Mr. Justice Van Orsdel
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The evidence adduced at the trial in effect shows that Alice D. Magaw had been living in Washington for several years; that her husband died at their residence in New York in 1887; and that the property in question was purchased by the decedent with a portion of the money received from her husband’s estate. It further appears that while she and the defendants were members of the missionary society, none of the defendants gave her at any time any advice, nor is it shown that any influence was exercised by them upon her to induce her to execute the deed in question. It appears that, some time prior to the execution of the deed the decedent executed and attached a codicil to her will, in which she provided for the sale of the property in question, and that the money should be disposed of in substantially the same manner as provided in the deed. Subsequently, a clerk in the register of wills office of the District of Columbia, who was rooming and boarding at the hotel where the decedent lived, suggested in the course of conversation that a better and less expensive way than by will of disposing of her property in the manner she contemplated was by deed to trustees, reserving a life estate therein. This seems to have given the decedent the idea of exeuting a deed. She sent for her attorney, and, according to his testimony, the matter was fully discussed, and she directed him to prepare the deed in question. The deed was prepared, and the uncontradicted testimony is that it was read over to her and explained before it was signed and witnessed. The only one of the defendants, aside from the Magaws, who could be regarded as occupying a [32]*32confidential relation with the deceased, is the defendant Hague, who for years was her nurse and attendant. She testifies that while she knew of the execution of the codicil to the will, she did not know of the execution of the deed until she saw in the paper that it had been recorded. She also testified that she never in any way counseled with the decedent as to the advisability of her making this disposition of lier property. Her testimony on this point stands uncontradicted. In fact, she is corroborated to some extent at least by the testimony of the witnesses who were present at the execution of the deed, not only to the effect that she was not present, but that the decedent was purposely' concealing the transaction from her.
A number of physicians testified as to the mental condition of the deceased. Complainant called three who testified on his behalf. One of them testified that he called to see decedent at the request of her son in May, 1906, while on a visit to this city from New York, and made a brief examination of her condition. He stated that he did not think she was mentally capable of transacting business. Another testified that he saw decedent in December, 1905, but did not visit her in the capacity of a physician, and did not examine her as he would have 'done if he had regularly called to see her. It was his opinion that she was incapable of understanding the nature of a business transaction such as the one under consideration. The remaining physician who testified for the complainant had never seen decedent, and was required to answer a prepared hypothetical question, which was supposed to be based upon the evidence in the case. He testified that, assuming the facts stated in the question to be true, the decedent, at the time of the execution of the deed, was incompetent to understand and appreciate the nature of her act, and was mentally incompetent to conduct business transactions. The physician who for years attended the deceased was placed upon the stand by the defendants, and testified that, while the deceased during the last two or three years of her life was troubled with aphasia, which so affected her memory that she could not express herself coherently at times, yet she was in the full possession of her other facultiés; [33]*33was a woman of strong will; was perfectly competent to conduct business transactions; and was able to understand fully the nature of the transaction here in question, at the time of the execution of the deed.
The evidence of the physicians need not be analyzed nor considered in detail, since it can only be material in this case upon one theory. The bill charges that the deed was procured by undue influence being exercised over the grantor. Nowhere is it charged in the bill that the grantor was mentally incompetent at the time of the execution of the deed. The testimony of the physicians, therefore, could only be relevant as showing a condition of the mind that would render the grantor susceptible of being easily influenced by those occupying close relations with her at the time of the execution of the deed,, but as there is absolutely no proof of any of these defendants having exercised any undue influence over the grantor, or having attempted to exercise such influence, the evidence of the physicians is totally outside of the issue. After the evidence was submitted to the court, counsel for complainant asked leave to amend the bill with a view of alleging the mental incompetency of the grantor at the time of the execution of the deed, and for the purpose, as stated, of making the bill conform to the evidence. This request was properly refused by the court. Such an amendment would have materially changed the entire cause of action, and would have presented allegations in the bill of which the defendants were not apprised, and which they were not required by the original bill to answer ór defend. It may be suggested that on this record-the result would not have been different had the amendment been made.
There is considerable evidence in the record that tends to discredit the charge of decedent’s inability to intelligently conduct business transactions. In fact, there is much to show that up almost to the time of her death she conducted important business transactions. A month following the execution of the codicil she executed and acknowledged a release of a mortgage in New York,.in which she, with complainant and his.brother, were mortgagees. She signed checks for the payment of. cur[34]*34rent bills, and continued to conduct her own affairs until the time of her death. It appears also that her son sent her from New York $1,200 during the month in which this deed was executed, and advised her to loan it on property; that she took $300 she had on deposit in bank, and made a loan of $1,500 on real estate in this city.
