Johnson, J.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the district court of Wells county. The facts are as follows: One J. F. Maixner died on or about June 1, 1923, domiciled in Wells county, leaving an estate, the gross value of which was less than $4,500. At the time of his death, Maixner was married, but had no children. The mother of the decedent had died some time prior to the first of June, 1923. At the time of his death, there was a valid and subsisting policy of insuiv anee upon his life, in the sum of $2,000, payable to the estate of the insured. -
The defendants are the duly appointed, qualified and acting administrators of the estate of J. F. Maixner; the plaintiff is the father of the decedent. In September, 1923, the insurance company paid the proceeds of the policy to the administrators. Thereafter, the administrators paid the entire proceeds to the surviving widow. The plaintiff brings this action to recover one half of the proceeds of the policy, claiming that he is entitled thereto by reason of the fact that he is the father of the insured and one of his heirs. Appellant contends that there are only two heirs, the widow and the plaintiff, and that he is entitled to one half of the proceeds of the insurance policy.
The trial court held that the widow, as the sole distributee of the decedent’s estate, was entitled to all the proceeds of the policy.
There is no disputed question of fact.' The only question is whether
the father belongs in the class of “heirs, or heirs at law” of the son who died without issue, but left a widow surviving him.
Section 8719, Comp. Laws 1913, reads as folloAvs:
“The avails of a life insurance policy or of a contract payable by any mutual aid or bemwolent society, when made payable to the personal representatives of a deceased, his heirs or estate upon the death of a member of such society or of such insured shall not be subject to the debts of the decedent except by special contract, but shall be inventoried and distributed to the heirs or the heirs at law of such decedent.”
Construing the foregoing section, this court has held that the proceeds of an insurance policy do not become a part of the decedent’s estate under the circumstances detailed in this record; and that the persons who take the same take by contract and not by descent. Finn v. Walsh, 19 N. D. 61, 121 N. W. 766; Marifjeren v. Farup, ante, 78, 199 N. W. 181. In Farmers State Bank v. Smith, 36 N. D. 225, 162 N. W. 302, this court held that the amount of the insurance policy should be distributed to the heirs of the decedent and should not be “put ... in the estate.”
Section 5741, Comp. Laws 1913: “Succession is the coming in of another who takes the property of one who dies without disposing of it by will.”
Section 5742, Comp. Laws 1913: “The property, both real and personal, of one who dies without disposing of it by will, passes to the heirs of'the intestate, subject to the control of the county court and to the possession of any administrator appointed by that court for the purpose of administration.”
Section 5743, Comp. Laws 1913: “When anj' person having title to any estate, not otherwise limited by marriage contract expressly, dies Avithout disposing of the estate by will, it is succeeded to and must be ■distributed, unless otherwise provided in this code, and the probate code, sAibject to the payment of his debts, in the folloAAÚng manner:
“1.....
“2. If the decedent leaves no issue and the estate does not exceed in value the sauu of fifteen thousand dollars, all the estate goes to the surviving husband or .wife, and .as to all property in excess of fifteen thousand dollars in value*-one-half thereof goes to the surviving hus
bund or wife and the other • one-half goes to the decedent’s father ox mother in equal shares, and if either is dead to the survivor. . . Amended by chap. 249, Sess. Laws 1915.
Section 5760, Conap. Laws 1913: “If there is no one capable of succeeding under the preceding sections and the title fails from a
defect of heirs
the property of a decedent devolves and escheats to the state.
Section 8662, Comp. Laws 1913, of the Probate Code, provides that the value of the estate must be proved before administration will be granted thereon by the county court.
