***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
Electronically Filed Supreme Court SCWC-14-0001108 14-DEC-2017 08:44 AM
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAIʻI
---o0o---
MICKEY A. MADDOX, Petitioner/Petitioner-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF HAWAII, Respondent/Respondent-Appellee.
SCWC-14-0001108
CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS (CAAP-14-0001108; CAAP-14-0001109; SPECIAL PROCEEDING PRISONER NO. 13-1-0004 (CRIMINAL NOS. 07-1-0139 and 09-1-0284))
DECEMBER 14, 2017
RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, McKENNA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ.
OPINION OF THE COURT BY POLLACK, J.
A defendant’s constitutional right to effective
assistance of counsel requires a defense attorney to proceed
with competence and diligence throughout the proceedings of a
case. This case presents the question of whether a post- ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
conviction petition raises colorable claims for relief when the
petitioner alleges that his stated desire to appeal the order
dismissing his case without prejudice was not effectuated by his
trial counsel and further alleges that his counsel wholly
abandoned him following the court’s oral ruling of dismissal.
Under the circumstances of this case, we hold that the
petitioner has raised colorable claims for post-conviction
relief based upon grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel
and abandonment of representation by defense counsel.
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Circuit Court Proceedings in the 2007 Case
On March 19, 2007, the State filed an indictment
charging Mickey A. Maddox with attempted escape in the second
degree and promoting prison contraband in the first degree (2007
case). Maddox was arraigned several months later on July 31,
2007 in the Circuit Court of the Second Circuit (circuit court),
and he entered a plea of not guilty to both charges. The trial
was delayed almost two years due to multiple motions to continue
trial and motions to withdraw and substitute counsel. During
much of this time, Maddox waived his rights to a speedy trial
under the state and federal constitutions and Hawaii Rules of
2 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
Penal Procedure (HRPP) Rule 48.1 On December 23, 2008, the
circuit court granted Maddox’s motion to substitute defense
counsel, issuing an order that appointed “legal counsel for the
Defendant at all stages of proceedings, including appeal, if
any,” pursuant to Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 802-5(a)
(2010).2 On April 8, 2009, Maddox’s counsel (hereafter “trial
counsel”) filed a motion to dismiss the indictment asserting
violation of Maddox’s right to a speedy trial under the federal
and state constitutions and HRPP Rule 48.3 A hearing was held on
the motion to dismiss on May 14-15, 2009.4 The circuit court
found that after taking into account excluded periods, trial was
scheduled to commence 200 days after indictment. The court
1 HRPP Rule 48(b) (2000) provides in relevant part as follows:
Except in the case of traffic offenses that are not punishable by imprisonment, the court shall, on motion of the defendant, dismiss the charge, with or without prejudice in its discretion, if trial is not commenced within 6 months. 2 HRS § 802-5(a) states in relevant part as follows:
[W]hen it shall appear to a judge that a person requesting the appointment of counsel satisfies the requirements of this chapter, the judge shall appoint counsel to represent the person at all stages of the proceedings, including appeal, if any. If conflicting interests exist, or if the interests of justice require, the court may appoint private counsel[.] 3 The motion to dismiss, although filed by trial counsel, was a handwritten document prepared by Maddox. The motion also raised other grounds not relevant to this appeal. 4 The Honorable Joseph E. Cardoza presided over the circuit court proceedings related to the 2007 case.
3 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
concluded that this delay violated HRPP Rule 48, and after
applying the factors set forth in State v. Estencion, 63 Hawaii
264, 269, 625 P.2d 1040, 1044 (1981),5 the court orally ruled
that the indictment should be dismissed without prejudice.
On May 29, 2009, two weeks after the 2007 case’s oral
dismissal, Maddox was re-indicted on charges identical to those
that had been dismissed (2009 case). That same day, Maddox
filed a pro-se “Second Notice of Appeal” of the 2007 case,6 along
with a “Motion for New Counsel” and a “Motion for Assistance of
Counsel on Appeal.” In the motions, Maddox informed the circuit
court that he intended to appeal the order dismissing the 2007
case without prejudice and asked for new counsel because he was
claiming ineffective assistance of counsel against his trial
counsel in the 2007 case. Maddox subsequently withdrew the
notice of appeal on June 3, 2009, because he had moved to
dismiss the 2009 case with prejudice the day before. Maddox
5 The court, relying on Estencion, stated “in determining whether to dismiss a case with or without prejudice, the court shall consider, among others, each of the following factors: the seriousness of the offense, the facts and the circumstances of the case that led to the dismissal, and the impact of a reprosecution on the administration of HRPP, Rule 48, and the administration of justice.” 6 In his “Second Notice of Appeal,” Maddox stated that the “[f]irst notice of appeal was given orally at [the] hearing on May 15, 2009 by the Defendant-Appellant[.]” A transcript of the May 15, 2009 proceeding was not included in the record on appeal, and the electronic record of the transcript appears to have been corrupted.