It is argued by counsel for complainant that, because of the fact that the defendants, except the Magaws, and the decedent were members of the same missionary society, such a confidential relation existed as would require the court to presume that undue influence was used upon the decedent to procure from her this alleged unnatural disposition of her property. The relation existing between these parties was not necessarily either a confidential or a fiduciary one. Neither are we convinced that the disposition of the property in question by the decedent is unnatural. The -property was purchased by the decedent with a portion of the money received from her husband’s estate. She stated as a reason for giving it to the missionary cause that her heirs at law had all been well provided for. She had been living in .the city of Washington almost continuously from the date of the death of her husband, separate and apart from her relatives, who resided in New York, and who, as the record shows* are in comfortable circumstances.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Mr. Justice Van Orsdel
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The evidence adduced at the trial in effect shows that Alice D. Magaw had been living in Washington for several years; that her husband died at their residence in New York in 1887; and that the property in question was purchased by the decedent with a portion of the money received from her husband’s estate. It further appears that while she and the defendants were members of the missionary society, none of the defendants gave her at any time any advice, nor is it shown that any influence was exercised by them upon her to induce her to execute the deed in question. It appears that, some time prior to the execution of the deed the decedent executed and attached a codicil to her will, in which she provided for the sale of the property in question, and that the money should be disposed of in substantially the same manner as provided in the deed. Subsequently, a clerk in the register of wills office of the District of Columbia, who was rooming and boarding at the hotel where the decedent lived, suggested in the course of conversation that a better and less expensive way than by will of disposing of her property in the manner she contemplated was by deed to trustees, reserving a life estate therein. This seems to have given the decedent the idea of exeuting a deed. She sent for her attorney, and, according to his testimony, the matter was fully discussed, and she directed him to prepare the deed in question. The deed was prepared, and the uncontradicted testimony is that it was read over to her and explained before it was signed and witnessed. The only one of the defendants, aside from the Magaws, who could be regarded as occupying a [32]*32confidential relation with the deceased, is the defendant Hague, who for years was her nurse and attendant. She testifies that while she knew of the execution of the codicil to the will, she did not know of the execution of the deed until she saw in the paper that it had been recorded. She also testified that she never in any way counseled with the decedent as to the advisability of her making this disposition of lier property. Her testimony on this point stands uncontradicted. In fact, she is corroborated to some extent at least by the testimony of the witnesses who were present at the execution of the deed, not only to the effect that she was not present, but that the decedent was purposely' concealing the transaction from her.
A number of physicians testified as to the mental condition of the deceased. Complainant called three who testified on his behalf. One of them testified that he called to see decedent at the request of her son in May, 1906, while on a visit to this city from New York, and made a brief examination of her condition. He stated that he did not think she was mentally capable of transacting business. Another testified that he saw decedent in December, 1905, but did not visit her in the capacity of a physician, and did not examine her as he would have 'done if he had regularly called to see her. It was his opinion that she was incapable of understanding the nature of a business transaction such as the one under consideration. The remaining physician who testified for the complainant had never seen decedent, and was required to answer a prepared hypothetical question, which was supposed to be based upon the evidence in the case. He testified that, assuming the facts stated in the question to be true, the decedent, at the time of the execution of the deed, was incompetent to understand and appreciate the nature of her act, and was mentally incompetent to conduct business transactions. The physician who for years attended the deceased was placed upon the stand by the defendants, and testified that, while the deceased during the last two or three years of her life was troubled with aphasia, which so affected her memory that she could not express herself coherently at times, yet she was in the full possession of her other facultiés; [33]*33was a woman of strong will; was perfectly competent to conduct business transactions; and was able to understand fully the nature of the transaction here in question, at the time of the execution of the deed.
