By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
The first exception being waived as to the rejection of the Juror, Thomas Dougherty, for cause, and the last, also, as to the failure of the Court to sum up, fully, we proceed to notice the remaining assignments of error.
[1.] As the plaintiff failed to show that he was in the actual possession of the property for the injury to which the suit was brought, and relies upon constructive possession only, he was bound to prove his title on the trial. Such was the-upinion of this Court in Bohinson against McDonald, (2 Kelly, 116,) and such is the well established doctrine of the books upon this subject.
Whore the plaintiff declares, as executor or administrator,. [683]*683mpon a cause of action, arising in the time of his testator • or intestate, and makes proferí of the probate or letters of ad<•xninistration, the defendant cannot, at the trial, deny the title <of the plaintiff as executor or administrator, unless there be a ¡plea of ne unques executor or ne unques administrator.
[2.] But where the plaintiff declares on a cause of action arising in his own time, and makes proferí of the probate or sletters of administration, and the defendant pleads the general issue, such plea did not formerly, nor until the rules adopted during the reign of IYth William, admit the plaintiff’s 'title as executor or administrator. >
[3.] Where the executor or administrator has been in the actual possession of the property which is the subject of the suit, it will not be necessary for him to give evidence of his title, as executor or administrator, in an action against a wrong-doer. And in such case, the naming himself executor or administrator in the declaration, may be regarded as mere surplus-sage.
[4.] However, where the plaintiff declares upon his constructive possession, as executor or administrator, he must show his title at the trial.
These are the general rules deduced from Mr. Williams on JExeeutors and other elementary works upon pleading. And inasmuch as Mr. Davis sued, as the administrator of Boon, for damage done to the property in'his own time, and made profert of his letters, he was bound to make out his case by exhibiting his authority, there being no proof that the property was in his possession at the time the injury accrued. And he was not relieved from this necessity, because the defendant’s Gounsel omitted to take this point in his opening .speech, as it was his duty to have done, when the defect could have been readily cured. We do not say that it might not have been done at any time thereafter; at any rate, before the the Jury retired to consult upon their verdict.
[5.] Birt the main question to be considered is, by what rule of law shall the lights of this and all other plaintiffs in [684]*684like cases, and the liability of this and all other rail road companies be determined ?
A great many requests to charge were made of the presiding Judge by each party, which were given, refused or modified according to his opinion of the law. And we avail ourselves of this occasion to suggest, that the practice of asking the Court to sub-divide a simple principle into innumerable parts, and to give separate instructions upon each, tends .greatly to mar the symmetry of the law, as well as to mystify ,and embarrass the case. Here is a question, the whole law of which can be stated in a few lines, which is drawn out into .a dozen or more parcels, covering as many closely written manuscript pages. Such a practice does harm every way ; .and instead of giving aid and assistance to. the Jury in their deliberations, it tends only to make “ confusion worse confounded.”
We take the doctrine to be this : that the proprietors of rail roads, when running their engines, over crossings, are bound to exercise reasonable care and diligence, to prevent 'injury therefrom to travellers and other things on the road, crossed; and that whether such care and diligence have been employed in a particular case, is a question of fact, to be decided by the Jury, upon all the circumstances. This rule -commends itself, as well on account of its simplicity as thé universality of its application, and it is the only one which can be prescribed by the Courts. They have tried in vain to be more definite and to classify the degrees of diligence; but the attempt has been abandoned as impracticable.
It is true, that what will amount to reasonable care and diligence at a crossing, in a retired place and on a straight •line in an open country, would be considered the grossest •negligence in turning a curve, especially if at a crossing in the neighborhood of a church or other public place. To ■dash through the town of Griffin at the same speed that might be safely pursued a few miles distant, would exhibit a degree of recklessness- from which even malice might be inferred, should human life be sacrificed. The rule of diligence [685]*685will vary, therefore, with the everchanging facts which accompany and surround each given case; the true test, always to 'be applied, being — did the defendants use reasonable diligence ; that is, the care and diligence which, taking into consideration all the circumstances of the case, the exigency required and admitted of ?
When, therefore, the Circuit Judge charged the Jury, that the company was bound to the “ utmost diligenceand, that to this end the conductors and engineers must hold their ■trains in check, so as to be able to stop them at ¿ill the crossings, to avoid collisions, we think he stated the rule too ■strictly. The doctrine of extreme diligence applies to the transportation of passengers; and such are the cases read ■by Col. Bailey; but it does not apply to this class of cases.