* It is the contention of the appellant that the plaintiff is an heir of the decedent within subdivision 2 of § 5743, supra; that is, that he is in the same class with the widow and is entitled to one half of the insurance policy notwithstanding the fact that he is not entitled to a distributive share of the estate, the value thereof not exceeding $15,000. On the other hand, it is contended by the respondents that plaintiff is not an heir within the meaning of § 8719, supra, because he is not entitled to share in the distribution of the estate, and that the two conditions must coexist in order to make him an heir, namely, that the decedent leave no issue and that the estate exceed in value $15,000. Stated otherwise, the contention of the respondents is that although the proceeds of the insurance policy do not become a part of the estate, nevertheless the law of succession must be resorted to in order to determine to whom the avails thereof shall be paid. That is, in this state, it is contended, that the persons to whom property, both real and personal, passes in case of intestacy, are determined by § 5743, supra, and tlmt such persons are the “heirs,” within the meaning of § 8719.
It is doubtless true that the common-law distinction with respect to the succession of real and personal property in case of intestacy has been wiped out by the code. The court cannot derive much assistance from judicial definitions of the phrase “heirs” or “heirs at law,” for the reason that its meaning has been largely and by necessary implication settled by statutory enactments in this jurisdiction. We have set out the pertinent provisions of the chapter on succession. An examination of §§ 5742 and 5760, supra, clearly discloses that the legislature used the term “heirs” in a sense synonymous with those who succeed to.the real and personal property of the .intestate under chapter 53.
Section 5742 is a general enactment to the effect that all property, real and personal, “passes to the heirs of the intestate;” § 5743 prescribes the order in which persons — heirs of the intestate — succeed to the property; and § 5760 provides that if there be no
heirs
— persons entitled to succeed to the property of-the decedent as provided in § 5743 — the property escheats to the state. Under the law of succession the appellant is not entitled to share in the distribution of the estate of the decedent, he is not entitled to succeed to any part of his estate, that is to say, he is not an “heir” within the meaning of that term as used in § 5743 and the chapter on Succession in the Civil Code. See Hochstein v. Berghauser, 123 Cal. 681, 56 Pac. 549.
Courts have on almost innumerable occasions formulated definitions of the term “heir” or “heirs at law.” It will serve no useful purpose to review the authorities on this proposition.
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Johnson, J.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the district court of Wells county. The facts are as follows: One J. F. Maixner died on or about June 1, 1923, domiciled in Wells county, leaving an estate, the gross value of which was less than $4,500. At the time of his death, Maixner was married, but had no children. The mother of the decedent had died some time prior to the first of June, 1923. At the time of his death, there was a valid and subsisting policy of insuiv anee upon his life, in the sum of $2,000, payable to the estate of the insured. -
The defendants are the duly appointed, qualified and acting administrators of the estate of J. F. Maixner; the plaintiff is the father of the decedent. In September, 1923, the insurance company paid the proceeds of the policy to the administrators. Thereafter, the administrators paid the entire proceeds to the surviving widow. The plaintiff brings this action to recover one half of the proceeds of the policy, claiming that he is entitled thereto by reason of the fact that he is the father of the insured and one of his heirs. Appellant contends that there are only two heirs, the widow and the plaintiff, and that he is entitled to one half of the proceeds of the insurance policy.
The trial court held that the widow, as the sole distributee of the decedent’s estate, was entitled to all the proceeds of the policy.
There is no disputed question of fact.' The only question is whether
the father belongs in the class of “heirs, or heirs at law” of the son who died without issue, but left a widow surviving him.
Section 8719, Comp. Laws 1913, reads as folloAvs:
“The avails of a life insurance policy or of a contract payable by any mutual aid or bemwolent society, when made payable to the personal representatives of a deceased, his heirs or estate upon the death of a member of such society or of such insured shall not be subject to the debts of the decedent except by special contract, but shall be inventoried and distributed to the heirs or the heirs at law of such decedent.”
Construing the foregoing section, this court has held that the proceeds of an insurance policy do not become a part of the decedent’s estate under the circumstances detailed in this record; and that the persons who take the same take by contract and not by descent. Finn v. Walsh, 19 N. D. 61, 121 N. W. 766; Marifjeren v. Farup, ante, 78, 199 N. W. 181. In Farmers State Bank v. Smith, 36 N. D. 225, 162 N. W. 302, this court held that the amount of the insurance policy should be distributed to the heirs of the decedent and should not be “put ... in the estate.”