The evidence of the physicians need not be analyzed nor considered in detail, since it can only be material in this case upon one theory. The bill charges that the deed was procured by undue influence being exercised over the grantor. Nowhere is it charged in the bill that the grantor was mentally incompetent at the time of the execution of the deed. The testimony of the physicians, therefore, could only be relevant as showing a condition of the mind that would render the grantor susceptible of being easily influenced by those occupying close relations with her at the time of the execution of the deed,, but as there is absolutely no proof of any of these defendants having exercised any undue influence over the grantor, or having attempted to exercise such influence, the evidence of the physicians is totally outside of the issue. After the evidence was submitted to the court, counsel for complainant asked leave to amend the bill with a view of alleging the mental incompetency of the grantor at the time of the execution of the deed, and for the purpose, as stated, of making the bill conform to the evidence. This request was properly refused by the court. Such an amendment would have materially changed the entire cause of action, and would have presented allegations in the bill of which the defendants were not apprised, and which they were not required by the original bill to answer ór defend. It may be suggested that on this record-the result would not have been different had the amendment been made.
There is considerable evidence in the record that tends to discredit the charge of decedent’s inability to intelligently conduct business transactions. In fact, there is much to show that up almost to the time of her death she conducted important business transactions. A month following the execution of the codicil she executed and acknowledged a release of a mortgage in New York,.in which she, with complainant and his.brother, were mortgagees. She signed checks for the payment of. cur[34]*34rent bills, and continued to conduct her own affairs until the time of her death. It appears also that her son sent her from New York $1,200 during the month in which this deed was executed, and advised her to loan it on property; that she took $300 she had on deposit in bank, and made a loan of $1,500 on real estate in this city.
It is argued by counsel for complainant that, because of the fact that the defendants, except the Magaws, and the decedent were members of the same missionary society, such a confidential relation existed as would require the court to presume that undue influence was used upon the decedent to procure from her this alleged unnatural disposition of her property. The relation existing between these parties was not necessarily either a confidential or a fiduciary one. Neither are we convinced that the disposition of the property in question by the decedent is unnatural. The -property was purchased by the decedent with a portion of the money received from her husband’s estate. She stated as a reason for giving it to the missionary cause that her heirs at law had all been well provided for. She had been living in .the city of Washington almost continuously from the date of the death of her husband, separate and apart from her relatives, who resided in New York, and who, as the record shows* are in comfortable circumstances. The record further shows-that the decedent and her husband had been members of theNlatlands Dutch Reformed Church, of Rlatlands, New York, and had been active workers therein for many years prior to her husband’s death; that.the deceased remained a member of that church until the time of her death; and that she and her husband during their lifetime had been deeply interested in church and missionary work, the deceased for many years taking a deep interest in church matters. With this state of facts, we are not prepared to say that the disposition of the property in question was an unnatural one, or that the circumstances were such as to warrant the presumption that it was secured by undue influence. It is not sufficient to establish fraud, that the circumstances surrounding the execution of the instrument assailed, may appear suspicious. The . whole case must be strong [35]*35enough to establish fraud. As this court said in McDaniel v. Parish, 4 App. D. C. 213: “Suspicious circumstances are not the eqxxivalents of proof; and unless all the facts and circumstances of the case, when taken together, are strong enough to generate a clear rational conviction of the existence of the fraxxd charged, that conclusion ought not to be adopted which will destroy a prima facie good title to propex’ty, and blacken the characters of the parties concerned.” If decedent was induced by feelings of friendship and gi-atitude to execute the deed, it will not be set aside on the ground of undue influence, if it appears that she acted upon her own independent, deliberate judgment. Ralston v. Turpin, 129 U. S. 663, 32 L. ed. 747, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 420. Neither will it be set aside upon evidence merely tending to show undue influence. Beyer v. LeFevre, 186 U. S. 114, 46 L. ed. 1080, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 765.
The defendants, who were charged with fraudulently inducing the decedent to execute the deed in qxxestion, were not beneficiaries xxnder it, and occupied no fiduciary relation whatever toward her. This is not, therefore, a case where the burden is cast upon the defendant to explain a transaction where an apparexxt ixndxxe advantage has been gained, and where the relations of the pax*ties were such as to warrant a presumption under the particular circumstances of an undue advantage having beexx taken. It is unnecessary to enter into any discussion of the law applicable to cases of this sort, since the charges of fraxxd and undue influence have totally failed for lack of any evidence whatever. The numerous authorities cited by counsel for complainant all presuppose the existence of a fiduciary relation, which we have found did not exist in this case. In the absence of such relation, a very different rule of law governs. Here the burden of showing undue influence, which must necessarily partake of fraud, was upon the complainant. This burden he failed to discharge, and the relations of the parties were not such as to warrant its presumption.
The decree is affirmed, with costs, and it is so ordered.
Affirmed.