COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judge Frank and Senior Judge Bumgardner Argued at Chesapeake
MANDIAYE M. SENE MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 1550-08-1 JUDGE RUDOLPH BUMGARDNER, III JULY 28, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON Christopher W. Hutton, Judge
Charles E. Haden for appellant.
Jennifer C. Williamson, Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mimms, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Mandiaye M. Sene appeals his conviction of rape, Code § 18.2-61. He contends the trial
court erred in denying his post-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea and in denying his
motion for a bail bond pending his appeal. Concluding the trial court did not err, we affirm.
The defendant pled guilty 1 to rape. In return for his plea, the Commonwealth moved to
nolle prosequi the related abduction charge. During the detailed plea colloquy, the defendant
conceded he understood the charge against him, the elements of the crime, and his waiver of
certain rights by entering his plea. The Commonwealth presented its evidence by stipulation,
and both the defendant and his attorney agreed to the evidence as summarized.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Defense counsel sought and received permission to characterize the defendant’s plea as an Alford plea despite appellant’s admission of guilt. Virginia courts “treat Alford pleas as having the same preclusive effect as a guilty plea.” Perry v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 410, 412, 533 S.E.2d 651, 652 (2000) (citation omitted). The victim was a twenty-eight-year-old, mentally retarded woman who had never been
able to live outside her family home. She had a performance IQ of 57 and could not participate
in many adult activities, such as reading or driving. She did work eight hours a week at T J
Maxx where she unboxed and hung-up clothes. She could take the bus to work, but she had to
wear a laminated card around her neck that contained bus route information and emergency
phone numbers in case she got confused or lost.
While the victim was waiting at her bus stop to catch a bus to work, the defendant
approached the victim whom he had never met before. He offered to give her a ride to work in
his car. She got in his car, but the defendant drove to his home despite her insistence on needing
to get to work. He took her out of his car, into his house, and up to his bedroom.
The victim became frightened and ceased talking. She did not know where she was, or
how to get to work or to get home. The defendant handed the victim her cell phone. She played
with it in a childlike fashion while the defendant proceeded to remove her pants and underpants.
He had intercourse with her as she lay there holding the phone. The victim cried out, but the
defendant continued to have intercourse with her as she became more frightened. She did not
know how to free herself from the situation.
After the defendant completed the sex act, the victim again asked to be taken to her job.
In response, the defendant pushed her onto her stomach and began having sex with her again.
The victim again cried out in pain. Upon completing the sex act, the defendant stood up, went to
the bathroom, washed, and dressed. The victim pulled on her clothes but was quiet and did not
speak. The defendant put her into his car and drove her to the shopping center where he dropped
her in front of T J Maxx. After being arrested and advised of his Miranda rights, the defendant
admitted taking the victim from her bus stop to his home where he had sexual relations with her.
-2- The trial court accepted the defendant’s plea, heard the stipulated evidence, and found the
defendant guilty of rape on April 3, 2008. It ordered a presentence report and continued the case
to June 12, 2008 for a sentencing hearing. On that date, the trial court sentenced the defendant to
twenty years in the penitentiary with five years suspended.
On June 30, 2008, over twelve weeks after entering his Alford guilty plea, the defendant
moved to withdraw it. He also filed a notice of appeal and moved for bail pending appeal. The
defendant sought to withdraw his plea because he was under the misapprehension that mere
mental retardation was sufficient to negate capacity to consent. He maintained that he had not
been aware of the holding in Adkins v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 332, 345-46, 452 S.E.2d
382, 388-89 (1995) (holding that mentally retarded persons are not per se incapable of
consenting to sexual intercourse), and that case afforded defenses of which he had not been
aware.
The trial court found the questioning of the defendant before accepting his plea was
substantial and the motion to withdraw the pleas came after sentencing. It denied the motion to
withdraw the plea and also denied bail pending appeal due to the seriousness of the crime and the
substantial penalty imposed.
“A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or nolo contendere may be made only before
sentence is imposed or imposition of a sentence is suspended.” Code § 19.2-296 (emphasis
added). To “correct manifest injustice,” however, the statute includes an exception that “the
court . . . may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his
plea.” Id.
The decision to allow a defendant to withdraw his guilty plea rests “within the sound
discretion of the trial court and is to be determined by the facts and circumstances of each case.”
Parris v. Commonwealth, 189 Va. 321, 324, 52 S.E.2d, 872, 873 (1949). At a minimum, every
-3- motion to withdraw a guilty plea must be “made in good faith and sustained by proofs.” Justus
v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 143, 153, 645 S.E.2d 284, 288 (2007). These requirements protect
the integrity of the judicial process by precluding defendants from using a guilty plea as a
subterfuge to manipulate the court and preventing essentially futile trials. A trial court’s
discretion to grant the motion “will rarely, if ever, be exercised in aid of an attempt to rely upon
a merely dilatory or formal defense.” Parris, 189 Va. at 323-24, 52 S.E.2d at 873-74.