Section 5741, Comp. Laws 1913: “Succession is the coming in of another who takes the property of one who dies without disposing of it by will.”
Section 5742, Comp. Laws 1913: “The property, both real and personal, of one who dies without disposing of it by will, passes to the heirs of'the intestate, subject to the control of the county court and to the possession of any administrator appointed by that court for the purpose of administration.”
Section 5743, Comp. Laws 1913: “When anj' person having title to any estate, not otherwise limited by marriage contract expressly, dies Avithout disposing of the estate by will, it is succeeded to and must be ■distributed, unless otherwise provided in this code, and the probate code, sAibject to the payment of his debts, in the folloAAÚng manner:
“1.....
“2. If the decedent leaves no issue and the estate does not exceed in value the sauu of fifteen thousand dollars, all the estate goes to the surviving husband or .wife, and .as to all property in excess of fifteen thousand dollars in value*-one-half thereof goes to the surviving hus
bund or wife and the other • one-half goes to the decedent’s father ox mother in equal shares, and if either is dead to the survivor. . . Amended by chap. 249, Sess. Laws 1915.
Section 5760, Conap. Laws 1913: “If there is no one capable of succeeding under the preceding sections and the title fails from a
defect of heirs
the property of a decedent devolves and escheats to the state.
Section 8662, Comp. Laws 1913, of the Probate Code, provides that the value of the estate must be proved before administration will be granted thereon by the county court.
* It is the contention of the appellant that the plaintiff is an heir of the decedent within subdivision 2 of § 5743, supra; that is, that he is in the same class with the widow and is entitled to one half of the insurance policy notwithstanding the fact that he is not entitled to a distributive share of the estate, the value thereof not exceeding $15,000. On the other hand, it is contended by the respondents that plaintiff is not an heir within the meaning of § 8719, supra, because he is not entitled to share in the distribution of the estate, and that the two conditions must coexist in order to make him an heir, namely, that the decedent leave no issue and that the estate exceed in value $15,000. Stated otherwise, the contention of the respondents is that although the proceeds of the insurance policy do not become a part of the estate, nevertheless the law of succession must be resorted to in order to determine to whom the avails thereof shall be paid. That is, in this state, it is contended, that the persons to whom property, both real and personal, passes in case of intestacy, are determined by § 5743, supra, and tlmt such persons are the “heirs,” within the meaning of § 8719.
It is doubtless true that the common-law distinction with respect to the succession of real and personal property in case of intestacy has been wiped out by the code. The court cannot derive much assistance from judicial definitions of the phrase “heirs” or “heirs at law,” for the reason that its meaning has been largely and by necessary implication settled by statutory enactments in this jurisdiction. We have set out the pertinent provisions of the chapter on succession. An examination of §§ 5742 and 5760, supra, clearly discloses that the legislature used the term “heirs” in a sense synonymous with those who succeed to.the real and personal property of the .intestate under chapter 53.
Section 5742 is a general enactment to the effect that all property, real and personal, “passes to the heirs of the intestate;” § 5743 prescribes the order in which persons — heirs of the intestate — succeed to the property; and § 5760 provides that if there be no
heirs
— persons entitled to succeed to the property of-the decedent as provided in § 5743 — the property escheats to the state. Under the law of succession the appellant is not entitled to share in the distribution of the estate of the decedent, he is not entitled to succeed to any part of his estate, that is to say, he is not an “heir” within the meaning of that term as used in § 5743 and the chapter on Succession in the Civil Code. See Hochstein v. Berghauser, 123 Cal. 681, 56 Pac. 549.