The casualty in which this action originated, occurred on "the 14th day of December, 1851. The Legislature, being then in session, passed, forthwith, the following A.ct, the provisions of which our rail road companies'would do well to take heed to. The first section declares—
“ That the several rail road companies in this State shall be required, by the first 'day of February next, thereafter, -to prepare and put up, in a substantial 'manner, sign-boards, parallel with the track, and over each and every public road, where the same crosses the rail road track, and sufficiently •high to allow the
The second section enacts :•■“ That each of said companies shall cause to be fixed on the line of their track, and at the ■distance of two hundred yards'from the centre of each public road, on each side of said road, a post; and the engineer shall be required, whenever he. shall arrive at either of said ■posts, to blow the whistle of the engine until the engine arrives at the public road ; and shall, moreover, be required to chéck the speed of said engine, so as to enable him to stop ■said engine .should any person or thing be crossing said track, [686]*686said public road.” [Pamphlet Acts of 1851 — ’2, p. 108, 109.)
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By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
The first exception being waived as to the rejection of the Juror, Thomas Dougherty, for cause, and the last, also, as to the failure of the Court to sum up, fully, we proceed to notice the remaining assignments of error.
[1.] As the plaintiff failed to show that he was in the actual possession of the property for the injury to which the suit was brought, and relies upon constructive possession only, he was bound to prove his title on the trial. Such was the-upinion of this Court in Bohinson against McDonald, (2 Kelly, 116,) and such is the well established doctrine of the books upon this subject.
Whore the plaintiff declares, as executor or administrator,. [683]*683mpon a cause of action, arising in the time of his testator • or intestate, and makes proferí of the probate or letters of ad<•xninistration, the defendant cannot, at the trial, deny the title <of the plaintiff as executor or administrator, unless there be a ¡plea of ne unques executor or ne unques administrator.
[2.] But where the plaintiff declares on a cause of action arising in his own time, and makes proferí of the probate or sletters of administration, and the defendant pleads the general issue, such plea did not formerly, nor until the rules adopted during the reign of IYth William, admit the plaintiff’s 'title as executor or administrator. >
[3.] Where the executor or administrator has been in the actual possession of the property which is the subject of the suit, it will not be necessary for him to give evidence of his title, as executor or administrator, in an action against a wrong-doer. And in such case, the naming himself executor or administrator in the declaration, may be regarded as mere surplus-sage.
[4.] However, where the plaintiff declares upon his constructive possession, as executor or administrator, he must show his title at the trial.
These are the general rules deduced from Mr. Williams on JExeeutors and other elementary works upon pleading. And inasmuch as Mr. Davis sued, as the administrator of Boon, for damage done to the property in'his own time, and made profert of his letters, he was bound to make out his case by exhibiting his authority, there being no proof that the property was in his possession at the time the injury accrued. And he was not relieved from this necessity, because the defendant’s Gounsel omitted to take this point in his opening .speech, as it was his duty to have done, when the defect could have been readily cured. We do not say that it might not have been done at any time thereafter; at any rate, before the the Jury retired to consult upon their verdict.
[5.] Birt the main question to be considered is, by what rule of law shall the lights of this and all other plaintiffs in [684]*684like cases, and the liability of this and all other rail road companies be determined ?
A great many requests to charge were made of the presiding Judge by each party, which were given, refused or modified according to his opinion of the law. And we avail ourselves of this occasion to suggest, that the practice of asking the Court to sub-divide a simple principle into innumerable parts, and to give separate instructions upon each, tends .greatly to mar the symmetry of the law, as well as to mystify ,and embarrass the case. Here is a question, the whole law of which can be stated in a few lines, which is drawn out into .a dozen or more parcels, covering as many closely written manuscript pages. Such a practice does harm every way ; .and instead of giving aid and assistance to. the Jury in their deliberations, it tends only to make “ confusion worse confounded.”
We take the doctrine to be this : that the proprietors of rail roads, when running their engines, over crossings, are bound to exercise reasonable care and diligence, to prevent 'injury therefrom to travellers and other things on the road, crossed; and that whether such care and diligence have been employed in a particular case, is a question of fact, to be decided by the Jury, upon all the circumstances. This rule -commends itself, as well on account of its simplicity as thé universality of its application, and it is the only one which can be prescribed by the Courts. They have tried in vain to be more definite and to classify the degrees of diligence; but the attempt has been abandoned as impracticable.