4 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
explained that his appeal would be moot if the circuit court
granted his motion. Later, on June 9, 2009, Maddox filed a pro-
se “Third Notice of Appeal,” again informing the court that he
was appealing the dismissal without prejudice of the 2007 case.7
The record does not reflect a motion by trial counsel
to withdraw, nor does the record indicate that trial counsel
continued to act as counsel for Maddox after the May 15, 2009
hearing. Other than trial counsel’s motion for compensation in
excess of the statutory maximum for court-appointed counsel
under HRS § 802-5, filed July 15, 2009, all subsequent filings
pertaining to the 2007 case were handwritten, pro se submissions
by Maddox.8
On August 25, 2009, the Intermediate Court of Appeals
(ICA) dismissed Maddox’s appeal of the 2007 case for lack of
appellate jurisdiction. In its order of dismissal, the ICA
stated, “[f]or reasons that are not clear, the circuit court has
not yet entered a written order of dismissal without prejudice.”
7 The record does not show that the circuit court ever ruled on the pro se motions for new counsel and assistance of counsel on appeal. 8 In addition to Maddox’s “Motion for New Counsel,” “Motion for Assistance of Counsel on Appeal,” and “̔Second’ Notice of Appeal,” filed on May 29, 2009, Maddox’s other pro se filings included the following: “Temporary Withdrawal of Notice of Appeal”; “(Third) Notice of Appeal”; “Motion to Dismiss”; “Addendum to Motion to Dismiss”; “Affidavit in Support of Motion to Dismiss”; and “Motion to Release and Discharge from Custody; Dismiss With Prejudice.”
5 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
The ICA concluded that even if an order had been entered, it
would not be appealable under HRS § 641-11 (2010) because no
sentence had been imposed.9 On January 7, 2010, almost eight
months after the 2007 case was orally dismissed, the circuit
court entered its order dismissing the 2007 case without
prejudice based on the HRPP Rule 48 violation.10
B. Circuit Court Proceedings in the 2009 Case
As stated, Maddox was re-indicted in 2009 on the same
charges dismissed in the 2007 case. The Office of the Public
Defender, which was initially appointed to represent Maddox in
the 2009 case, made a motion to withdraw as counsel. At the
scheduled arraignment on June 4, 2009, the circuit court also
heard the motion to withdraw as counsel, and the court asked
Maddox if trial counsel in the 2007 case was still representing
9 HRS § 641-11 provides the following:
Any party aggrieved by the judgment of a circuit court in a criminal matter may appeal to the intermediate appellate court, subject to chapter 602, in the manner and within the time provided by the rules of court. The sentence of the court in a criminal case shall be the judgment. All appeals shall be filed with the clerk of the supreme court and shall be subject to one filing fee. 10 In its January 7, 2010 order dismissing the 2007 case without prejudice, the circuit court stated in a footnote that the court had instructed the State to prepare an appropriate order at the time of the oral ruling on May 15, 2009, but no proposed order was ever submitted despite follow-up requests from the court staff.
6 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
him.11 Maddox replied that he would be claiming ineffective
assistance of counsel because he had to “put in all [his] own
motions before,” asserting also that trial counsel had lied to
him. Subsequently, on June 28, 2010, pursuant to a plea
agreement with the State, Maddox entered no contest pleas to
both counts in the 2009 case and to a separate charge of
terroristic threatening in the second degree. The cases
referenced in the plea agreement form are the 2009 case and the
charge of terroristic threatening. The plea agreement and plea
form did not reference the 2007 case.
Consistent with the plea agreement, Maddox was
sentenced on August 27, 2010, to probation for five years in the
2009 case and one year probation for the terroristic threatening
offense, terms to be served concurrently. Maddox was later
arrested for probation violations. At a probation revocation
hearing on February 19, 2013, Maddox agreed to a second plea
agreement in the 2009 case, in which he admitted to violating
the terms and conditions of his probation and entered no contest
pleas in two other unrelated cases that were pending. Pursuant
to the second plea agreement, Maddox was sentenced to concurrent
terms of imprisonment of ten years and five years in the 2009
11 The Honorable Richard T. Bissen, Jr., presided over the proceedings related to the 2009 case.
7 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
case and concurrent one-year prison terms for the unrelated
offenses.
C. Rule 40 Petition
On April 26, 2013, Maddox filed a Petition for Post-
Conviction Relief pursuant to HRPP Rule 40 (Petition) in which
he set forth thirteen grounds for relief.12 In the Petition,
Maddox asserts, inter alia, that he was denied effective counsel
on appeal in the 2007 case and that his trial attorney had
“abandoned all representation of his client and left him without
any representation,” despite Maddox being ordered to remain in
custody. In particular, Maddox states that he gave oral notice
of appeal following the circuit court’s oral dismissal of the
2007 case on May 15, 2009.13 Maddox also asserts in his Petition
that after the hearing but while still in court, his trial
counsel told him that “he could not represent [him] on appeal[],
nor could he represent him in any manner since the case had been
dismissed and his representation terminated at that time.”
On August 21, 2014, the circuit court entered its
order denying the Petition without a hearing (Order Denying
12 Maddox’s Petition references, in its caption and content, both the 2007 and 2009 cases. 13 As stated, the record contains no hearing transcript for May 15, 2009. See supra note 6.
