The opinion of the court was delivered by
Reed, J.
The first line of attack upon the above indictment is that it fails to show that the combination set out was [326]*326corrupt. It is premised that the indictment does not merely set out a conspiracy to cheat generally, but that it charges a conspiracy to cheat by the use of certain specified devices and in certain ways, specially named. From- this premise it is said that the scope of the conspiracy is not only limited by this particularization of the method by which it was to be executed, but that the character of the devices set out must exhibit a corrupt mind in the conspirators.
This contention cannot be'successful. It is true, as a matter of course, that the combination to be criminal must appear on the face’ of the indictment to have been willful and corrupt. But I am unable to conceive how corruption can be imputed more specifically than it is in the indictment-now under-review. The imputation is that the parties charged-willfully and corruptly conspired to cheat the city by paying out the city’s moneys to persons for work never performed.
The corrupt intent is imputed in the charge of the existence of a corrupt confederation, and in the statement that its purpose was to cheat the city. Indeed, after the employment of this language any statement of the methods by which the cheat was to be executed was unnecessary. State v. Young et al., 8 Vroom 184.
In Wood v. State, 18 Vroom 461, a case very much relied on as a decision which struck at the validity of the present indictment, it was admitted that this generality of .charging a conspiracy was sufficient.
Iu that case there was no charge of the existence of a corrupt confederation whatever; nor was there a charge that the object of the confederation was to cheat the county of Camden. In such an absence of any general charge of a corrupt combination to cheat, it was essential that the facts contained in the statement of the agreement and its character, as exhibited by the scheme by which it was to be carried into execution, should show a corrupt purpose.
It was because of the failure of the indictment in that case to do this that it was quashed.
[327]*327It is perceived that the indictment in that case differed from the one in this case in that important particular that we here have a general charge of a corrupt confederation, the purpose of which was to cheat the public.
Now, if it appeared in that part of the present indictment which discloses the means by which the cheat was to be accomplished, that there could be no possible intent to cheat involved in the .conspiracy, it would present a feature which is now absent from the case. For it is not claimed that the statement in this bill of the means by which the concerted action is to be carried out in any way refutes the general charges contained in the indictment. It is only claimed that the statement of the means agreed on for the execution of the cheat should itself show, and does not show, a criminal or corrupt mental condition in the confederates.
But it seems obvious that so long as the statement is not inconsistent with the general charge of corrupt intention to cheat, that general charge remains unaffected. I see no substance in this position.
The next ground taken is that the indictment charges an impossible conspiracy. The line of argument by which this point is elaborated is this: The indictment, it is said, sets forth that the defendants, being officers and composing and acting as the board of street and water commissioners, did conspire to cheat and defraud Jersey City; therefore, it is argued, they, according to the theory of the indictment, must have conspired as a board, and so their agreement must have been an official act. An official act, it is further insisted, can be performed only by a vote of the members of the official body convened as a board; therefore, the conspiracy charged must have sprung out of and must be evidenced alone by the fact that these defendants as members of this board voted to accomplish a common purpose.
This line of reasoning, however, is grounded upon what I regard as an entirely mistaken view of the meaning of the language used in the indictment.-
[328]*328It may be admitted, as a matter of course, tliat the mere act of voting for the’execution of a criminal or corrupt purpose, by several members of an official body at the same time, will not amount to a conspiracy, in the absence of an existing concerted understanding that the votes shall be so cast.
But the existence of a mutual understanding at the time the votes are cast, that they shall be so east, no matter how brief the period of its existence before the voting, or in what manner such mutual understanding was arrived at, would amount to a conspiracy.
The voting might furnish some evidence of the existence of a previous understanding, but in itself would, at best, be but an overt act, which might be of service as a fact essential to complete the statutory crime of conspiracy. The gist of the offence would be the pre-existing understanding and agreement.
Now, the indictment charges that these persons, being members of this board, and composing and acting as such board, conspired to cheat by certain methods. But the indictment does not charge that thé corrupt agreement was an official act. It only charges that these persons, when they agreed, were officials. Nor is- the agreement charged confined to these members’of the board. The charge is that they, together with other evil-disposed persons, conspired.