A defendant must “affirmatively show” that an injustice has occurred, and not merely that
an injustice “might have occurred.” Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 221, 487
S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (emphasis in original). “In examining a case for miscarriage of justice,”
courts determine whether the record contains “affirmative evidence of innocence or lack of a
criminal offense.” Tooke v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 759, 765, 627 S.E.2d 533, 536 (2006)
(citation omitted).
The defendant conceded during argument that the issue in this case is consent and the
victim’s ability to consent. The defendant also conceded that to satisfy the manifest injustice
standard, he would have to show the evidence was insufficient to prove the victim did not, or
could not, consent to having sexual intercourse with the defendant. The evidence that the victim
met the statutory definition of being mentally incompetent 2 to give consent to the sexual act
involved in the charge was abundant. Clearly, the victim did not understand the nature or
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judge Frank and Senior Judge Bumgardner Argued at Chesapeake
MANDIAYE M. SENE MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 1550-08-1 JUDGE RUDOLPH BUMGARDNER, III JULY 28, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON Christopher W. Hutton, Judge
Charles E. Haden for appellant.
Jennifer C. Williamson, Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mimms, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Mandiaye M. Sene appeals his conviction of rape, Code § 18.2-61. He contends the trial
court erred in denying his post-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea and in denying his
motion for a bail bond pending his appeal. Concluding the trial court did not err, we affirm.
The defendant pled guilty 1 to rape. In return for his plea, the Commonwealth moved to
nolle prosequi the related abduction charge. During the detailed plea colloquy, the defendant
conceded he understood the charge against him, the elements of the crime, and his waiver of
certain rights by entering his plea. The Commonwealth presented its evidence by stipulation,
and both the defendant and his attorney agreed to the evidence as summarized.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Defense counsel sought and received permission to characterize the defendant’s plea as an Alford plea despite appellant’s admission of guilt. Virginia courts “treat Alford pleas as having the same preclusive effect as a guilty plea.” Perry v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 410, 412, 533 S.E.2d 651, 652 (2000) (citation omitted). The victim was a twenty-eight-year-old, mentally retarded woman who had never been
able to live outside her family home. She had a performance IQ of 57 and could not participate
in many adult activities, such as reading or driving. She did work eight hours a week at T J
Maxx where she unboxed and hung-up clothes. She could take the bus to work, but she had to
wear a laminated card around her neck that contained bus route information and emergency
phone numbers in case she got confused or lost.
While the victim was waiting at her bus stop to catch a bus to work, the defendant
approached the victim whom he had never met before. He offered to give her a ride to work in
his car. She got in his car, but the defendant drove to his home despite her insistence on needing
to get to work. He took her out of his car, into his house, and up to his bedroom.
The victim became frightened and ceased talking. She did not know where she was, or
how to get to work or to get home. The defendant handed the victim her cell phone. She played
with it in a childlike fashion while the defendant proceeded to remove her pants and underpants.
He had intercourse with her as she lay there holding the phone. The victim cried out, but the
defendant continued to have intercourse with her as she became more frightened. She did not
know how to free herself from the situation.
After the defendant completed the sex act, the victim again asked to be taken to her job.
In response, the defendant pushed her onto her stomach and began having sex with her again.
The victim again cried out in pain. Upon completing the sex act, the defendant stood up, went to
the bathroom, washed, and dressed. The victim pulled on her clothes but was quiet and did not
speak. The defendant put her into his car and drove her to the shopping center where he dropped
her in front of T J Maxx. After being arrested and advised of his Miranda rights, the defendant
admitted taking the victim from her bus stop to his home where he had sexual relations with her.
-2- The trial court accepted the defendant’s plea, heard the stipulated evidence, and found the
defendant guilty of rape on April 3, 2008. It ordered a presentence report and continued the case
to June 12, 2008 for a sentencing hearing. On that date, the trial court sentenced the defendant to
twenty years in the penitentiary with five years suspended.
On June 30, 2008, over twelve weeks after entering his Alford guilty plea, the defendant
moved to withdraw it. He also filed a notice of appeal and moved for bail pending appeal. The
defendant sought to withdraw his plea because he was under the misapprehension that mere
mental retardation was sufficient to negate capacity to consent. He maintained that he had not
been aware of the holding in Adkins v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 332, 345-46, 452 S.E.2d
382, 388-89 (1995) (holding that mentally retarded persons are not per se incapable of
consenting to sexual intercourse), and that case afforded defenses of which he had not been
aware.