8 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
Petition). The court concluded that the grounds for relief were
previously ruled upon in the 2009 case, and that the substance
of the issues were also raised by Maddox prior to his entering
into a plea agreement with the prosecution in the 2009 case.
The court further found that “[a]lthough several attorneys have
withdrawn as counsel for Petitioner in [the 2007 and 2009
cases], Petitioner has been represented by counsel throughout
the proceedings in said cases.” Because there was still a
hearing pending in the 2009 case related to a motion for
reconsideration of sentencing regarding credit for time served,
the circuit court denied the Petition without prejudice.
D. Appellate Proceedings
On September 8, 2014, Maddox filed a notice of appeal
from the circuit court’s denial of the Petition, asserting
thirteen questions on appeal and seventeen statements of error.14
On March 31, 2016, the ICA entered its Summary Disposition Order
in which it affirmed the circuit court’s Order Denying
Petition.15 The ICA in its ruling did not address Maddox’s
claims individually, stating that upon “a thorough review of the
14 In its Summary Disposition Order affirming the circuit court’s denial of Maddox’s Petition, the Intermediate Court of Appeals rephrased Maddox’s thirteen “Questions on Appeal” and seventeen “Statements of Error” in a combined and renumbered list of thirty points of error. 15 The ICA’s Summary Disposition Order can be found at Maddox v. State, No. CAAP–14–0001108, 2016 WL 1600699 (Haw. App. Mar. 31, 2016).
9 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
record, which include[d] the records in [the 2007 case] and [the
2009 case],” post-conviction relief was not available to Maddox
because all the claims for relief raised by Maddox in his
Petition “have been previously ruled upon or have been waived.”
Maddox filed a pro se application for a writ of
certiorari setting forth fourteen questions for review. Maddox
asserts that he was “wrongfully denied initial appeal” in the
2007 case, and that he was denied his right to counsel on appeal
as he was abandoned by trial counsel.16 These claims for relief
are encompassed by ground G of Maddox’s Petition, which asserts
that trial counsel “failed in his duty of representing his
client” and “abandoned all representation of his client and left
him without any representation.”17 We address the asserted
16 The other thirteen questions presented by Maddox on certiorari are addressed infra, note 34. 17 Among the points of error identified by the ICA that Maddox raised in his appeal were the following:
(2) Maddox was entitled to assistance of counsel on his appeal in [the 2007 case];
(3) the circuit court committed structural error in not providing Maddox with assistance of counsel on his appeal in [the 2007 case];
(7) Maddox’s attorney was ineffective;
(12) Maddox was entitled to assistance of counsel until the termination of [the 2007 case];
(21) Maddox’s counsel was ineffective, committed illegal acts and lied to Maddox in violation of the Sixth Amendment
(continued . . .)
10 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
claims as follows: (1) Maddox did not receive effective
assistance of counsel following the court’s oral dismissal
without prejudice of the 2007 case; and (2) Maddox was abandoned
by trial counsel prior to the termination of the 2007 case.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Whether the “trial court erred in denying a Rule 40
petition without a hearing based on no showing of a colorable
claim is reviewed de novo; thus, the right/wrong standard of
review is applicable.” Dan v. State, 76 Hawaiʻi 423, 427, 879
P.2d 528, 532 (1994) (holding that to determine whether a Rule
40 petition raises a colorable claim, “the appellate court steps
into the trial court’s position, reviews the same trial record,
and redecides the issue”).
III. DISCUSSION
HRPP Rule 40(f) (2006) provides that a court must
grant an evidentiary hearing on a petition for post-conviction
relief if a petitioner “alleges facts that if proven would
entitle the petitioner to relief.” Thus, in reviewing on appeal
the denial of a Rule 40 petition without a hearing, the question
is whether the record indicates that the petitioner made “a
(. . . continued)
of the United States Constitution and Article I, section 14 of the Hawaii Constitution[.]
11 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
showing of a colorable claim as to require a hearing before the
lower court.” Dan v. State, 76 Hawaii 423, 427, 879 P.2d 528,
532 (1994).
Accordingly, we evaluate Maddox’s claims to determine
whether they present a colorable claim for post-conviction
relief such that a Rule 40 hearing was required. We first
address Maddox’s contention that he did not receive effective
assistance of counsel with regard to the appeal of the 2007
case. Next, we consider Maddox’s claim that he was entitled to
assistance of counsel until his case was terminated.
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel on Appeal
Article I, section 14 of the Hawaii Constitution
guarantees a defendant in a criminal prosecution the right “to
have the assistance of counsel for the accused’s defense.” Haw.
Const. art. I, § 14. This court regards a defendant’s
constitutional right to the assistance of counsel as a
“fundamental component” of our criminal justice system. State
v. Smith, 68 Haw. 304, 309, 712 P.2d 496, 499 (1986). It is
well settled that “[t]he constitutional right to the assistance
of counsel in a criminal case is satisfied only when such
assistance is ‘effective.’” State v. Kahalewai, 54 Haw. 28, 30,
501 P.2d 977, 979 (1972); accord State v. Tetu, 139 Hawaii 207,
12 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
215, 386 P.3d 844, 852 (2016); State v. Pacheco, 96 Hawaii 83,
93, 26 P.3d 572, 582 (2001).