Courts have on almost innumerable occasions formulated definitions of the term “heir” or “heirs at law.” It will serve no useful purpose to review the authorities on this proposition. A reference to the language used in a few of them may be helpful. In Gauch v. St. Louis Mut. L. Ins. Co. 88 Ill. 251, 30 Am. Rep. 554, the supreme court of Illinois said: “And hence it is the
actual capacity of inheritance at the time of the death of the owner of the
property, and not the fact that a particular person might have inherited from him under a state of facts which did not exist, that determines who is heir;” the court further said in the' same opinion: “The word ‘heir,’ when uncontrolled by the context, designates the person appointed hy law to succeed to the real estate in question in case of intestacy.” (Italics are ours. ) That was the rule at common law. The foregoing is quoted with approval in Anderson v. Groesbeck, 26 Colo. 3, 55 Pac. 1090. In the case at bar, the question what persons constitute the class “heirs” depends not only upon who the
survivors
are, but also upon the
value
of the estate. The plaintiff, -under our statutes, had no “actual capacity of inheritance” as far as the estate of the decedent was concerned, for the reason that the estate left did not exceed in value $15,000. We must look to the statutes of succession to determine what persons are entitled to the character of “heirs,” as well as the share each shall receive. Dukes v. Faulk, 37 S. C. 255, 34 Am. St. Rep. 745, 16 S. E. 122. In Johnson v. Knights of Honor, 53 Ark. 255, 260, 8 L.R.A. 732, 13 S.
W.
795, the court say: “Suffice it to say that the weight of authority holds that the word ‘heirs’ when used in any instrument to designate the persons to whom property is to be transferred, given,
or bequeathed, and the context does not explain it, means those who would,
under the statute of distribution,
be entitled to the personal es-ta to of the persons of whom they are mentioned as heirs in the event of death and intestacy.” (Italics are ours.)
Tn Thomas v. Covert (Thomas v. Supreme Lodge) 126 Wis. 593, 3 L.R.A.(N.S.) 904, 105 N. W. 922, 5 Ann. Gas. 456, the Wisconsin court, speaking by Justice Siebecker, says, with reference to the meaning of the phrase “legal heirs,” as used in the certificate of a benefit society: “The great weight of the decisions is clearly to the effect that, unless a contrary intent is indicated, the words (when used respecting a transfer of personal property)
mean all persons designated as distributees by the statute for the distribution of the property of intestates."
In Silvers v. Michigan Mut. Ben. Asso. 94 Mich. 39, 53 N. W. 935, the court quotes the following with approval from Niblack on Mutual Benefit Societies: “Where a member of a mutual benefit society has designated his legal heirs as his beneficiaries, the presumption would clearly be that he intended those to whom the law would give his property, — he dying intestate;
and hence it is the actual capacity of inheritance at the time of the death of the owner of the property that determines who is an heir of a decedent
In the cases cited the term “heirs” appeared either in wills or in contracts and it may be suggested that a different rule of construction is to be applied when the word is found in a statute. True, in some instances. If different here, then why and in what way different? Is it to be limited to those on whom the law casts real property, as at common law? That would exclude the widow, the very person for whose protection life insurance is most frequently purchased. Nothing in the context or in the purpose sought to be accomplished would justify such a limited and technical interpretation. Is it to embrace only the blood relatives of the insured? See Tillman v. Davis, 95 N. Y. 17, 47 Am. Rep. 1. If so, again it would exclude from the benefits of the policy the very person for whose protection the policy is usually purchased by the insured and whose interests thereunder the legislature desired to protect — the surviving widow. See Tillman v. Davis, supra. Then by what rule must we determine who are “heirs” ? It is submitted that the rule most consistent with the theory and purpose of die law of life insurance and the statute, of succession is the one here
enounced. The “heirs at law” or “heirs” of decedent Maixncr are determined by § 57.4$, iu the chapter on ¡Succession in case of intestacy. The plaintiff is not one of them. See Niblack, Mut. Ben. Soc. §§ 247, 248. See also Goodrich v. O’Connor, 52 Tex. 375, 378 and Lyons v. Yerex, 100 Mich. 214, 43 Am. St. Rep. 452, 58 N.
W.
1114. Under our statute the widow in the case at bar, is the sole “heir,” the sole distributee of the estate, both real and personal.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Bronson, Oh. J., and Nubsshe, Christianson, and Birdzell, JJ., concur.