v. Grey, 47 N. Y. 552; Grymes v. Hone, 49 N. Y. 17; Shakespeare v. Markham, 72 N. Y. 400; Lewis v. Merritt, 113 N. Y. 386, 21 N. E. 141; Ridden v. Thrall, 125 N. Y. 572, 26 N. E. 627; Devlin v. Bank, 125 N. Y. 756, fully reported 26 N. E. 744; Van Vleet v. McCarn (Sup.) 2 N. Y. Supp. 675; Gaylord v Gaylord, 7 N. Y. St. Rep. 703; Jennings v. Davis, 31 Conn. 138; Woodburn v. Woodburn, 23 Ill. App. 289; Pom. Eq. Jur. § 1146. In Grymes v. Hone, supra, it was said:
“As there is great danger of fraud in this sort of gift, courts cannot be too -cautious in requiring clear proof of the transaction. This has been the rule from the early days of the civil law (which requited five witnesses to such a gift) clown to the present time.”
The gift in the case at bar is sought to be sustained as a gift inter vivos, but when, such a gift is not asserted until after the death of the alleged donor the evidence to sustain it must be as clear, strong, and convincing as the evidence required to sustain a gift causa mortis. The rule in both cases rests upon the principle that gifts first asserted after the death of the alleged donor are always regarded with suspicion by the courts. The uncorroborated evidence of the wife of the alleged donee has not usually been regarded as sufficient to establish a gift causa mortis. In Ridden v. Thrall, supra, it was said:
“Such a gift should be proved by very plain and satisfactory evidence; and, if the case depended upon the evidence of the wife alone, any court might well hesitate to uphold the gift.”
In Farian v. Wiegel, 76 Hun, 462, 28 N. Y. Supp. 95, the court refused to sustain an alleged gift, which was attempted to be established by the uncorroborated evidence of the wife of the alleged •donee. In the case at bar there is no evidence corroborating that given by the wife. The possession by the appellant of the bond and mortgage, under the circumstances of the case, amounts to nothing, for when the alleged donee has access to the property and papers -of an alleged donor during the last sickness, or after the donor’s death, the fact that the alleged donee has the manual possession of the thing alleged to have been given has little, if any, weight on the issue whether the thing was given. Conklin v. Conklin, 20 Hun, 278; Grey v. Grey, 47 N. Y. 552; In re Bolin, 136 N. Y. 177, 32 N. E. 626; Kenney v. Public Adm’r, 2 Bradf. Sur. 319; Drischler v. Van Den Henden, 49 N. Y. Super. Ct. 508; Alsop v. Bank (Sup.) 21 N. Y. Supp. 300. A sound policy requires that the rules which the courts have adopted for the protection of the estates of decedents [843]*843from depletion by alleged donees should not be relaxed. Bliss v. Fosdick, 86 Hun, 162, 33 N. Y. Supp. 317, affirmed 151 N. Y. 625, 45 N. E. 1131. These rules should be rigorously applied in case a gift inter vivos is asserted for the first time after the death of the decedent. In the case at bar the alleged gift was not asserted until nearly six months after the death of the decedent. On the day she was buried, Manhardt admitted that he owed her $1,300,—the amount which he claims was due on the bond and mortgage. Subsequently he made admissions at Greiner’s office inconsistent with his present claim. In January, 1896, he exhibited the bond and mortgage as part of the decedent’s estate; and March 30, 1896, when he verified his account, he did not assert that he owned the bond and mortgage, and he made no claim of title until after the surrogate’s court decided that he must surrender the securities to the respondent. .
Attention is called to the exceptions taken by the appellant to the exclusion of evidence on pages 47, 54, and 66 of the record, which relate to evidence bearing on the question whether the appellant or t he respondent was entitled to administer the assets, and do not relate to the question of the gift. The evidence excluded was offered after the first question had been determined, and, because the case was not opened for the trial o.f that issue, the evidence was properly excluded.
The decree of the surrogate’s court should be affirmed, with costs against the appellant personally.
GREEN, J., concurs. WARD, J., not voting.