This court set forth the standard by which we evaluate
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the Hawaii
Constitution in State v. Antone, 62 Haw. 346, 348-49, 615 P.2d
101, 104 (1980). “General claims of ineffectiveness are
insufficient” to establish that the assistance a defendant
received was constitutionally ineffective. Dan, 76 Hawaii at
427, 879 P.2d at 532 (quoting Briones v. State, 74 Haw. 442,
462-63, 848 P.2d 966, 976 (1993)). Rather, a defendant must
show: (1) “specific errors or omissions of defense counsel
reflecting counsel’s lack of skill, judgment[,] or diligence”;
and that (2) “those errors or omissions resulted in the
withdrawal or substantial impairment of a potentially
meritorious defense.” Antone, 62 Haw. at 348-49, 615 P.2d at
104 (internal citations omitted). Thus, to be entitled to a
Rule 40 hearing on the basis of ineffective assistance of
counsel, Maddox must first allege facts identifying a specific
error or wrongful omission made by his counsel.
Maddox asserts that, notwithstanding his repeated
communications to trial counsel regarding his desire to appeal,
trial counsel informed Maddox at the May 14-15 hearing that
counsel’s representation of Maddox terminated when the court
13 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
orally dismissed the 2007 case without prejudice. However, our
statutes, precedents, and court rules, as well as widely
accepted legal standards, all make clear that trial counsel had
an ongoing obligation to Maddox that included pursuing an appeal
if Maddox chose this course.
Hawaii statutorily guarantees every defendant in a
criminal case aggrieved by a circuit court judgment or final
order the right to appeal. HRS § 641–11 (2016); State v. Nicol,
140 Hawaii 482, 491, 403 P.3d 259, 266 (2017). When such an
appeal of right exists, the equal protection and due process
clauses of the Hawaii and United States Constitutions grant the
defendant a right to effective counsel during the appeal.
Briones, 74 Haw. at 460, 848 P.2d at 975; Douglas v. California,
372 U.S. 353 (1963). This ongoing right to counsel is reflected
in Hawaii statutory law, which is unambiguous regarding the
extent of a court-appointed counsel’s responsibility to an
indigent client:
14 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
[W]hen it shall appear to a judge that a person requesting the appointment of counsel satisfies the requirements of this chapter, the judge shall appoint counsel to represent the person at all stages of the proceedings, including appeal, if any. If conflicting interests exist, or if the interests of justice require, the court may appoint private counsel[.]
HRS § 802-5(a) (2010) (emphasis added).18
The right to counsel on appeal encompasses not only
the appeal itself, but also the procedural steps necessary to
bring about the appeal. “An indigent criminal defendant is
entitled, on his first appeal, to court-appointed counsel who
may not deprive him of his appeal by electing to forego
compliance with procedural rules.” State v. Erwin, 57 Haw. 268,
270, 554 P.2d 236, 238 (1976) (emphasis added) (citing
Entsminger v. Iowa, 386 U.S. 748 (1966)). “It has been said
that failure by appointed counsel to ‘commence the simple steps
for appeal is a blatant denial of due process.’” Id. (quoting
Blanchard v. Brewer, 429 F.2d 89, 90 (8th Cir. 1970)).
HRS § 802-5(a) therefore imposes a duty on court-
appointed counsel to consult with a defendant following a final
order or judgment to determine whether the defendant wishes to
appeal, as well as a duty to diligently fulfill the procedural
requirements of appeal if the defendant elects to appeal. These 18 The circuit court’s order appointing trial counsel to represent Maddox in the 2007 case was equally clear as to the extent of trial counsel’s responsibility to Maddox: “IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that [trial counsel] is appointed legal counsel for the Defendant at all stages of proceedings, including appeal, if any.” (Emphasis added.)
15 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
principles are also reflected in the American Bar Association
(ABA) Standards, which we have often looked to for “guidance”
regarding the duties of officers of the court, including for
“determining which decisions must be made by the defendant and
which decisions are the province of counsel.” State v. Richie,
88 Hawaiʻi 19, 39, 960 P.2d 1227, 1247 (1998).19 The ABA
Standards state that
defense counsel should explain to the defendant the meaning and consequences of the court’s judgment and defendant’s right of appeal. Defense counsel should give the defendant his or her professional judgment as to whether there are meritorious grounds for appeal and as to the probable results of an appeal. Defense counsel should also explain to the defendant the advantages and disadvantages of an appeal.
ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Prosecution and Defense
Function, Standard 4-8.2(a) (3d ed. 1993) [hereinafter ABA
Defense Function Standards]. The duty of defense counsel in a
criminal case to explain to the defendant the meaning and
consequences of the court’s judgment and the client’s right to
19 See also, e.g., State v. Kim, 140 Hawaii 421, 431-32, 402 P.3d 497, 507-08 (2017) (citing ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Special Functions of the Trial Judge (3d ed. 2000) in providing guidance regarding a trial judge’s responsibility to safeguard the rights of the accused); Tetu, 139 Hawaiʻi at 215, 386 P.3d at 852 (referencing ABA Criminal Justice Standards for the Defense Function (4th ed. 2015) as part of this court’s analysis that a defendant’s right to access a crime scene inheres within the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel); State v. Rogan, 91 Hawaii 405, 412, 984 P.2d 1231, 1238 (1999) (quoting ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Prosecution and Defense Function (3d ed. 1993) to support the proposition that “[t]he duty of the prosecutor is to seek justice, not merely to convict” (alteration in original)).