If these defendants composed the board, then these other persons were not members, and the agreement charged could not have been an official act of the board.
But, aside; from this, it is clear that the statement of the official character of the defendants was only to give color to the whole transaction. It was to exhibit the significance of the agreement by setting out the ability of these persons to execute the agreement by the means charged. This ability springs out of the official character with which they were invested.
The charge is that these persons, while being such officers, entered into a corrupt confederation to cheat the city by the illegal exercise of a power which they possessed as a board to [329]*329purchase supplies for, and make contracts for work to be done for the city.
I perceive no defect in the indictment in this respect;
The counsel for the defendants present another objection to the indictment, which objection is also based upon the statement of the official character of the persons indicted.
This objection is that the indictment charges a conspiracy to commit a crime which could only be perpetrated by the joint action of the defendants ; that the means by which the cheat was to be accomplished, involved the official conduct of the defendants, acting as a board, and so required the combined vote of the defendants to effectuate the design. This conspiracy charged is compared with an agreement between two persons to commit bigamy or adultery; for a conspiracy to commit which, it is claimed, the parties cannot be indicted, because the offence itself, which, by the agreement, is to be committed, involves the concerted action of all the parties.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Reed, J.
The first line of attack upon the above indictment is that it fails to show that the combination set out was [326]*326corrupt. It is premised that the indictment does not merely set out a conspiracy to cheat generally, but that it charges a conspiracy to cheat by the use of certain specified devices and in certain ways, specially named. From- this premise it is said that the scope of the conspiracy is not only limited by this particularization of the method by which it was to be executed, but that the character of the devices set out must exhibit a corrupt mind in the conspirators.
This contention cannot be'successful. It is true, as a matter of course, that the combination to be criminal must appear on the face’ of the indictment to have been willful and corrupt. But I am unable to conceive how corruption can be imputed more specifically than it is in the indictment-now under-review. The imputation is that the parties charged-willfully and corruptly conspired to cheat the city by paying out the city’s moneys to persons for work never performed.
The corrupt intent is imputed in the charge of the existence of a corrupt confederation, and in the statement that its purpose was to cheat the city. Indeed, after the employment of this language any statement of the methods by which the cheat was to be executed was unnecessary. State v. Young et al., 8 Vroom 184.
In Wood v. State, 18 Vroom 461, a case very much relied on as a decision which struck at the validity of the present indictment, it was admitted that this generality of .charging a conspiracy was sufficient.
Iu that case there was no charge of the existence of a corrupt confederation whatever; nor was there a charge that the object of the confederation was to cheat the county of Camden. In such an absence of any general charge of a corrupt combination to cheat, it was essential that the facts contained in the statement of the agreement and its character, as exhibited by the scheme by which it was to be carried into execution, should show a corrupt purpose.
It was because of the failure of the indictment in that case to do this that it was quashed.
[327]*327It is perceived that the indictment in that case differed from the one in this case in that important particular that we here have a general charge of a corrupt confederation, the purpose of which was to cheat the public.
Now, if it appeared in that part of the present indictment which discloses the means by which the cheat was to be accomplished, that there could be no possible intent to cheat involved in the .conspiracy, it would present a feature which is now absent from the case. For it is not claimed that the statement in this bill of the means by which the concerted action is to be carried out in any way refutes the general charges contained in the indictment. It is only claimed that the statement of the means agreed on for the execution of the cheat should itself show, and does not show, a criminal or corrupt mental condition in the confederates.
But it seems obvious that so long as the statement is not inconsistent with the general charge of corrupt intention to cheat, that general charge remains unaffected. I see no substance in this position.
The next ground taken is that the indictment charges an impossible conspiracy. The line of argument by which this point is elaborated is this: The indictment, it is said, sets forth that the defendants, being officers and composing and acting as the board of street and water commissioners, did conspire to cheat and defraud Jersey City; therefore, it is argued, they, according to the theory of the indictment, must have conspired as a board, and so their agreement must have been an official act. An official act, it is further insisted, can be performed only by a vote of the members of the official body convened as a board; therefore, the conspiracy charged must have sprung out of and must be evidenced alone by the fact that these defendants as members of this board voted to accomplish a common purpose.