The trial court found the questioning of the defendant before accepting his plea was
substantial and the motion to withdraw the pleas came after sentencing. It denied the motion to
withdraw the plea and also denied bail pending appeal due to the seriousness of the crime and the
substantial penalty imposed.
“A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or nolo contendere may be made only before
sentence is imposed or imposition of a sentence is suspended.” Code § 19.2-296 (emphasis
added). To “correct manifest injustice,” however, the statute includes an exception that “the
court . . . may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his
plea.” Id.
The decision to allow a defendant to withdraw his guilty plea rests “within the sound
discretion of the trial court and is to be determined by the facts and circumstances of each case.”
Parris v. Commonwealth, 189 Va. 321, 324, 52 S.E.2d, 872, 873 (1949). At a minimum, every
-3- motion to withdraw a guilty plea must be “made in good faith and sustained by proofs.” Justus
v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 143, 153, 645 S.E.2d 284, 288 (2007). These requirements protect
the integrity of the judicial process by precluding defendants from using a guilty plea as a
subterfuge to manipulate the court and preventing essentially futile trials. A trial court’s
discretion to grant the motion “will rarely, if ever, be exercised in aid of an attempt to rely upon
a merely dilatory or formal defense.” Parris, 189 Va. at 323-24, 52 S.E.2d at 873-74.
A defendant must “affirmatively show” that an injustice has occurred, and not merely that
an injustice “might have occurred.” Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 221, 487
S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (emphasis in original). “In examining a case for miscarriage of justice,”
courts determine whether the record contains “affirmative evidence of innocence or lack of a
criminal offense.” Tooke v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 759, 765, 627 S.E.2d 533, 536 (2006)
(citation omitted).
The defendant conceded during argument that the issue in this case is consent and the
victim’s ability to consent. The defendant also conceded that to satisfy the manifest injustice
standard, he would have to show the evidence was insufficient to prove the victim did not, or
could not, consent to having sexual intercourse with the defendant. The evidence that the victim
met the statutory definition of being mentally incompetent 2 to give consent to the sexual act
involved in the charge was abundant. Clearly, the victim did not understand the nature or
consequences of the sexual act with the defendant.
In addition, the record supports the trial court’s finding that the defendant knowingly and
intelligently entered his plea of guilt. The defendant’s assertions regarding possible defenses and
2 Code § 18.2-67.10 defines “Mental incapacity” as “that condition of the complaining witness existing at the time of an offense under this article which prevents the complaining witness from understanding the nature or consequences of the sexual act involved in such offense and about which the accused knew or should have known.”
-4- his ignorance of the law do not rise to the statute’s “more severe standard” applicable after
sentencing, which requires the defendant to show denial of his motion would create a “manifest
injustice.” Justus, 274 Va. at 153, 645 S.E.2d at 288. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in denying the defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea after sentencing.
The defendant also maintains the trial court erred in denying his request for bail pending
appeal. This Court reviews a trial court’s decision whether to grant bail post-conviction for
abuse of discretion. “In reviewing an exercise of discretion, we do not substitute our judgment
for that of the trial court. Rather, we consider only whether the record fairly supports the trial
court’s action.” Beck v. Commonwealth, 253 Va. 373, 385, 484 S.E.2d 898, 906 (1997).
“Appellate courts will not interfere with the discretionary decisions of a trial court unless it is
clear that such discretion has been abused.” Kennedy v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 543, 549,
445 S.E.2d 699, 703 (1994). A trial judge’s decision to grant or deny bail should take into
consideration the evidence and the total record, including factors such as the “nature and
circumstance of the offense, the fact of conviction, [and] the quantum of punishment assessed.”
Commonwealth v. Smith, 230 Va. 354, 363, 337 S.E.2d 278, 283 (1985). In addition, Code
§ 19.2-319 provides that if a defendant is convicted of a serious crime, which includes rape, and
receives an active sentence, the trial court shall presume bail will not assure the appearance of
the defendant or the safety of the public.
The defendant was convicted of a serious offense against a mentally vulnerable victim for
which he received a substantial prison sentence. The defendant was a native of Senegal and only
in this country for twenty months when he committed the offense. During sentencing he
indicated he wanted to return to his home. Given the seriousness of the offense and the
punishment imposed, the defendant posed a danger to the community and of absconding if he
-5- remained at liberty while he appealed. There was no abuse of discretion in refusing the
defendant’s motion for bond pending appeal.
Accordingly, we affirm the conviction and the denial of bail. Affirmed.
-6-