16 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
appeal, as set forth in the ABA Standards, applies equally to
appointed or retained counsel.
The ABA Defense Function Standards further clarify
that “[t]he decision whether to appeal must be the defendant’s
own choice”--and not that of counsel. Id.; see also ABA Defense
Function Standards, Standard 4-5.2(v) (listing “whether to
appeal” among the decisions that are to be made “by the accused
after full consultation with counsel”). Defense counsel should
take “whatever steps are necessary” to protect the client’s
right to appeal, even “if the client decides to proceed with the
appeal against the advice of counsel.” ABA Defense Function
Standards, Standards 4-8.2(b), 4-8.3(c). Counsel should be
“diligent in perfecting appeals and expediting their prompt
submission” to the appropriate appellate court. ABA Defense
Function Standards, Standard 4-8.4(a).
The Fourth Edition of the ABA Criminal Justice
Standards for the Defense Function, released since the circuit
court proceedings in the 2007 case, reaffirms the responsibility
of defense counsel in a criminal case to consult with a client
regarding an appeal and to undertake the procedural steps to
effectuate the appeal upon the client’s request. See ABA
Criminal Justice Standards for the Defense Function, Standard 4-
17 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
9.1 (4th ed. 2015).20 We now specifically adopt these
requirements as a component of effective assistance of counsel
under article I, section 14 and due process under article I,
section 5 of the Hawaii Constitution.
In addition, appointed counsel has a duty to pursue an
appeal if a defendant in a criminal case so chooses even when
counsel believes the appeal is wholly frivolous. In In re
Attorney’s Fees of Mohr, 97 Hawaii 1, 32 P.3d 647 (2001), this
court overruled Carvalho v. State, 81 Hawaii 185, 192, 914 P.2d
1378, 1385 (App. 1996), in which the ICA had intimated that
appointed counsel could avoid prosecuting a meritless appeal by
filing so-called “Anders briefs.”21 We rejected the practice,
instead enunciating the “better policy” of “requir[ing] counsel
to remain an advocate for the client.” Mohr, 97 Hawaii at 7, 32
P.3d at 653.
20 We note that, although both versions of the ABA Standards reference court judgments, the Standards would apply with equal force to final orders, which are appealable under our precedent. See Nicol, 140 Hawaii at 491, 403 P.3d at 266. 21 In Anders v. California, the United States Supreme Court held that jurisdictions may permit appointed counsel to request permission to withdraw when he or she finds an appeal to be “wholly frivolous.” 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). Such a request must be accompanied by “a brief referring to anything in the record that might arguably support the appeal,” leaving it to the court, rather than counsel, to determine if a case is “wholly frivolous.” Id. In jurisdictions that permit this practice, such briefs are frequently referred to as “Anders briefs.”
18 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
Lastly, it is noted that a defense attorney, “in
common with all members of the bar, is subject to standards of
conduct stated in statutes, rules, decisions of courts, and
codes, canons or other standards of professional conduct.” ABA
Defense Function Standards, Standard 4-1.2(e).22 In keeping with
that directive, trial counsel in this case was subject to the
Hawaii Rules of Professional Conduct (HRPC),23 which state that
“[a] lawyer should pursue a matter on behalf of a client despite
opposition, obstruction, or personal inconvenience to the
lawyer[.]” HRPC Rule 1.3 cmt. [1].
Given that the clear weight of authority supports an
obligation on the part of defense counsel to take the procedural
steps necessary to pursue an appeal when requested by the
defendant, a failure by Maddox’s trial counsel to do so would
amount to an “omission[] of defense counsel reflecting counsel’s
lack of skill, judgment[,] or diligence.”24 Antone, 62 Haw. at
22 See also ABA Criminal Justice Standards for the Defense Function, Standard 4-1.1(b) (4th ed. 2015) (“[A] lawyer should always read and comply with the rules of professional conduct and other authorities that are binding in the specific jurisdiction.”). 23 An order amending and reissuing the HRPC was adopted and promulgated by this court in 2013, becoming effective on January 1, 2014. All portions of the HRPC cited herein remain substantively the same as the versions in effect during the circuit court proceedings in the 2007 case. 24 Although defense counsel must consult with the client and ensure steps are taken to preserve the client’s right to appeal, we do not suggest that counsel at trial is required to continue representation as appellate counsel. See ABA Criminal Justice Standards for the Defense Function,
19 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
348-49, 615 P.2d at 104. However, to be entitled to a Rule 40
hearing on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel,
Maddox must also allege facts demonstrating that the omission
“resulted in either the withdrawal or substantial impairment of
a potentially meritorious defense.” Id.
When evaluating whether defense counsel’s omission
deprived a defendant of a potentially meritorious defense, we
consider “the possible, rather than the probable, effect” of the
error. Wilton v. State, 116 Hawaii 106, 119, 170 P.3d 357, 370
(2007) (quoting Briones, 74 Haw. at 464, 848 P.2d at 977).