It is true, that what will amount to reasonable care and diligence at a crossing, in a retired place and on a straight •line in an open country, would be considered the grossest •negligence in turning a curve, especially if at a crossing in the neighborhood of a church or other public place. To ■dash through the town of Griffin at the same speed that might be safely pursued a few miles distant, would exhibit a degree of recklessness- from which even malice might be inferred, should human life be sacrificed. The rule of diligence [685]*685will vary, therefore, with the everchanging facts which accompany and surround each given case; the true test, always to 'be applied, being — did the defendants use reasonable diligence ; that is, the care and diligence which, taking into consideration all the circumstances of the case, the exigency required and admitted of ?
When, therefore, the Circuit Judge charged the Jury, that the company was bound to the “ utmost diligenceand, that to this end the conductors and engineers must hold their ■trains in check, so as to be able to stop them at ¿ill the crossings, to avoid collisions, we think he stated the rule too ■strictly. The doctrine of extreme diligence applies to the transportation of passengers; and such are the cases read ■by Col. Bailey; but it does not apply to this class of cases.
The casualty in which this action originated, occurred on "the 14th day of December, 1851. The Legislature, being then in session, passed, forthwith, the following A.ct, the provisions of which our rail road companies'would do well to take heed to. The first section declares—
“ That the several rail road companies in this State shall be required, by the first 'day of February next, thereafter, -to prepare and put up, in a substantial 'manner, sign-boards, parallel with the track, and over each and every public road, where the same crosses the rail road track, and sufficiently •high to allow the
The second section enacts :•■“ That each of said companies shall cause to be fixed on the line of their track, and at the ■distance of two hundred yards'from the centre of each public road, on each side of said road, a post; and the engineer shall be required, whenever he. shall arrive at either of said ■posts, to blow the whistle of the engine until the engine arrives at the public road ; and shall, moreover, be required to chéck the speed of said engine, so as to enable him to stop ■said engine .should any person or thing be crossing said track, [686]*686said public road.” [Pamphlet Acts of 1851 — ’2, p. 108, 109.)
And should any company fail or neglect to put up the -sign-boards and posts required by the first section of the Act, the president and directors thereof are each guilty of a misdemeanor; and upon indictment and conviction thereof, in the county where such failure occurs, shall each be subject to a fine of not less than five hundred, nor more than one thousand' dollars; and upon failure of the engineer to comply -with his duty, as prescribed by the Statute, he is liable to be tpunished by fine or imprisonment, or both, at the discretion of the Court; the company also being, made liable for the payment of the fine. (iA)
Of course this law does not apply to the present case. It may be well to observe, however, that all the roads in this State will be bound to comply, at t^éir peril, with the positive regulations prescribed by this Act; and failing to do so, they must take the consequences, both civilly and criminally. It may be further remarked, that on the other hand, even a compliance with these regulations will not exempt the companies from the obligation of using reasonable care and diligence in other respects, when the circumstances rendered it both practicable and right to. use other precautions.
But it is insisted, that if the injury in this case resulted, in whole or in part, from the misconduct of the plaintiff’s servant, that he cannot recover; and this seems to have been the rule laid down in Butterfield vs. Forrester, (11 East. 60,) and Luxford vs. Large, (5 Car. & P. 421, 24 E. C. L. R. 391.) But this doctrine has- been modified in later cases; and in Lynch vs. Nurdin, (1 Adol. & Ell. N. S. 29, 41 E. C. L. R. 422,) it was held that the defendant was liable in an action on the case, though plaintiff was a trespasser, and contributed to the mischief by his own act. And this case has been followed in Robinson, vs. Cane, (22 Vermont R. 218,) and Birge vs. Gardiner, (19 Conn. 507,) and numerous other adjudications in this country. We approve of this modification of the principle,- and think that it ought to be [687]*687left to the Jury to say whether, notwithstanding the imprudence of the plaintiff’s servant, the defendants could hot, .in-', the exercise of reasonable diligence, have prevented the collision. \The place of crossing, its propinquity to the church,,; the relative positions of the roads, the intervening obstructions, the time of the day, the weight and velocity of the engine, the grade of the road — these and every other explanatory fact, should be referred to the . Jury ; and although .it may have been rash in the boy to attempt crossing ahead the train, but which he failed .to do, probably on account of the sudden terror of his team, still, if by reason of an ascending grade and other circumstances, it .was in the power of the engineer to have stopped the train, and prevented the mischief, it will be competent for.the Jury to make the com-pany chargeable.