This line of reasoning, however, is grounded upon what I regard as an entirely mistaken view of the meaning of the language used in the indictment.-
[328]*328It may be admitted, as a matter of course, tliat the mere act of voting for the’execution of a criminal or corrupt purpose, by several members of an official body at the same time, will not amount to a conspiracy, in the absence of an existing concerted understanding that the votes shall be so cast.
But the existence of a mutual understanding at the time the votes are cast, that they shall be so east, no matter how brief the period of its existence before the voting, or in what manner such mutual understanding was arrived at, would amount to a conspiracy.
The voting might furnish some evidence of the existence of a previous understanding, but in itself would, at best, be but an overt act, which might be of service as a fact essential to complete the statutory crime of conspiracy. The gist of the offence would be the pre-existing understanding and agreement.
Now, the indictment charges that these persons, being members of this board, and composing and acting as such board, conspired to cheat by certain methods. But the indictment does not charge that thé corrupt agreement was an official act. It only charges that these persons, when they agreed, were officials. Nor is- the agreement charged confined to these members’of the board. The charge is that they, together with other evil-disposed persons, conspired.
If these defendants composed the board, then these other persons were not members, and the agreement charged could not have been an official act of the board.
But, aside; from this, it is clear that the statement of the official character of the defendants was only to give color to the whole transaction. It was to exhibit the significance of the agreement by setting out the ability of these persons to execute the agreement by the means charged. This ability springs out of the official character with which they were invested.
The charge is that these persons, while being such officers, entered into a corrupt confederation to cheat the city by the illegal exercise of a power which they possessed as a board to [329]*329purchase supplies for, and make contracts for work to be done for the city.
I perceive no defect in the indictment in this respect;
The counsel for the defendants present another objection to the indictment, which objection is also based upon the statement of the official character of the persons indicted.
This objection is that the indictment charges a conspiracy to commit a crime which could only be perpetrated by the joint action of the defendants ; that the means by which the cheat was to be accomplished, involved the official conduct of the defendants, acting as a board, and so required the combined vote of the defendants to effectuate the design. This conspiracy charged is compared with an agreement between two persons to commit bigamy or adultery; for a conspiracy to commit which, it is claimed, the parties cannot be indicted, because the offence itself, which, by the agreement, is to be committed, involves the concerted action of all the parties.
It is not deemed useful to examine the legal proposition involved in the' last sentence. Its limitations are the subject •of remark by Mr. Bishop, in his work on Criminal Law, vol. 2, § 184, and note. The legal proposition is not applicable to the facts here presented.
It is first to be observed that the agreement is not to do an act requiring the vote of each defendant in favor of the cheat. Only a majority of votes were essential. An agreement entered into between all, that certain members, in numbers sufficient to constitute a majority, should vote to carry cut the project, would be consistent with the charges in the biH.
But, entirely aside from this consideration, it is clear that the legal rule invoked is inapplicable; for, assuming that the execution of the agreement involved an indictable malfeasance in office, yet each of the defendants who participated in the act was punishable severally. Indeed, I do not perceive that this conspiracy stands • upon any different footing from any other combination to execute a criminal or illegal act, by the powerderived from an aggregation of individual acts.
[330]*330It is finally insisted that the statement of the overt acts is-insufficient. The defect pointed at is that it is not shown that the acts set- out were done in execution of the conspiracy and to effect the object thereof.
The rule regulating this part of criminal pleading is that, while some overt act must' be shown (Wood v. State, 18 Vroom 180), yet the statute does not exact that a full execution of the conspiracy shall be shown (State v. Hickling, 12 Id. 208); nor must it be understood that- the acts set out constitute all the means which were used to' accomplish the object of the conspiracy (State v. Young et al., 8 Id. 184).
Now, the indictment charges that the-defendants, in execution of the premises, i. e., the conspiracy set out, and in pursuance of the conspiracy, having awarded a contract for work according to one set of specifications, made a contract for the execution of work according to a different set of specifications, which omitted part of the work included in the award.
This was only one of several acts set out, but is sufficient to fill the statutory requirement. It exhibits a step taken in the execution of the conspiracy, and whether it shows a completely accomplished cheat or not is immaterial.
The motion to quash is refused.