“Accordingly, no showing of actual prejudice is required to
prove ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). We therefore do not inquire into
whether Maddox’s appeal would succeed on the merits, but instead
we address whether trial counsel’s failure to fulfill the steps
necessary to pursue an appeal possibly impaired Maddox’s
defense.
Notwithstanding trial counsel’s failure to provide
assistance, Maddox filed his own handwritten notice of appeal
following the circuit court’s oral dismissal of the 2007 case
Standard 4-9.1(d) (4th ed. 2015). However, formal withdrawal procedures are required to be undertaken in penal proceedings to obtain the approval of the court. See HRPP Rule 57 (2000).
20 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
without prejudice. The ICA on August 25, 2009, dismissed
Maddox’s notice of appeal in part because no order dismissing
the 2007 case without prejudice was entered by the circuit court
prior to or during the pendency of the appeal.25 The order was
not filed until January 7, 2010--nearly eight months after the
court’s oral dismissal.26 Hawaii Rules of Appellate Procedure
(HRAP) require the filing of a notice of appeal “within 30 days
after entry of the judgment or order appealed from.” HRAP Rule
4(b)(1) (2015). Thus, a notice of appeal from the order
dismissing the 2007 case would have been duly filed after the
entry of the order on January 7, 2010. Yet no new notice of
appeal was filed in the 2007 case following the filing of the
circuit court’s order.
With the assistance of counsel, Maddox might have been
able to urge the circuit court to issue an appealable order more
expeditiously, or at minimum, timely file a notice of appeal 25 It is noted that the ICA’s alternative holding--that it lacked appellate jurisdiction over the appeal because a circuit court dismissal without prejudice of criminal charges lacks a sentence--was incorrect. This court recently held in Nicol that under HRS § 641-11, a defendant may appeal from an order of the circuit court dismissing proceedings without prejudice. 140 Hawaii at 491, 403 P.3d at 266. We determined in Nicol that the legislative history of § 641-11 and our jurisdiction’s caselaw indicate that the finality of the circuit court’s decision, rather than simply whether a “sentence” was rendered, is the determinative factor in whether jurisdiction exists over the appeal. Id. 26 As explained supra, note 10, the circuit court’s order stated that the court made follow-up requests to the State for the submission of proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order. Apparently, when none were forthcoming, the court entered its own.
21 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
following the entry of the order dismissing the 2007 case. The
failure to fulfill procedural requirements resulted in the loss
of Maddox’s right to appeal the circuit court’s order. If the
facts are as Maddox alleges, this forfeiture can be attributed
to trial counsel’s wrongful refusal or omission to undertake the
steps to initiate an appeal.
Although we have long held that courts may permit an
untimely appeal when “defense counsel has inexcusably or
ineffectively failed to pursue a defendant’s appeal from a
criminal conviction,” State v. Knight, 80 Hawaii 318, 323, 909
P.2d 1133, 1138 (1996), this court has not before addressed the
complete denial of a criminal appeal as it relates to an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim under the Antone
framework. Cf. In re RGB, 123 Hawaii 1, 54, 229 P.3d 1066, 1119
(2010) (Acoba, J., dissenting) (arguing that counsel’s wrongful
omission that resulted in forfeiture of appeal in a civil case
involving termination of parental rights warranted post-judgment
relief under Antone). However, this court has definitively
stated that “failure by appointed counsel ‘to commence the
simple steps for appeal is a blatant denial of due process.’”
Erwin, 57 Haw. at 270, 554 P.2d at 238 (quoting Blanchard, 429
F.2d at 90). A primary reason that a defendant is guaranteed
effective assistance of counsel is to ensure that the defendant
22 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
is not denied due process. Tetu, 139 Hawaii at 219, 386 P.3d at
856 (“The Constitution guarantees a fair trial through the Due
Process Clauses, but it defines the basic elements of a fair
trial largely through the several provisions of the [s]ixth
[a]mendment, including the [c]ounsel [c]lause.”). Consequently,
we hold that when a defendant is denied an appeal because of a
failure or omission of defense counsel, a defendant need not
demonstrate any additional possibility of impairment to
establish that counsel was ineffective under article I, sections
5 and 14 of the Hawaii Constitution.
Maddox has thus alleged facts demonstrating a wrongful
omission by trial counsel that resulted in the substantial
impairment of a potentially meritorious defense, which would
establish that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance
under the Hawaii Constitution.27 Because these facts, if true,
would entitle Maddox to pursue an appeal of the order dismissing
the 2007 case without prejudice, he has raised a colorable claim
for post-conviction relief and is entitled to an evidentiary
27 Because we find that Maddox has alleged facts establishing a colorable claim for ineffective assistance of counsel under the Hawaii Constitution, we do not address whether the facts would also give rise to a federal ineffective assistance of counsel claim. We note, however, that the United States Supreme Court has held that the failure of counsel to institute an appeal when so instructed or to consult with a defendant who has indicated interest in appealing amounts to “professionally unreasonable” behavior. Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 477, 480 (2000).
23 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
hearing on ground G of his Petition as it relates to his
ineffective assistance claim.
B. Abandonment by Defense Counsel
Maddox also contends that he was entitled to
assistance of counsel until the termination of the 2007 case.
The United States Supreme Court has recognized an “essential
difference between a claim of attorney error, however egregious,
and a claim that an attorney had essentially abandoned his
client.” Maples v. Thomas, 565 U.S. 266, 282 (2012) (internal
citations omitted). Federal courts consider a trial “unfair if
the accused is denied counsel at a critical stage of his trial,”
and “[n]o specific showing of prejudice [is] required” to
establish a constitutional defect. United States v. Cronic, 466
U.S. 648, 659 (1984). The Maples Court thus characterized an
attorney’s abandonment of a client as an “extraordinary
circumstance beyond [the client’s] control” that potentially
entitles the client to post-conviction relief. 565 U.S. at 282-
83. Courts of last resort in other jurisdictions have likewise
addressed the issue of abandonment by counsel under varying
circumstances, consistently regarding it as grounds for relief.
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Bennett, 593 Pa. 382, 399, (2007)
(characterizing abandonment by counsel as a dereliction of
“minimum norms” of counsel’s performance and the “functional
equivalent of having no counsel at all,” entitling a petitioner
24 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
to remand for hearing of post-conviction relief claims); Amco
Builders & Developers, Inc. v. Team Ace Joint Venture, 469 Mich.
90, 96 (2003) (holding abandonment by counsel in a civil action
to be sufficient ground for setting aside a default or default
judgment); In re Sanders, 21 Cal. 4th 697, 708-09 (1999)
(considering abandonment by counsel as good cause for delayed
presentation of habeas corpus claims and equating abandonment by
counsel with a complete lack of representation); People v.
Berger, 9 N.Y.2d 692, 693 (1961) (reversing Appellate Division’s
denial of coram nobis petition and remitting for trial of
petitioner’s allegation of abandonment by counsel).
Under Hawaii law, withdrawal of counsel in penal
proceedings is governed by HRPP Rule 57, which states as
follows:
Withdrawal of counsel shall require the approval of the court and shall be subject to Rule 1.16 of the Hawaii Rules of Professional Conduct. Where the defendant is or may be indigent, substitution of counsel shall comply with the procedure established in Hawaii Revised Statutes, chapter 802. Unless otherwise ordered, withdrawal of counsel shall not become effective until substitute counsel appears or is appointed, the defendant appears pro se or the defendant is deemed to have waived counsel.
HRPP Rule 57 (2000). Unless the attorney-client relationship is
terminated by permission of the tribunal pursuant to this rule,
the attorney is obligated to “carry through to conclusion all
matters undertaken by the client,” the relationship terminating
only when the matter has been resolved. HRPC Rule 1.3 cmt. [4];
25 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
HRPC Rule 1.16(c).28 And even when the relationship is
terminated by a court’s grant of a motion to withdraw, an
attorney is expected to take steps to protect the client’s
interests, such as giving reasonable notice to the client and
allowing time for employment of other counsel. HRPC Rule
1.16(d).29
Although our jurisdiction’s test for ineffective
assistance of counsel is well settled, this court has not
directly addressed the issue of abandonment by counsel. We now
hold that, when appointed counsel wholly abandons professional
duties to his or her client for the substantial duration of a
critical stage of the proceeding without timely following the
procedural steps to properly withdraw from representation,
prejudice is presumed because it is “functional[ly] equivalent
[to] having no counsel at all.” Bennett, 593 Pa. at 399.
28 HRPC Rule 1.16(c) states in full, “A lawyer must comply with applicable law requiring notice to or permission of a tribunal when terminating a representation. When ordered to do so by a tribunal, a lawyer shall continue representation notwithstanding good cause for terminating the representation.” 29 HRPC Rule 1.16(d) states as follows:
Upon termination of representation, a lawyer shall take steps to the extent reasonably practicable to protect a client’s interests, such as giving reasonable notice to the client, allowing time for employment of other counsel, surrendering papers and property to which the client is entitled and refunding any advance payment of fee or expense that has not been earned or incurred.
26 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
As discussed, we have held that the “failure by
appointed counsel ‘to commence the simple steps for appeal is a
blatant denial of due process.’” State v. Erwin, 57 Haw. 268,
269, 554 P.2d 236, 238 (1976) (quoting Blanchard v. Brewer, 429
F.2d 89, 90 (8th Cir. 1970)). It logically follows that the
steps to effectuate an appeal constitute a critical stage in the
proceeding during which a defendant is entitled to counsel. An
appointed counsel’s wrongful abandonment of professional duties
to a defendant for the substantial duration of this critical
stage would therefore give rise to a presumption of prejudice.
Here, there is nothing in the record to indicate that
trial counsel filed a motion to withdraw as counsel pursuant to
HRPP Rule 57 following the oral dismissal without prejudice of
the 2007 case. And, as noted above, all defense filings
relating to the 2007 case following the court’s oral dismissal
without prejudice were handwritten, pro se motions, with the
sole exception of trial counsel’s motion for compensation in
excess of the statutory maximum as allowed by HRS § 802-5(b).30
Trial counsel’s alleged statement to Maddox following the May
14-15, 2009 hearing that trial counsel could not continue to
represent Maddox on appeal or in any manner also represents a
30 Trial counsel’s motion for additional fees was denied by the circuit court.
27 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
rejection by trial counsel of the obligation to represent Maddox
through “all stages of proceedings, including appeal, if any[,]”
as mandated by HRS § 802-5(a)31 and the circuit court’s order
appointing trial counsel.32
Taken as a whole, these alleged facts indicate that
trial counsel effectively abandoned Maddox for the substantial
duration or the entirety of a critical stage in the 2007 case.
We accordingly presume that this abandonment would be
prejudicial.33 Because these facts, if true, would entitle
Maddox to proceed with his appeal at this juncture, he has 31 As previously noted, HRS § 802-5(a) provides in relevant part as follows: “when it shall appear to a judge that a person requesting the appointment of counsel satisfies the requirements of this chapter, the judge shall appoint counsel to represent the person at all stages of the proceedings, including appeal, if any.” (Emphasis added.) 32 As discussed supra, note 18, the circuit court’s December 22, 2008 order stated, “IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that [trial counsel] is appointed legal counsel for the Defendant at all stages of proceedings, including appeal, if any.”
Although the circumstances of this case involve appointed counsel, to which HRS § 802-5(a) and the order of appointment apply, we note that HRPP Rule 57 and HRPC requirements as to terminating representation would be equally applicable to retained counsel in penal proceedings. 33 The circuit court’s Order Denying Petition includes the following Finding of Fact: “67. Although several attorneys have withdrawn as counsel for Petitioner in [the 2007 case] and [the 2009 case], Petitioner has been represented by counsel throughout the proceedings in said cases.” The circuit court’s belief that Maddox was represented “throughout the proceedings” is likely due to the fact that no motion to withdraw as counsel was filed by trial counsel following the May 14-15, 2009 hearing. The record, however, clearly indicates that Maddox was seeking to pursue appellate relief in the 2007 case, but it appears that he did not receive the assistance of court-appointed counsel. To the extent that the circuit court’s finding is contrary to our holding that Maddox alleged facts that would establish a colorable claim of abandonment by counsel, it is clearly erroneous. See Dan, 76 Hawaiʻi at 428, 879 P.2d at 533.
28 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
raised a colorable claim for relief and is entitled to an
evidentiary hearing on ground G of his Petition as it relates to
his claim of abandonment by defense counsel.34
IV. CONCLUSION
Maddox’s allegation that trial counsel failed to take
the procedural steps to file an appeal of the 2007 case set
forth facts that, if true, establish a colorable claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal under article I,
sections 5 and 14 of the Hawaii Constitution. Maddox has also
alleged facts that, if true, raise a colorable claim that trial
counsel abandoned his representation of Maddox for the duration
34 Maddox’s thirteen remaining questions on certiorari, for which Maddox provides responses, are either waived or without merit. Question 1 incorrectly assumes that our standard of review in this case should be abuse of discretion. See Dan, 76 Hawaiʻi at 427, 879 P.2d at 532. Question 3 requests this court to resolve the issue of whether the circuit court erred in dismissing the 2007 case without prejudice. However, the propriety of the circuit court’s ruling is not properly before this court. Question 4 incorrectly raises a double jeopardy violation based on disciplinary punishment experienced while imprisoned and Maddox’s indictment on the same charges in the 2007 and 2009 cases. See State v. Alvey, 67 Hawaiʻi 49, 50, 678 P.2d 5, 6 (1984) (recognizing that to give collateral estoppel effect to prison disciplinary action would “frustrate the objectives of the criminal justice system”); HRS § 701-110 (1993). Question 5 erroneously challenges Judge Bissen’s authority to rule on a criminal matter while sitting as a family court judge. See Adams v. State, 103 Hawaiʻi 214, 223, 81 P.3d 394, 403 (2003) (affirming the circuit court’s finding that a circuit court judge acting as a family court judge retains his or her authority as a circuit judge). Questions 6, 10, and 14 pertain to challenges regarding the 2009 case; however, no appeal was taken from the conviction in that case, nor does Maddox provide any reason why these claims could not have been raised, and thus they are waived under HRPP Rule 40(a)(3). Question 7 incorrectly posits that re-prosecution in the 2009 case was barred by HRS § 701-110(4) (2009). Questions 8, 9, 11, and 12 pose questions, but they do not involve legal claims for relief. Question 13 implies, without merit, that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction in the 2007 and 2009 cases.
29 ***FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER***
of a critical stage of the 2007 case in violation of statutory
law and article I, sections 5 and 14 of the Hawaii Constitution.
Because Maddox has presented colorable claims for
post-conviction relief, he is entitled to a HRPP Rule 40
evidentiary hearing. Accordingly, the ICA’s Judgment on Appeal
and the circuit court’s Order Denying Petition are vacated, and
the case is remanded to the circuit court for a HRPP Rule 40
evidentiary hearing on ground G of the Petition.
Mickey A. Maddox /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald pro se /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
/s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
/s/ Richard W. Pollack
/s/ Michael D. Wilson